英汉翻译讲义
本门课程要求：
1. 期末卷面考试成绩占80%，平时成绩占20%；
2. 平时成绩由出勤、作业、课堂测验、课堂表现构成；
3. 一学期不定期点名六次，缺课一次期末卷面成绩扣5分（迟到三次相当于缺课一次），累计6次缺课者取消考试资格；
4. 一学期可以请假三次（短信或电话），请在上课前十分钟请假，事后请假无效；
5. 上考研班、病假、事假均需提供相关证明且需事先经过老师本人同意；上考研班者请提供上课证，病假者请提供医院开具的医疗证明，事假者请提供系部盖有公章的事假条；
6. 本课程期末考试不划重点；
7. 未经允许拷贝老师带答案课件者、迟到早退缺乏礼貌报告者，酌情扣分。
8. 严格按课程要求执行，谢绝一切说情或求情；
9. 对于本课程或本人教学和工作有任何建议或意见，欢迎致电本人或发邮件至rg.peng@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4311980345.html,。
10. 祝学习、生活愉快。
《英汉双语翻译理论与实践》参考书目（迷你版）：
[1]陈宏薇、李亚丹. 新编汉英翻译教程(第二版）上外教, 2010年
[2]邓炎昌、刘润清. 语言与文化. 外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.
[3]古今明. 英汉翻译基础. 上海外语教育出版社，1997年版
[4]华先发、邵毅. 新编大学英译汉教程. 上外教出版社，2004年版
[5]柯平. 英汉与汉英翻译教程. 北京大学出版社,1993.
[6]李长栓. 非文学翻译理论与实践. 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004.
[7]李运兴. 英汉语篇翻译(第二版). 清华大学出版社, 2003.
[8]连淑能. 英汉对比研究. 高等教育出版社, 1993.
[9]吕瑞昌等编著. 汉英翻译教程. 陕西人民出版社，1983.
[10]邵志洪. 汉英对比翻译导论. 华东理工大学出版社, 2005.
[11]孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程. 上海外语教育出版社, 2003.
[12]叶子南. 高级英汉翻译理论与实践. 清华大学出版社，2001.
[13]余光中. 余光中谈翻译. 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2002.
[14]张培基. 英汉翻译教程. 上海外语教育出版社, 1983.
英汉翻译讲义
Instructor: Mr. Peng
第一章翻译的性质、标准及过程
1.1 “翻译”古今称呼之由来。
“翻也者，如翻锦绮，背面俱花，但其花有左右不同耳。”——释赞宁《译经篇.论》
“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。”——唐朝贾公彦《义疏》
古代：象寄之才、象胥、舌人。
疑汉以来，多事北方，故“译”名烂熟矣。…… 南北朝始用“翻译”。—陈福康《中国译学理论史稿》P3-4 翻译是跨语言（cross-linguistic)、跨文化(cross-cultural)、跨社会(cross-social) 的交际活动。——陈宏薇《汉英翻译基础》上海外教社.1998年. P10.
西方：
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
所谓翻译，是指在接受语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现源语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是文体
上。(Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)
1.2. 翻译活动涉及的因素：
作者(author)、原文(source text)、原文读者(source-text readers)、译者(translator)、译文(target text /translated version)、译文读者(target-text readers)
1.3. 最早译论：中国PK 西方
公元前46年古罗马哲人西赛罗《论演说术》：“不要逐字翻译”。
早于西赛罗四五百年的孔子曰：“名从主人，物从中国”。——陈福康《中国译学理论史稿》P4-5
1.4.翻译的可能性和局限性。（可译性是绝对的，不可译性是相对的）
可能性: 文化共性strike while iron is ho t burn one?s boat
局限性: 文化个性我姓张，弓长张。我只知道马走日，象走田。
客上天然居，居然天上客。红烧狮子头
批评：“土耳其挂毯的反面”，“水煮过之杨梅（形存味失）”，“隔被闻花香。”
鼓励：人类心灵的信使
1.5.中国历史上四次翻译高潮（建国前）
佛经翻译——科技翻译——政文翻译——马列翻译
佛经翻译（两汉——唐宋）
三国支谦“因徇本旨，不加文饰”《法句经序》中国第一篇有关翻译原则的论文；
东晋道安五失本、三不易。“案本而传，不令有损言游字；时改倒句，余尽实录” 直译的鼻祖;
六朝鸠摩罗什“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也”；“依实出华”；“天然西域之语趣” 意译的鼻祖;
唐代玄奘“求真喻俗”、“五不翻”、音译的鼻祖；第一个把汉文著作（老子）介绍国外的中国人。
科技翻译（明末清初）
徐光启、利玛窦合译了6卷欧几里德的《几何原本》等
李之藻翻译了10卷亚里士多德的《辩证法概论》
政文翻译（鸦片战争——五四运动）
严复翻译了赫胥黎的《天演论》、亚当．斯密的《原富》、孟德斯鸠的《法意》等
林纾翻译了180多部文学著作、1200万字
马列翻译（五四运动——建国）
《共产党宣言》、《死灵魂》、《毁灭》、《莎士比亚剧本》
鲁迅、梁实秋、瞿秋白、郭沫若、林语堂、成仿吾、朱生豪等
白话文代替文言文
第五次翻译高潮？
思考题1：中国历史上四次翻译高潮与中国文化之关系？
思考题2：谈谈你对严复的“信、达、雅”三字翻译标准的看法。
译事三难信达雅。求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也, 则达尚焉。……
易曰修辞立诚；子曰辞达而已，又曰言之无文，行之不远；三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模，故信达而外，求其尔雅，此不仅期以行远已耳。实则精理微言，用汉以前字法句法，则为达易；用近世利俗文字，则求达难；往往抑义就词，
毫厘千里；审择于斯二者之间，夫固有所不得已也，岂钓奇哉。……
新理踵出，名目纷繁，索之中文，渺不可得；即有牵合，终嫌参差；译者遇此，独有自具衡量，即义定名。…….一名之立，旬月踟躇（严复：《天演论.译例言》）
Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive, and elegant. It is difficult enough to be faithful to the original, and yet if a translation is not expressive, it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should be required too……
The Book of Changes says that the first requisite of rhetoric is truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in language. He adds that if one?s language lacks grace, it won?t go far. These three qualities, then, are the criterion of good writing and, I believe, of good translation too. Hence besides faithfulness and expressiveness, I also aim at elegance. I strive for elegance not just to make my translations travel far, but to express the original writer?s ideas better, for I find that subtle thoughts are better expressed in the vocabulary and syntax of pre-Han prose than those of the vulgar writings of today. Using the latter often leads to distortion of meaning, which, however slight, results in vast misunderstanding. Weighing the pros and cons, I opted for the form er, as a matter of necessity, not trying to be different…..
New ideas come one after another, with a multiplicity of new names. No equivalents can be found for them in Chinese. Straining for resemblances, one gets only contrarieties. The translator is obliged to use his own discretion, doing his best to find a term suited to the sense…A single term often took weeks and months of deliberation… （王佐良译）
思考题3: 严复为什么要把一部科学理论著作译得如此戏剧化和古雅？
《天演论》原文一开头:
It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole country-side visible from the windows of the room in which I write, was in what is ca lled “the state of nature.”…
严复是这样翻译的（原文1893年出版，四年后严译）：
赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野。槛外诸境，历历如在几下。乃悬想二千年前，当罗马恺撒未到时，此间有何景物？计惟有天造草昧，人功未施……
在原文本段略后处，赫胥黎简要地写了：Unceasing struggle for existence ，严的译文则是，“战事炽然，强者后亡，弱者先绝，年年岁岁，偏有留遗。”
——节选自王佐良的《严复的用心》参见《翻译研究论文集》（1949-1983)第479-485页外语教学与研究出版社1984年版
1.6.翻译的标准：
案本(释道安) —求信(严复)—神似(傅雷)—化境(钱钟书)—忠实通顺(张培基) —翻译标准多元互补论(辜正坤) ———罗新璋“我国自成体系的翻译理论” 《翻译通讯》1983年第7、8期
思考题4
Q: What are the principles of translation proposed by Alexander F. Tytler？（18世纪末叶，英国爱丁堡大学历史学教授、翻译理论家泰特勒在“翻译原理简论”一文中提出了三条翻译基本原则。）The three principles of translation proposed by Tytler in his Essay on the Principles of Translation are：1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work；2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; 3. A translation should have all the ease of original composition.
