胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第4版)考研模拟试题及详解(一)【圣才出品】

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第4版）考研模拟试题及详解（一）

I. Fill in the following blanks.

1. IC is the short form of immediate ______ used in the study of syntax.

【答案】constituent

【解析】直接成分分析法是一种句法分析方法。它指先把句子分析为直接成分——词组(或短语)，再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终

成分为止。

2. Systemic-Functional Grammar takes the actual uses of language as the object of study, while Chomsky’s TG Grammar takes the ideal speaker’s linguistic _____ as the object of study.

【答案】competence

【解析】系统功能语法把实际中的语言现象当做其研究对象，而乔姆斯基的转换生成语法把理想说话者的语言能力作为研究对象。

3. The sound /b/can be described with “_____, bilabial, stop”.

【答案】voiced

【解析】/b/是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。

4. A linguistic ______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite”

society from general use.

【答案】taboo

【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。

5. In Austin’s How to Do Things with word，he first distinguishes performatives and ______ , later on Austin made a flesh start to distinguish ______ , ______ and perlocutionary act.

【答案】constatives，locutionary act，illocutionary act

【解析】约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中，首先区分了施为句和叙事句，之后他又建立了另一种模式来解释如何通过语言实施行为。根据这种新的模式，说话人说

话时可以完成三种行为：发话行为，行事行为和取效行为。

6. ______ is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.

【答案】Cognitive linguistics

【解析】认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法，集中研究语言组织，处理与传达信息的作用。

7. “The world is like a stage”is an example of ______ , and “All the world is a stage”is an example of ______. They are often used in analyzing features of literary language.

【答案】simile；metaphor

【解析】明喻是通过展现一种事物如何与另一事物相似来解释这种事物是什么样子的方法，它用as或like等词在文本中作为明确标志。暗喻也是对两个并不相像的要素作出

对比，这种对比是隐含的而不是直接表达的。

8. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.

【答案】interlanguage

【解析】正处于学习过程中的二语或外语学习者构建的语言通常被称为中介语。中介语通常被理解为介于目的语和学习者母语之间的语言。

9. Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and ______.

【答案】the meaning of its structure

【解析】句子意思是成分单词和其结构的意义色结合。

10. ______ is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native

speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form.

【答案】Word

【解析】词是个语言表达单位，无论是在口语还是在书面语中，说母语的人都能够凭直觉识别这个语言单位。它是最小的自由形式词，是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单

位。

II. Define the following terms.

1. Displacement

Key: Displacement: Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, we can talk about Sapir, who is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future.

2. Immediate constituent

Key: Immediate constituent: An immediate constituent is the constituent immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. For example, in the sentence “Poor John ran away”, the constituents “Poor John”and “ran away”are regarded as the immediate constituents of the sentence.

3. Performatives

Key: Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is part of, the doing an action. The judge’s imprisonment sentence, the president’s war or independence declaration, etc., are performatives.

4. allophonic variation

Key: Allophonic variation:The phenomenon of variation in the pronunciation of phonemes in different positions is called Allophony or Allophonic variation.

5. Conceptual meaning

Key: According to Leech, conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive, or denotative content of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. For example, the conceptual meaning of “human”is any person such as John and Mary.

6. Cooperative principle

Key: Cooperative principle was proposed and formulated by Grice. It expresses that in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. It goes like this: “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. This principle can be further specified as the four following maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relation; Manner.

7. Psycholiguistics

Key: Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it mainly

studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. An important focus of psycholinguistics is the largely unconscious use of grammatical rules that enable people to produce and comprehend intelligible sentences. Psycholinguists investigate the relationship between language and thought, Psycholinguistics is also concerned with how languages are learned, and the role they play in our thinking.

8. Third-person narrators

Key: If the narrator is not a character in the fictional world, he or she is usually called a third-person narrator because reference to all the characters in the fictional world of the story will involve the use of the third-person pronouns, it, she, he or they. This second main type of narrator is arguably the dominant narrator type.

9. Language Acquisition Device

Key: Chomsky referred to children’s innate ability to learn their native language as Language Acquisition Device (LAD). The LAD was described as an imaginary “black box”existing somewhere in the human brain. The “black box”is said to contain principles that are universal to all human languages. Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his language’s structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular language.

胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题及典型题详解(第二语言和外语教学)【圣才出品】

第11章第二语言和外语教学 11.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching 语言学与语言教学之间的关系 2. Grammar, input and language learning 语法、输入与语言学习 3. Interlanguage in language teaching 语言教学中的中介语 4. Linguistics and syllabus design 语言学与教学大纲设计 5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis 对比分析与错误分析 6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching 语料库语言学与语言教学 常考考点： 语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。

本章内容索引： I. Definition of Applied Linguistics II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning 1. Grammar and Language Learning 2. Input and Language Learning 3. Interlanguage in Language Learning IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching 1. The discourse-based view of language teaching 2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design 1. Syllabus and curriculum 2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design 3. Types of syllabus (1) The structural syllabus (2) The situational syllabus (3) The communicative syllabus (4) The task-based syllabus 4. Current trends in syllabus design (1) The co-existence of the old and the new (2) The emphasis on the learning process

语言学教程第四版第二章 胡壮麟 主编

Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)

胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part12

Literary linguistics studies the language of literature. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background

9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language

9.3.1 Sound patterning 9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repitition

-Metre(Dimetre, Trimetre, Tetrametre, Hexametre, Heptametre, Octametre) -Foot (Iamb, Trochee, Anapest, Dactyl,Spondee, Pyrrhic) 9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound Couplets Quatrains Blank verse Sonnet 9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry?

【免费下载】胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结

胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结 1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4e11840079.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4e11840079.html,ying down rules for language use. 8.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 9.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 10.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 11.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 12.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 13.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 14.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4e11840079.html,petence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 16.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4e11840079.html,ngue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. 18.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). 19.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds. 20.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 21.Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 22.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版).

英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版） Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, “shu” in Ch inese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2.Design Features of Language. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1)Arbitrariness: By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2)Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3)Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4)Displacement: “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5)Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6)Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3.Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1)Phatic function: The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2)Directive function: The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(现代语言学理论与流派)【圣才出品】

第12章现代语言学理论与流派 12.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 布拉格学派与功能句子观 2. The London School and context of situation 伦敦学派与语境观 3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 韩礼德与系统——功能语法 4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism 布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义 5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法 常考考点： 各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。 本章内容索引：

I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar

语言学(胡壮麟)期末总结

名词解释 Sociolinguistics 1.Sociolinguistics: a field that studies the relations between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structure in which the language users live. 2.Linguistic determinism:L may determine our thinking patterns; 3.Linguistic relativity: different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around 4.standard language:the dominant, or prestigious variety is often called standard variety or standard language/dialect, the variety of language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated natives. 5.Social dialect, or sociolect, refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. 6.Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 7.Register:Varieties of language classified according to use in terms of formality, situation and so on. ; Register: Register, also situational dialect, refers to the language variety appropriate for use in particular speech situations on which degrees of formality depends. 8.Bilingualism: a situation where two languages are used by an individual or a group of speakers since they had regular and continued exposure to more than one language. 9.pidgin: 10.Creole: When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a creole. 11.Diglossia: A situation in which two different varieties of the same language are used side by side for two different sets of functions. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4e11840079.html,nguage planning means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries. 13. A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds. 14.Speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. Pragmatics 1.Pragmatics: the study of language in use, meaning in context, speaker’s meaning, utterance meaning, contextual meaning. 2.Speech acts: actions performed via utterances, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation… 3.Constatives: utterances which roughly serves to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is. They are usually verifiable. 4.Performatives: utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; they cannot be said to be true or false. 5. A locutionary act (发话行为) : the act of saying something, the literal meaning of the utterance. 6.An illocutionary act （行事行为）: the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaning, an act performed in saying something. 7.illocutionary force: meaning is used in a narrow sense and is the more constant, inherent side of meaning whereas force is equivalent to speaker’s meaning, contextual meaning, or extra meaning(言外之意).

(完整版)胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题 第一章：语言学导论 I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human A. contact C. relation B. communication D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree C. crash B. typewriter D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade. i”s A. interrogative C. informative B. directive D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎(岁岁)平安”asa means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal C. Performative B. Emotive D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability C. Displacement B. Duality D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn 't it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive C. Performative B. Phatic D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language usesr knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance C. Langue B. Competence D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.

英语语言学教程胡壮麟版

英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版) Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1. What is language? “ Languageis system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains a is explained by the fact that different languages have different “ books ”“:book ”in English, “ livre in” French, “shu” ii n eCseh. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “ human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2. Design Features of Language. “ Design features ” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1) Arbitrariness: By “ arbitrariness ”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2) Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3) Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one?s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4) Displacement: “ Displacement ”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5) Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6) Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3. Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1) Phatic function: The “ phaticfunction r”efers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2) Directive function: The “ directive function ”thamt laenagnusage may be used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences perform this function, e. g., “Tell me the res you finish. ” (3) Informative function: Language serves an “ informational function ”when used to tell something, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labeled as true (truth) or false (falsehood). (4) Interrogative function: When language is used to obtain information, it serves an “ interrogat