1. 译文应完全复写(传达)出原文的思想；
2. 译文的风格和写作手法(笔调)应与原文一致；
3. 译文应如同译文创作一样流畅。
1.7.翻译的过程：正确理解——充分表达——校核
翻译时译者要牢记：
1. The meaning of a sign is determined by the meanings of other signs.
2. Each word when used in a new context is a new word.
3. Words have no meanings, and people have meanings for them.
1.7.1正确理解(Correct Comprehension)
理解原文要对原文进行语言分析、语境分析和逻辑分析等
1. Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.
2. I shall not expect you until I see you.
3. Edward was not recommended to their good opinion by any peculiar graces of person or address. He was not handsome, and his manners required intimacy to make them pleasing. He was too diffident to do justice to himself… (J. Austen: Sense and Sensibility, Ch.3)
译文：
4. Suddenly the line went limp. “I?m going back,” said Tom. “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I?ll be back in five minutes.”
5. John is now with his parents in New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster.
6. It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is so widely respected and appreciated.
张培基1980年版《英汉翻译教程》上外教出版社P7-17
7. The heavily laden infantry, though enjoying a superiority of six to one, simply could not keep to schedule and lost 60.000 men in one day.
8. I had not known him for 20 years without learning that he always kept in the upper-left pocket of his waistcoat the little book in which he put down his engagement.
9. He emerged on January 31 to go to Deli for the conference which, however negative from his point of view, at least provided the occasion for his bath in twenty-nine days.
10. They (jeans) have become, through marketing, word of mouth, and demonstrable reliability, the common pants of America.
11. Marianne?s preserver, as Margaret, with more elegance than precision, stilted Willoughby, called at the cottage early the next morning to make his personal inquiries.
(Austin: Sense and Sensibility, Ch.10)
译文1：第二天一早, 被玛丽安的保护者玛格丽特称为“漂亮多于精确” 的威洛比, 来别墅进行问候。译文2：
12. Clare stood still, and inclined his face towards hers. “Oh, Tessy! ” He exclaimed. The girl?s cheeks burned to the breeze, and she could not look into his eyes for the emotion. (Hardy: Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Ch.23)
1.7.2 充分表达(Adequate Representation)
1. From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.
2. He sat there and watched them, so changeless changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.
3. He was on his way to China again.
译文1：他又风尘仆仆地踏上了前往中国的旅程。
译文2：
4. “How she has changed! Thank heaven she didn?t recognize me,” muttered Father, mopping his face with a handkerchief.
“…She was a lovely thing, very graceful. I felt madly in love with her, and she with me.”
5. For those who may be in some doubt as to the nature of chores, their variety, their pleasure and their drudgery, I am prepared to deliver a short disquisition.
孙致礼《新编英汉翻译教程》2003年第1版上海外语教育出版社P7-47
1.7.3 校核（Checking)
1. There are now 35 in England, eight in Scotland, two in Northern Ireland and one in Wales.
2. He… was prominent in the ragged schools movement.
white elephant fond dream happy medium
无用且累赘之物黄粱美梦中庸之道、折中办法
narrow escape proud flesh real tennis
九死一生伤口愈合后凸现出来的疤庭院网球、室内网球
dry stone relief sculpture
由石头干砌而成浮雕像
语境下的词语翻译
(The meaning of a word is its use in the language. )
3. The United States exhibits the qualities of an individual going through a nervous breakdown
4. The friendship Nancy and I shared with Kay is one of the legacies of my government service.
5. Roosevelt launched into a vast but impressionistic description of his plans for a world liberated from the fear of Nazi Germany.
杨士焯《英汉翻译教程》2006年第1版北京大学出版社P14-23
1.8.翻译的分类
翻译是科学，艺术和技能。可以由不同的角度，分成多种类型:
王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》山东大学出版社2008年第4版P2
1). 按翻译手段: 可分为:
口译interpretation (consecutive/simultaneous)、笔译translation 和机器翻译machine translation
2). 按源出语和目的语:可分为:
语际翻译interlingual translation、语内翻译intralingual translation和符际翻译intersemiotic translation 3). 按翻译题材，可分为:
文学翻译、科技翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译等
4). 按处理方式而言, 可分为:
全译、节译、摘译、编译、译述(综述和述评)等
第二章翻译的方法. (Translation Methods/ Approaches)
2.1. 直译vs. 意译
古代: 道安鸠摩罗什慧远玄奘(意译直译平分秋色)
近代: 严复林纾朱生豪吕叔湘张谷若杨必(意译派)(占上风)
鲁迅董秋斯卞之琳(直译派)
孙致礼著《翻译:理论与实践探索》译林出版社P25-37
*Consequently Mr. Micawber was soon so overcome that he mingled his tears with hers and mine. (Dickens: David Copperfield)
董译: 结果密考伯先生不久就伤感得把他的眼泪和她的和我的混合起来。
张译: 结果是，一会儿米考伯先生也受不了，和她和我，眼泪对流起来了。
“我以为所谓…直译?也者，倒并非一定是字对字，一个不多，一个也不少…… …直译?的意义就是不要歪曲了原作的面目，要能表达原作的精神。” ——茅盾
“所谓…直译?是依原文的字面翻译，有一字一句就译一字一句，且字句的次第也不更动。”
——朱光潜
“我觉得翻译的方法其实只有一种, 并没有…直译?和…意译?的分别。好的翻译应该都是…直译?，也都是…意译?。” ——巴金《翻译通讯》
Literal translation（直译）may be defined as having the following characteristics: 1. Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating.
2. Literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and main sentence structures or patterns.
Free/Liberal translation（意译）may be defined as a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.
Q: Literal translation should be adopted as the primary or basic method in translating and free translation as the secondary or supplementary. Why? (刘重德2000年《文学翻译十讲》中国对外翻译出版公司p46-65)
答：
Literal translation will help make our translation much easier to accomplish the following three purposes: 1. being faithful to the original in ideological content, 2. reflecting the scene and flavor of the foreign country concerned and 3. absorbing the new ways of expression.
But at the same time we should know that literal translation is not the sole and universal method for it has its li mitations. Whenever it won?t work owning to the linguistic, racial, customary, cultural or historical factors, naturally we must at once turn to the secondary or supplementary means——free translation for help so that we may effectively get out of the trouble we meet with.
Actually in most cases a translator may adopt the combination of both literal translation and free translation to make the translated version idiomatic and intelligible to readers. Generally, which method we shall employ depends on the actual situation to serve the purpose of fully carrying out the principles of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.
1. He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.
2. the Milky Way *lay on one?s back
3. It means killing two birds with one stone.
A) 这意味着一石二鸟(literal translation)
B) 这意味着一举两得(free translation)
C) 这意味着一箭双雕(free translation)
4. 你不要班门弄斧了.
A) Don?t display your axe at Lu Ban?s door. (literal translation)
B) Don?t teach your grandmother to suck eggs. (free translation)
C) Never offer to teach fish to swim. (free translation)
2.2.异化vs. 归化
直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，而异化和归化则突破了语言因素的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。
异化( foreignization /alienation): 在译文中保留源语的文化观念和价值观，特别是保留原文的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩等。SL culture-oriented
归化(domestication/adaptation): 在译文中把源语中的文化观念和价值观，用目的语中的文化观念和价值观来代替，特别是把原文的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩等用相应的目的语中的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩来代替。TL culture-oriented
*All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马vs. 殊途同归
*Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.
山中无老虎，猴子充霸王。vs. 蜀国无大将，廖化充先锋。vs.
2.3. 杨宪益夫妇和霍克斯在翻译《红楼梦》中主要采取异化还是归化的翻译方法，为什么？
杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇 A Dream of Red Mansions
戴维.霍克斯(David Hawkes) The Story of the Stone
the dream of golden days 怡红院(The House of Green Delight)
郭建中编《文化与翻译》中国对外翻译出版公司P276-291
奈达1964年在Language in Culture and Society一书中把文化分为:1生态文化2语言文化3宗教文化4物质文化5社会文化。以下将以这五大文化，就《红楼梦》两种英译本中的一些比喻的译法作比较: 2.3.1. 生态文化
真是…天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福?。
Truly, “storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight.”
(Yang)
I know “the weather and human life are both unpredictable.” (Hawkes)
2.3.2. 语言文化
更有是一种风月笔墨,……
Even worse are those writers of the breeze-and-moonlight school. (Yang)
Still worse is the erotic novel. (Hawkes)
2.3.3. 宗教文化
谋事在人,成事在天
Man proposes, Heaven disposes. (Yang)
Man proposes, God disposes. (Hawkes)
2.3.4. 物质文化
陋室空堂,当年笏满床
Mean huts and empty halls
Where emblem of nobility once hung. (Yang)
Mean hovels and abandoned halls
Where courtiers once paid daily calls. (Hawkes)
2.3.5. 社会文化
情人眼里出西施
A case of “beauty is in the eye of the beholder.” (Yang)
A case of “beauty is in the eye of the beholder.” (Hawkes)
西方：
“异化”和“归化”两个对应概念主要是在翻译研究出现“文化转向”之后，于1995年由美国翻译理论家劳伦斯.韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti)在《译者的隐形》(The Translator?s Invisibility)一书中提出的。
韦努蒂Venuti（异化的代表人物）认为：归化法是“采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语文化价值观，把原作者带入译入语文化。” 而异化法是“对这些文化价值观的一种民族偏离主义的压力，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景。”(Venuti,1995:20-21) 奈达Nida（归化的代表人物）认为: 从社会和文化的角度出发,把译文读者置于首位, “用最切近自然的对等来再现原文.
*to grow like mushrooms
*Birds of a feather flock together.
中国：
1987年，刘英凯发表一篇题为《归化——翻译的歧途》的论文，用许多译例说明归化译法“抹杀”了原作的“民族特点”，将异国情调“同化于归属语言”，“必然是对原文的歪曲”。因此他坚决反对归化译法。异化和归化辨证统一，都有其存在和应用的价值(考虑到:作者的意图、文本的类型、翻译的目的和读者的要求、评论家和出版商等等)
翻译目的论（skopos theory)
文本类型对选择异化、归化的影响：
异化：以介绍中国文化为目的的哲学著作、政治论文、历史乃至民间故事，一般都须以源语文化为归属，因为这类作品的目的就是要把源语文化介绍给译文读者。
归化：一些实用性文体的文章，如宣传资料、通知、公告、广告、新闻报道乃至通俗文学和科普著作，一般遵循以目的语文化为归属的原则。
文化上尽量争取“异化”，尽量避免“归化”，尽量做到文化传真; 在文字上不得已进行“归化”时，也要以尽量不引起“文化归化”为前提。(孙致礼1999年《翻译:理论与实践探索》译林出版社P65》
译者应成为真正的文化人: eggplant forum 《末代教父》
改译(异化、归化）（“文化传真”是翻译的基本原则）:
1. “You don?t want to lose Larry altogether, do you?”
She shook her head. 《刀锋》
“你不想完全失去拉里，是吗？” 她点头。
2. Beat sword into ploughshares (Bible)
放下屠刀，立地成佛vs. 铸剑为犁
3. “I bet you can?t spell my name,” says I (George Jaxon)
“I bet you, what you dare I can,” says he.
“All right,” says I, “go ahead.”
“G-e-o-r-g-e J-a-x-o-n——Then now,” says he.
译文1：“荞麦的荞，自治的治，清洁的洁，克服的克，孙子的孙——怎麽样，”他说。(张友松，张振先译《哈克贝利.费恩历险记》P.116)
译文2：
4. I supposed I should be condemned in Hareton?s heart, if not by his mouth, to the lowest pit in the infernal regions. (Bronte: Wuthering Heights, Ch.18) 孙致礼《翻译:理论与实践探索》译林出版社P59-69 哈雷顿即便嘴上不说，心里也要诅咒我下到十八层地狱里去。
5. Unless you?ve an ace up your sleeve, we are dished.
除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们是输定了。
6. He has fished in Manhattan?s wallet and dug out coins…
他到曼哈顿去挣钱，只捞到几个小钱……
7. They dare say no to the superpower! 他们敢于反对那个超级大国。
▲异化也有个度：一不能超越目的语语言文化的规范限度，二不能超越目的语读者的接受限度。
8. She could not desert Tara; she belongs to the red acres far more than they could ever belong to her. 她不会放弃塔拉；她属于这些红土地，远比它们属于她更真实。
▲要避免归化过度，要避免译文读起来颇像原文作者在用目的语写作一样。这样的译文虽能博得一般读者的喜爱，但会产生“文化误导”“文化错觉”或“文化失真”, 其危害在一定意义上要超过过于异化的译文。
9. Barbara observes that the bridesmaids, in the days when many brides were mere children, were called upon to assist her with dressing and with the logistics of moving to her new home.
巴巴拉说，过去许多新娘只不过是孩子，因此便请来女傧相帮助她们梳妆打扮，送她们过门。
▲在英译中时，归化时译者要避免几种汉语成语的使用:
1）反映中华民族特殊习俗的成语: 拂袖而去腰缠万贯罄竹难书等等
2）带有汉字特征的成语: 目不识丁八字没一撇
3）含有中国地名的成语: 稳如泰山黔驴技穷夜郎自大洛阳纸贵
4）含有中国人名的成语: 名落孙山江郎才尽事后诸葛亮
一.译者无论喜欢异化还是归化，实际上往往两者并用，只不过轻重程度不同而已。没人采用一种翻译方法一用到底，因为两种方法均有优势和局限性。可能时尽量异化，异化困难时考虑归化。接近作者时，不能距离读者太远；接近读者时，不能距离作者太远。
二.文化上尽量争取“异化”, 尽量避免“归化”, 尽量做到文化传真; 在文字上不得已进行“归化”时，也要以尽量不引起“文化归化”为前提。
孙致礼《新编英汉翻译教程》P33-47
10. “Beauty lies in the lover?s eyes,” Mr. Clinton resumed with a gentle smile, “to be precise, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.”
[A] “情人眼里出西施” 克林顿先生温和地接着笑道“更确切地说, 蜀中无大将, 廖化充先锋。”
[B] “情人眼里出西施” 克林顿先生温和地接着笑道“更确切地说, 山中无老虎, 猴子充霸王。”
[C] “情人眼里出美人” 克林顿先生温和地接着笑道“更确切地说, 蜀中无大将, 廖化充先锋。”
[D] “情人眼里出美人” 克林顿先生温和地接着笑道“更确切地说, 盲人国里,独眼为王。”
第三章、英汉语言文化对比
3.1 英汉语言对比
3.1.1.谱系(family) 英: 印欧语系(Indo-European family) 100 多种语言
汉：汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan family) 400多种语言和方言
3.1.2. 类型(type) 英：综合分析型(synthetic and analytic)
汉：分析粘着型(analytic and agglutinative)
3.1.3.文字系统(writing system) 英：拼音文字(alphabetic)
汉：表意文字(ideographic）
3.1.
4. 语音(phonetic) 英：语调语言(intonation language)
汉：声调语言(tone language)
3.1.5. 词汇对比(vocabulary)
英语用词较精确具体，“以一当十”，而汉语有一大特点: 喜用对仗修辞, 双音节词和四字词组(平衡美和节奏美). “偶字易适, 奇字难平”
*言(古汉语)——言论言谈言语(现代汉语) *老虎石头馅儿*墙壁*乖乖
*落花生——花生机关枪——机枪*the ends/ the remotest corners of the earth.
*Blood and Sand *年深日久*十年树木，百年树人。
1. She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.
汉语一般不喜欢在名词前用过多的定语，因此翻译并列定语时可换成汉语的谓语和其他成分。
2. It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.
3. 电影片名的翻译是广告翻译,须遵循三大原则: 信息传递原则, 美学欣赏原则和文化重构原则. 郑玉琪《中国翻译》2006(2): 66-68 详情请参见杨士焯《英汉翻译教程》北京大学出版社2006年P165-170
*Gone With the Wind *Speed
*Lolita《洛丽塔》*The Piano
*Bathing Beauty *Waterloo Bridge
*Forrest Gump *Always
*Ring *Bridges of Madison County
*Net
3.1.6. 英汉句子结构对比
1. 英语（主语）与汉语（话题）
主要参考资料：
[1] 曹合建：《汉英民族思维方式差异、语言差异及翻译中的基本原则》，载刘重德主编《三湘译论》湖南出版社1995年第一版P79-91.
[2] 连淑能：《中西思维方式：悟性与理性——兼论汉英语言常用的表达方式》，载《外语与外语教学》，2006年第7期。
[3] 马秉义：《英汉语句子结构常式比较》，载杨自俭主编的《英汉语比较与翻译3》上海外语教育出版社2000年第一版P69-77.
英语基本句型：“三分”即SVO; 语法的严谨性（音、词、句、段、章）; 注重“主语”，主语显著型(subject-prominent)语言
汉语基本句型：“两分”即TC（Topic-Comment)；语义的意会性; 注重“话题” 话题显著(topic-prominent)型语言
何以解忧，唯有杜康。白发三千丈，缘愁是个长。问君能有几多愁，？
木秀于林，风必摧之；堆出于岸，流必湍之；行高于众，众必非之。
英汉基本句型差异对汉英互译的启示。
C-E 汉译英
1. 午夜空气凉爽, 她又振作了精神。
2. 先有口语，后有笔语。
3.医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。
译文1：The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.
译文2：The doctor?s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.
4.由于香港地理位置优越，加上免征各种进口税，这个东方城市长期以来成了各种进出亚洲货物的理想中转储运基地。
5.这儿沙滩闪烁，松林掩映，远山连绵，自有一种心旷神怡的气氛。
6.在谈判期间，各国的利益变化不定，好象万花筒似的，这就使人难以分辨出究竟谁是“胜者”，谁是“输家”。
7. 到冬天，草黄了，花也完了，天上却散下花来，于是满山就铺上了一层耀眼的雪花。
译文1：In winter the grass turns yellow and the flowers fade, but the sky spreads down flowers, so that the hills are covered with glittering snow.
译文2：In winter the grass turns yellow and the flowers fade, but new flowers come down from heaven, spreading a cover of glittering snow over the hills.
我的译文：In winter the yellow grass and faded flowers gave way to new flowers coming down from heaven and spreading a cover of glittering snow over the hills.
E-C英译汉：
1. The strong walls of the castle served as a good defense against the attacker.
2. That dirty old house is an offense to everyone who lives in the street.
3. His skills qualify him for the job.
4. His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.
5. A full awareness of this will point out to you that the most important thing in your existence is your distinctive individuality or something special of yours.
6. The thought that she would be separated from her husband during his long and dangerous journey saddened Mrs. Brown.
7. Night and fog didn?t worry the vets.
2. 英语形合与汉语意合
英：重形合hypotaxis（语法的严谨性），前重心。喜用关系词、连接词、代词、介词、非谓语动词以及it, there等来使得句子结构严谨形合。因此英语中关系词、连词、代词、介词、非谓语动词的使用频率要远远高于汉语。英译汉时要灵活处理，译文要流畅符合汉语的规范。
关系词（关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词）：who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how.
连接词；1.并列连词（and, but, or, yet, for, so, however, hence, nevertheless, whereas, therefore, as well as, not only…but also, both…and, (n)either…(n)or）2.从属连词（because, if, lest, although等）
汉：重意合parataxis（语义的意会性），后重心。（按时间先后，因果先后等逻辑顺序和虚词来表达语法关系）
1. He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job (that) he had been engaged in in the South.
2. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. (研1999-74)
3. I must confess that with their repetition, and perhaps because of their very inconsequence, chores can in the end evoke a mild sort of satisfaction.
英语指示代词可如此处理: 1. 如实保留；2. 删去不译；3. 译成所指代的名词；4. 改译成“其”、“之”之类的汉语代词。
我必须承认，正由于其反复性，或许还由于其无关紧要，家务事到头来还能给人带来些许的满足感。
The first point about chores is that they are repetitive. They come every day or thereabouts, and once done they require after a certain time to be done again.
家务事的第一个特点是（）反反复复。（）几乎天天都有，而且做完之后，（）过一段时间又要重做一番。
4. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment can not generally be foreseen in detail. (研1996-72)
5. 没有外力作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。
A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
6. 只有四婶，因为后来雇用的女工，大抵非懒即馋，或者馋而且懒，左右不如意，所以也还提起祥林嫂。（鲁迅《祝福》）
译文1. Only my aunt, because the maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy, or both, none of them satisfied her, still spoke of Xiang Lin?s wife.
译文2. My aunt was the only one who still spoke of Xiang lin?s wife. This was because most of the maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy, or both, none of them giving satisfaction.（杨宪益戴乃迭译)
3. 英语树状与汉语竹状
英语句子主干上枝杈蔓生，分杈处有介词、关系词、连接词、非谓语动词和代词连接，呈树状结构。英语句子成分随时可以加以修饰，而修饰语中的某一成分又可被别的成分修饰。因此往往形成长句。汉语按时间顺序或逻辑顺序逐层展开，多流水句、一小句接一小句，中间可断可连。汉语句子如同竹状，多短句简单句。
1. Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration on Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.
2. The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.
3. It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal love, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may center affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change. (W. Thackeray: Vanity Fair )
4. Because of this English background of civil conflict, English-speaking America, where there were no religious wars, as such, is often described as a land of refuge to which men and women came in order to enjoy the religious and political freedom denied them in their homeland.
5. The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented.
4. 英语静态与汉语动态
英语（静态stative )：preponderance of nouns over verbs
英语动词的使用受形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子通常只用一个动词，因此大量原来应由动词表达的概念改由非谓语动词、名词或介词来表达。结果就降低了动词的使用频率，弱化和虚化了动词，“名词优势于动词,” 因此英语呈静态。
汉语（动态dynamic): preponderance of verbs over nouns
汉语动词无形态变化限制、无非谓语动词、原形动词可充当句子的各种成分，亦可连用甚至重复、重叠、合成并用。大量汉语句子都不止使用一个动词，“动词优势于名词,” 因此汉语呈动态。
1. 我对他一见钟情。
2. 研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。
3. 他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯基本人权，因此受到各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。
译文1：Freedom-loving people everywhere condemned them because they violated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country.
译文2: The _______of basic human rights in their own country in ____________ of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the ______________ of freedom-loving people everywhere.
4. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
5. Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
6. 他在船上能吃能睡，也不晕船。
7. 插入一个楔子，可纠正这个错误。
译文1：You can rectify this fault if you insert a wedge.
译文2：The rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge.
解释：English for science and technology is characterized by, among other things, its nominalization（名词化）. For example, people prefer to write “rectification（纠正）of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge（楔子、楔型物）” instead of “You can rectify this fault if you insert a wedge”.
8. 卫星通讯地面站设备修理人员
练习（英汉句子结构对比）：
1. But even more important, it was the farthest (cosmic clouds) that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that exists 15 billion years ago. ( 研1998-71)
2. The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. (研1998-72)
3. Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures（云系）, and may report their findings soon. ( 研1998-73)
4. If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. ( 研1998-74)
5. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. (研1998-75.)
3.2 英汉文化对比
1. Mr. Brown is a very white man. Being in the red, he was looking rather green the other day. He has been feeling blue lately. When I saw him, he was in a brown study, I hope he?ll soon be in the pink again.（文化颜色词）
布朗先生为人忠实可靠，由于欠债那天脸色不大好。最近他总是闷闷不乐。见他时，他显得心事重重，我希望他早点振作起来。
2. A married woman hops in the hays.（习俗文化）
一位已婚女子__________________。
3. Miss Johnson is the manager?s girl Friday.（文学作品语言文化）
琼斯小姐是那位经理的____________________________。
4. Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay beings begin to breathe.（宗教文化）
老师是创造的见证人，目睹__________的呼吸成长。
5. Those were days when the sun never set on the British flag, nor rose on many an East End home.（历史文化）
那是________________的黄金时代，也是______________千家万户不见天日的岁月。
6. Mr. Wilson talks a lot but Mrs. Wilson wears the trousers in their house.（习语文化）
威尔逊先生说话挺多，但在家中_________________的却是威尔逊太太。
文化——人类社会在历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。
《现代汉语词典》修订本1996年商务印书馆第1318页
人类学家Edward Tylor 在1871年的《原始文化》一书定义文化为:所谓文化和文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及包括作为社会成员的个人而获得的其他任何能力, 习惯在内的一种综合体。
3. 2. 1 思考题：语言、文化与翻译的关系？
1. 文化与语言密不可分, 语言是文化的一组成部分，是文化的载体和写照。
2. 奈达：对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更重要，因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景中才有意义。
（1982 The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden, Brill. ）
奈达1964年在Language in Culture and Society一书中把文化分为: 1 生态文化 2 语言文化 3 宗教文化 4 物质文化5社会文化.
3. 王佐良：我们翻译一个词语，面对的却是两片文化。《翻译:思考与试笔》P18-26
4. 苏珊.巴斯内特(Susan Bassnett) 在Translation Studies的第14页谈到：
… No Language can exist unless it is steeped in the context of culture; and no culture can exist which does not have its center, the structure of natural language. Language, then, is the heart within the body of culture, and it is the interaction between the two that results in the continuation of life-energy. In the same way that the surgeon, operating on the heart, cannot neglect the body that surrounds it, so the translator treats the text in isolation from the culture at his peril.
语言只有在文化中才能生存。同样，如果文化缺少其中心——语言结构，文化也就不能存在下去。如果说文化是人的身体，那语言就如同其心脏，身体和心脏的相互协作才能使生命不息，充满活力。就如同外科医生在给心脏做手术时不可能不考虑心脏周围其他器官的反应，译者翻译某一语言时不能冒险将翻译的言语内容与和文化分开来处理。[彭忍钢译]
3. 2. 2 英汉词义、文化差异与翻译
Further Reading:
1. 邓炎昌, 刘润清著1989年第1版《语言与文化》P162-180 外研社
2. 胡文仲著1999年第1版《跨文化交际学概论》P57-90 外研社
(1) A.B字面意义(denotation)相同，内涵意义(connotation)相同或基本相同；如：fox, pig, 4（中日相同）
(2) A.B字面意义相同，内涵意义不同；
1. politician
In American English, politician（政客、政治骗子）which is a very derogatory/negative term implies a person who is in public life merely for personal gain or self-interest. Politicians can be found everywhere, but statesmen（政治家）are comparatively rare.
2. politics
political activities（政治活动）, political work（政治工作）, political study（政治学习）.
3. peasant
In western culture, a peasant（乡巴佬、乡下人）indicates a usually uneducated person of low social status. (uncivilized, rude-mannered and narrow-minded)
The poor peasants talked about their happy life today. 农民(rural people or a farmer)
4. intellectual
The Chinese term 知识分子and the English word intellectual are not exact equivalents. The English term has a narrower scope and is used mainly for college professors and sometimes carries a connotation of being powerful in empty thinking but weak in solving practical problems.
5. propaganda
Making known some extreme ideas or thoughts
宣传(publicize, popularize or give publicity to sth)
6. zephyr
It?s a warm wind, the west wind, full of birds? cries. (Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》，英国诗人雪莱)
7. dragon dragon (evil or devil) 龙（Chinese dragon / Long, The Chinese totem)
8. phoenix Phoenix (rebirth, come back to life, revive)
凤凰：山窝窝里飞出了金凤凰、百鸟朝凤、凤毛麟角（rare & auspicious)
9. dog Usually, the English word dog (man?s best friend) has a complimentary / commendatory/ positive sense in western culture. But sometimes it also has a negative sense.
(you dog/ go to the dogs/ die a dog?s death / dog-eat-dog)
10.owl owlish = smart, wise, clever 猫头鹰(death or bad luck)
11. peacock As proud as a peacock 孔雀(auspicious and lucky)彩电(Uranus)
12. petrel petrel (disaster and violence) 海燕(brave)
13. Magpie Magpie( talkative and offensive) 喜鹊(happy & auspicious)
14. Bat As blind/crazy as a bat 蝙蝠（fortunate, good luck)
15. rest room rest room (W.C/toilet) 休息室( lounge/ lobby)
16. lover lover (regular sexual partner) 爱人( wife, husband/fiancé, fiancée)
17. a bridal shower bachelor?s party
待嫁酒会告别单身汉酒会
a baby shower
为即将分娩的妇女举行的送礼派对
18. The First Blood= the first success in a contest（初战告捷）
19. First Lady =总统或州长之老婆
20. busboy A busboy is one whose job is to remove the dirty dishes and set the tables in a restaurant.
21. high School (AE) = secondary school (BE)
22. eat one?s own words = take back one?s words（收回前言）。
食言= break one?s promise / go back on one?s word
23. goldbrick = a shirker（逃兵）/ a loafer懒汉）
24. busybody A busybody is one who pries into others? affairs（爱管闲事的人）
25. get a kick out of sth = get enjoyment or pleasure out of something（从…中得到极大愉快）
26. make one?s hair stand on end =it is used for fear（毛骨悚然）, frighten sb, fill sb with horror and fright 令人发指= bristle with anger, in violent anger, fly into a rage
27. blow one?s own horn (trumpe t）=praise oneself to call attention to one?s own success（自吹自擂）各吹各的号=each doing his own thing
28. do-gooder=空想的社会改良家
29. service station =a place where people go to get gasoline or other service for their cars.（给汽车加油及进行简单维修的地方）
30. place of birth =the place where a person is from（出生地）
31. political campaign= the organized activities by a candidate to attract the vote in an election（竞选活动）
32. Shoes for street walking, come in and have a fit.(“假朋友”）
=为妓女准备的鞋，请进来然后发一顿脾气。
33. 亚洲四小龙= Four Asian Tigers 34. “紫罗兰”牌男装violet vs. pansy=sissy
35. “芳芳”牌化妆品fang (the poisonous teeth of a snake)
36. 改善生活≠improve one?s standard of living=go out for a meal for a change
37. 黄色书刊= filthy books vs. yellow pages黄页（电话簿）
38. “金鸡”奖= golden rooster vs. golden cock ( sexual organ of a male)
39. “蓝天”牌台灯≠Blue sky ( worthless, useless)
40. 白酒= liquor/ spirits vs. white wine（白葡萄酒）
（3）A.B字面意义相同，A有内涵意义，B无内涵意义.
*pine *crane *peach *goat ( an old dirty man, lecher or sex maniac)
ram sheep *goose (stupid) *Catch-22 (in a dilemma)
*梅、兰、竹、菊(plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum)
*他是活张飞*她比林黛玉还林黛玉*13 *7-up *9 *8 *4 *tortoise
练习（文化颜色词）:
*in the red *in the black *in the pink *in the blues
欠债赢利健康郁闷
*a dark horse *a black horse *dark eyes *black eyes
“黑马” 毛皮黑色的马黑眼睛挨打后出现的黑眼圈
*red eyes *green-eyed *a green hand *yellow pages
廉价威士忌酒眼红嫉妒新手生手黄页
*a white lie *a white elephant * black tea *brown sugar
善意的谎言无用且累赘之物红茶红糖
*be beaten black and blue *a black sheep *blacksmith
被打得青一块紫一块害群之马铁匠
*blacklist *blue blood *bluestocking *brown bread
黑名单贵族(aristocratic/noble) 女学究黑面包
练习：(请注意句子中的文化因素)
1. Much of the town was destroyed by bombs in the war, but it was rebuilt and in the following decade rose from the ashes like a phoenix.
2. Last night, an uninvited guest turned up to make five for bridge. I had the kind of paper back at hand to make being the fifth at bridge a joy.
3. It becomes a catch-22 situation since you can?t get a job without job experience which you can?t get without a job.
4. The stork visited the Howard Johnstons yesterday.
鹳鸟做客vs. 添了一个小孩
5. He told everyone he was absolutely certain that his article would be published by the Times, but when the letter of rejection came, he had to eat his own words.
食言vs. 收回前言
6. I believe, because of my religious faith, that I shall “return to Father” in an afterlife that is beyond description.
来世vs.死后（身后）的日子
7. She found the keys he had lost last month, which was like a bolt from the blue.
晴天霹雳vs.喜出望外
8. But Smith showed unexpected strength, especially in the wet district.
湿地vs. 非禁酒区
第四章英译汉常用方法和技巧(Translation Techniques) (上)
4.1 Diction (选词法)
(Diction is the choice of words and phrases to express meaning)（先确定词类，然后根据上下文及搭配来确定词义），引申(根据上下文和逻辑关系加以引申）及褒贬；
Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words.
Each word when used in a new context is a new word.
1. As the saying goes,“like knows like”, Li Chun-bo and I are good friends just like brothers. He likes dancing, but he likes to dance with his girlfriend, Xiao Fang instead of me, for he believes that “Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.”
2. The foreign trade has risen to unprecedented figures.
Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning.
On the desk there was a bronze figure of Plato.
He saw dim figures moving towards him.
June was good at figure skating.
3. Every life has its roses and thorns. (抽象化引申) 玫瑰与棘刺vs.有甜有苦
4. See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.
坐翘翘板vs. 两种情况不断地交替出现(抽象化引申)
(Choice of Extended Meanings选择引申意义）
5. Nowadays a student heading for college may pack a frying pan along with his book. (抽象化引申) 煎锅、长柄平底锅（实译）vs. 自己做点吃的（虚译）
6. Vietnam was his entree to the new Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant. (具体化引申) 进入vs. 敲门砖
7. He incited the soldiers to fight bravely, but he was charged with inciting people to violence. 激励vs. 煽动(Choice of Affective Meanings 选择情感意义)
8. Complimentary褒义Neutral 中性Derogatory贬义
胖portly 发福的overweight超重的obese臃肿的
瘦slim/slender苗条的underweight体重不够的skinny瘦削的
老elder/senior长者old man/woman老人fossil老朽
Death/result/ambition/scheme/collaborate
9. Take the cart back to the back yard and back it into the shed at the back of the stable.
(Choice of Grammatical Meanings 选择语法意义)
10. Show me the complaint book.
Milton?s Paradise Lost consists of twelve books.
That?s all I remember, Sir, on the Book.
He claim to have been graduated from this college, but his name is not on the books.
He is always painstakingly at his book.
The music was fine, but the book was very poor.
He went out to the village to pay tradesmen?s books.
In the business college students are taught to keep books.
Are you in the book? (Choice of Contextual Meanings 选择语境意义)
11. build a house build a bridge
build a ship build a dam
build a fire build a stamp collection
build a car build an answer
build one?s confidence build the drama of a story
build scholars of tomorrow Reading builds the mind.
(Choice of Collocative Meanings 选择搭配意义)
12. Examples of English stylistic synonyms with their translations
Informal Neutral Formal (Literary)
穷(broke, hard up poor贫穷( poverty-stricken, penniless, flat broke穷光蛋) in want, underprivileged, impecunious, indigent贫困)
累(pooped, dog-tired, tired (exhausted, weary
all in，worn-out, fatigued, spent疲惫)
played-out累死了)
年轻人(kid, lad, boy, teenager (youth, stripling)
young guy，young person
young/little punk) ( Choice of Stylistic Meanings选择文体意义) 13. Examples of English words with their Chinese stylistic
synonyms
Words Explanatory Descriptive/Idiomatic
lively 生动的栩栩如生
irrelevant 无关的风马牛不相及
identical/ thick/ great contribution/ invulnerability/ meager food
14. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. (Francis Bacon: Of Studies, 1597)
现代词/新词给危险坐木工厨师医生
古语词/旧词
普通用语给现在办法安排私下这
公文用语
15 .无论是街道、房屋或公园，这个地方都有一种难以描绘的南国情调。随便走到哪里，我都可以看到新鲜有趣的东西。
A) All streets, houses and parks here have an indescribable look o f the south. No matter where I go, I?m sure to find things new and interesting.
B) The place, with its streets, its houses and its parks, wears an indescribable air of the south. Every corner brings me into acquaintance with some new interest.
16. 退休工人邵劝帮对小儿子在春说，“那时候，干一天活累得连炕都上不去，浑身痛得要命，睡也睡不着。”
A) Shao Quanbang, a retired worker, said to his little son Zaichun, “At that time, I was so fatigued after a day?s drudgery that I found it very hard to mount the Kang. My whole frame aching acutely, I couldn?t go to sleep however hard I tried.”
B) Shao Quanbang, a retired worker, said to his little son Zaichun, “In those days, I was usually so done up after a day?s hard work that I could hardly get on the Kang. As my whole body ached like anything, I simply couldn?t get to sleep even I tried to.”
17. I saw him at the bank. She can not bear children.
(Choice of Ambiguous Meanings选择模糊意义)
18. As Mr. Green designed the machine, he must have realized its capability.
(Lexical ambiguity词汇歧义)
19. She showed her baby pictures. (Structural ambiguity结构歧义)
Flying planes can be dangerous. John didn?t bea t Mary because he loves her.
4.2 Conversion (转换法)
What is expressed in the nominal style(名词化表达法) in English is very often expressed in the verbal
英汉翻译 第二讲 课后作业
9月20日作业 第二讲课后作业 Translate the following English phrases or sentences into Chinese. 一、一词多义、词的搭配 1. Take off The new dictionary has really taken off.(这本新字典很受欢迎。) Take off your wet shirt.（把你的湿衬衫脱下来。） The doctor took off his wounded left leg.（医生给他受伤的左腿做了截肢手术。） They had to take off the show because of poor audience.（观众太少令他们不得不取消演出）You can take only one day off.（你只能休一天假。） The officer leading the inquiry has been taken off.（主持这项调查的官员已经被撤职。） 2. But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick.（但是他的攻击总是被一针拳打脚踢击退） 二、词序 1.定语的位置 1)We must help them in every way possible (every possible way). （我们用尽一切可能的方法去帮助他们） 2)This is the only reference book available here. （这是这里唯一的一本可用的参考书） 3)They are working to increase production at the highest speed possible （他们正努力地以可能的最快速度提高产量）. 4)This is the best solution imaginable. （这是能想到的最佳办法） 2. 状语的位置 1）A jeep, full, sped fast, drenching me in spray. （一辆全速疾驰的吉普车溅了我一身的水） 2）North American viewers watched the start of the royal procession without missing a single
初一英语寒假讲义第1讲
煜祥寒假班初一英语 第一讲name： 一单词、词组回顾 A写出下列词的反义词或对应词 1 first_______ 2 day_______ 3 lost_______ 4 interesting_______ 5 son_______ 6 uncle_______ 7 this_______ 8 breakfast_______ 9 these_______ 10 weekend_______ 11 question_______ 12 his_____ B英汉互译 13 做运动 ____________ 14 get to_______ 15为??而感谢 _______ 16在电视里看?? ____________ 17听起来很有趣 __________ 18在地板上 ____________ 19在某事上帮助某人 ________ 20 a photo of his family_______ 二基本句型及交际用语 A翻译下列句子 1 那些是我的朋友们。 _________________________________ 2 男孩们和女孩们在树底下。_________________________________ 3 吉姆每天在电视上观看篮球赛。_________________________________ 4我有 3 个足球， 4 个棒球和 2 个排球。 _________________________________ 5让我们吃萨拉吧！ _________________________________ B情景交际 6 当你找不到你的书时，你应说：___________ A This is my book. B What ’s this? C Where’s my book? D where my book is? 7 当你向父母介绍朋友李蕾时，你应说：_________________ A He is Li Lei. B This is Li Lei. C It is Li Lei. D This ’s Li Lei. 三基本语法 A写出下列名词的复数形式 book--key--family--dictionary--watch— is--am--that--this--friend--class--photo—tomato--strawberry--child--sheep-- B用所给单词的适当形式填空 1.Tom and I _____(be)brothers. 2.What ______(be) these?
英汉翻译练习题
《英汉翻译》练习题一 一、Phrase Translation（句子翻译） A. Directions：Put the following phrases into Chinese（将下列词语译成汉语）． 1) rural reform （） 2) industrial revolution （） 3) non-governmental sectors （） 4) the International Court of Justice （） 5) Agriculture Department （） 6) encyclopedia （） 7) editorial （） 8) relay race （） 9) vocational school （） 10) the theory of relativity （） 11) to pick and choose ( ) 12) a drugstore ( ) 13) soda fountain ( ) 14) in this fashion ( ) 15) a part-time river ( ) 16) up the river ( ) 17) a summer resort ( ) B. Directions：Put the following phrases into English（将下列词语译成英语）． 1) 经济增长（） 2) 知识经济（） 3) 民族团结（） 4) 官僚主义（） 5) 所有制（）
6) 社会科学（） 7) 期刊（） 8) 世界纪录（） 9) 最高人民法院（） 10) 国营企业（） 11) 现代化建设( ) 12) 专属经济区( ) 13) 可再生能源( ) 14) 合法权益( ) 15) 御花园( ) 16) 故宫博物院( ) 17) 可耕地( ) 二、Multiple Choice Questions（选择题） A. Directions：This part consists of ten sentences．each followed by four different versions labeled A，B，C and D．Choose the one that is the closest equivalent to the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness．1.He thought that directly internal confidence in the regime declines，her financial structure would be in danger．( ) A.他认为，那直接影响着园内对政府的信心下降，它的财歧体制就会出现危机了。 B.他直截了当地认为，国内对政府的信心下降，其财政结构就要出现危机了。 C.他认为，一旦国内对政府的信心下降，她的财政体制就会出现危机。 D．他当时认为，只要政府内部失去信心，其金融结构就会瓦解。 2．Sunlight is no less necessary than fresh air to a healthy condition 0f body．( ) A．日光和新鲜空气对于身体健康都是不可缺少的。 B．对于健康的身体，日光和新鲜空气一样不可缺少。 C．对于身体健康，日光如新鲜空气一样不可或缺。 D．阳光同新鲜空气一样对于身体的健康不可缺少。 3．Intense light and heat in the open contrasted with the coolness of shaded
英语翻译技巧选修课讲义
第一单元词语的翻译（1） 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如，英语中有词形变化，汉语中没有；英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等，而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起，不一定或很少使用连词和介词，也没有关系代词。所以，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯，但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1．增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1：不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres． 例2：怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3：又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze．Isn’t it ridiculous! 2．增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法，英译时需增补it。 例4：一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day． 例5：是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6：尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l． 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分，又有表态部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后。叙事部分比较长，表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语，以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7：我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems． 例8：我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that． 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中，只要从上下文能正确理解，宾语常常可以省略，但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语，因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9：我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice．
英汉翻译复习资料
2015-2016上学期英汉翻译复习资料 考试题型：理论填空（10%）、习语翻译（10%）、句子翻译（30%）、语篇翻译（50%）（有的只需翻译划线部分，请注意！） 考试时间：2016.1.21 10：40-12：20 一、填空，共5小题 1. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中 将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能对等翻译的翻译原则。 2. 英语长难句汉译方法有：顺译法、逆译法、拆译法和综合法。 3. 按翻译手段而言，翻译可分为：口译（又可分为即席翻译和同声传译）、笔 译、机器翻译等。 4. 汉语主要靠词序（按时间先后，因果先后等逻辑顺序）和内在意义结合，汉 语没有或极少使用衔接手段，属意合语言（语义的意会性）。 5. 20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在 形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 6.18世纪末叶，英国爱丁堡大学历史学教授、翻译理论家泰特勒在《翻译原 理简论》一文中提出了“翻译三原则”，此三原则与严复的信达雅有异曲同工之妙。 7. 中国译论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境— 忠实、通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 8. 受“中庸”哲学思想的影响，中国人的美学观念中特别强调平衡美，所以汉 语中除了极为频繁使用对仗这一修辞格，还大量使用四字词组。在英汉互译中要时刻考虑汉语这一特点。 9. 辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该 理论体系中，提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。 10. 根据源语和目的语进行分类，翻译可分为语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。
英语翻译练习上课讲义
英语翻译练习
1. 我写此信的目的是向你解释我上次缺课的原因。 I’m writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 2. 首先，我们要对网络持有有正确的态度。 First of all /Firstly/ To begin with/First/In the first place/Initially, we should take a proper attitude to/towards the Internet. 3. 如图所示，每周上网15个小时的中学生占了 60%。 As is shown in the graph/ As the graph shows, those who surf the net over 15 hours account for /make up/ 60 percent of all students. 4.另外，我口语流利，可以和外国朋友自由交流。 Besides/ In addition, I can speak fluent English and communicate with foreigners easily. 5. 大家普遍认为网络在信息社会越来越重要。 It’s generally accepted that the Internet is playing an increasingly important part/role in our information society. 6. 网络能提供国内外各种各样的信息，这有助于我们更好地了解世界。 The internet can provide all kinds of latest information both at home and abroad, which helps us understand the world better. 7. 学校应该开放图书馆、实验室，方便学生使用这些资源。 The school library, labs and computer rooms should be opened, so that the students can have easy access to the resources. 8. 一旦人迷上了一种爱好，其兴趣会持续一生。可见培养良好的兴趣是多么重要！ Once one really becomes absorbed in a hobby, his or her interest may last a life time. So developing good hobbies is of vital importance. 9. 众所周知，如今适应社会是一项基本技能。 It’s known to us all that adapting to society is a basic social skill nowadays. As is known to us all, adapting --- 10. 根据最新的调查，中学生每周上网的时间达到了15个小时。 According to a recent survey, middle-school students spend up to 15 hours a week on the net. 11.希望感兴趣的同学能积极参与这项活动。 Those who are interested in the activity are expected to take an active part in it. 12. 我不仅能当导游，还能当翻译。我一定能成为一个出色的志愿者。 I can not only act as a guide, but also as an interpreter. I’m sure I can be an excellent volunteer. 13. 除了这些传统的活动外，还有旅游、访友等其他活动。 In addition to/Besides/Apart from these traditional activities, we have wider choices, such as travelling and visiting our relatives. 14. 我认为每个学生都申请清华、北大是不明智的。因为这两所名校每年录取的学生有限。 I don’t think it (is) wise for every student to apply for Tsinghua University and Beijing University because the number of students (who are) admitted to the two famous universities is limited every year. 15.然而，大多数学生反对网上交友。 However, the majority of the students are against the idea of making friends online.
商务英汉翻译讲义
1. 转换法--转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转换法--转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词（练习7） 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7） 3. 增词法 3.1 补充原文中的省略部分（练习1） 3.2为了语法上的需要而增词（练习2） 3.3为了表达和意义上的需要（练习3） 4. 减词法 4.1 从语法角度进行减省（练习1） 4.2 从修饰角度进行减省（练习2） 商务英汉翻译讲义之词类转译法 目录 1. 转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7） 词类转译 英汉两种语言存在着巨大的差异，语言结构与表达形式方面各有其自身的特点。因此，要使译文既忠实于原义又顺畅可读，就不能局限于逐词对等翻译，必须采用适当的词性转译、句子成分转译及句型转译等翻译技巧，在本单元我们主要讲解翻译中词性的转译。 在一定程度上，词的形态及形式变化是否过于繁复多变决定了词性优势。英语动词形态变化繁复而稳定，这就使英语动词的使用受形态的牵制，而名词就没有这个问题，因此名词在英语中占优势，名词的优势导致了介词的伴随优势。汉语词性没有形态变化问题，而动词与名词作比较时，动词的动态感强、动势强，名词则较为凝滞，所以在汉语中动词非常活跃，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”，因此英译汉时名词转译成动词的情况常普遍。现
郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)教材配套题库-第5章 翻译常用的八种技巧【圣才出品】
第5章翻译常用的八种技巧 5.1 重译法 一、英译汉 1. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. 【译文】把一场工业革命同两次政治革命归作一类似乎有点奇怪，但事实上这三次革命都是社会革命。 2. Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterise all the Industrial Revolution. 【译文】在修建英国的运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个工业革命的特点。 3. The canals were arteries of communication: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. 【译文】运河是交通的动脉，开运河不是为了走游艇，而是为了通行驳船。 4. James Brindley was a pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, ‘navigation’. 【译文】布林德雷是开凿运河的先驱者，当时人们把开凿运河叫做navigation。
5. Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the west. Another was the application of machinery to farming. 【译文】取得这一特殊成就有几方面的原因：第一个原因是向西部的扩展，第二个原因是机器在农业上的应用。 6. …for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming. 【译文】……以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关，另一方面，也是农业科学的研究中心。 7. …This is nothing li ke back home in Colorado. We have rains there, too. Thunderstorms in spring and summer... 【译文】……这跟家乡科罗拉多的情况迥然不同。科罗拉多也下雨。春夏两季雷雨交加……【解析】原文第二句用there代替in Colorado，而译文重复“科罗拉多”。 8. The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. 【译文】全世界在注视着。全世界在倾听着。全世界在等待着看我们将做些什么。 9. As you said in your toast, the Chinese people are a great people, the American people are a great people.
自考《00087英语翻译》复习资料
2019年10月自考《00087英语翻译》复习资料 Unit 1 stories 1. He was thirty-six, his youth had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned. 他已三十六岁,青春像一路鸣叫的鹰,早已一闪而逝, 留给他的是衰老和幻灭. 2. average height 普通高度 3. gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉 4. in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄 5. ignoring the chair offered him, Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he had fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat-sen, been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China. 朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子,端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前,用平稳的语调, 说明自己的身份和经历: 他怎样逃出云南, 怎样会见孙中山, 怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝, 怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲. 6. When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received. 两位来客把经历说完后,周恩来微笑着说,他可以帮他们找到住的地方,替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续, 在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前,暂时作候补党员. 7. Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党 8. 两条要求, 忠实------内容, 通顺-------语言 9. Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill’s birthday occurred while he was in Beijing. 以中国官方客人的身份, 比尔来访中国已多次了, 而且在北京停留期间恰适他生日也有好几次了. 10. ‘This is for you,’Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget----such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation. Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge, built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River. He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights. “这是为你安排的.”这句话比尔.莫诺听到过好几次, 每一次都令他难以忘怀. 有一次, 他沿大运河乘船顺水而下,途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬. 还有一次, 他参观雄伟的南京长江大桥------以前没桥
英语翻译讲义
第八节正反译法 一英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 1. The first bombs missed the target. 2. Predictably, it was Mike who released the secret to Mary. 3. The explanation is pretty thin. 4. It was beyon d his ability to undertake this task. 5. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. 6. The general would rather fight to death before he surrendered. 7. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 8. Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 9. I dropped medicine and took up physics． 10. He failed to set a good example for his kids. 二英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 1. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 2. He was an indecisive sort of person. 3. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 4. Don’t lose the opportunities to practice English. 5. Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． 6. The washroom is at the next corner，you can't miss it． 三同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式 1. The machine is far from being complicated. 2. She is anything but a bright student. 3. The square is no distance at all. 翻译实践: 1. She was at a loss to know what to do.
第二讲 翻译定义标准语义翻译
第二讲：翻译的定义及标准、语义翻译（2） 一．什么是翻译？ ---翻译是一门艺术，是语言艺术的再创作。如果把写作比成自由舞蹈，翻译就是带着手铐脚镣在跳舞，而且还要跳得优美。 ---翻译是技能，再现原文信息时，为避免信息的损失，力戒欠额翻译（undertranslation）和过载翻译(overtranslation)，译者要采用增词，减词，引申，并句和分句等技巧。 ---翻译是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息，首先是意义对等，其次是文体对等。 二．翻译的教学标准 《高等学校英语专业高年级英语教学大纲》规定，英汉翻译的评估项目标为： A．忠实：“原文信息全部传达，语气和文体风格与原文相一致”60% B．通顺：“断句恰当，句式正确，选词妥贴”40% 三．翻译技巧（2）： 语义翻译（2）---翻译时应当注意词义的褒贬。 翻译时，必须正确理解原作者的基本立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段译出。原文中词语的褒贬意义，要根据上下文恰如其分地表达出来，即使有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的。Eg. As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication. She is a demanding teacher, yet she’s very kind to her students. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 四．翻译练习（2） I. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the choice of words. 1.She is fidgety and restless. 2.All the inventors have a restless mind. 3.They incited him to go into further investigation. 4.The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. 5.The general has the reputation of being courageous. 6.He was an honest man, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. II. Improve the following translations based on the principle of faithfulness and fluency. 1.I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 我拜读过你的文章，我期望可以找到一个年纪稍长的人。 2.They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们跑得像他们的腿所能载动他们那样的快。 3.I will go and attend the reception, if only to make some new friends. 我将去参加招待会，但只是为了交些新朋友。 4.When she and he met again, each had been married to another. 当再次相见时，每个人都结婚了。
英汉翻译复习资料
填空题复习资料： 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出：“严复译《天演论》牟例所 标：‘译事三难：信、达、雅’，三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实，通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8．20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说：“信言不美、美言不信”。 10．20世纪90年代，美籍意大利学者韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论，该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助，但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比（Mary Snell-Hornby）在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍：20世纪80年代，西方翻译研究出现文化转向；90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向；而进入新世纪，翻译研究又回到了语言学时代，出现了“U字形转向”（U-turn）。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能翻译（Functional Equivalence）(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13．辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。
实用英汉翻译教程答案
实用英汉翻译教程答案 【篇一：大学英语实用翻译教程练习答案】 s=txt>第二章第一节 练习一：p10 一、 1．保护人类基因健康是个比较严峻的问题，但这不过是问题的一 个方面而已。 2．这些是科学家和技术专家研制的机器和产品。 3．科学已成为力量的一种源泉，不只是适宜于幻想的题材了。 4．建造和装饰宫殿、教堂和寺院的款项都由经商的富户承担支付。 5．查理一世和下议院的争吵已到了紧要关头，后来内战爆发，并 在白厅把斯图尔特王朝的君主送上了断头台。 6．在开辟第二战场之前，美国步兵精神饱满，营养充足，还没有 在战斗中受过创伤。 练习二：p16 一、 1．已经拟就一张至今已教过的所有动词的表。 2．每天从全国各地传来各行各业取得伟大成就的消息。 3．城乡之间的差别依然存在。 4．那一年，建立了旨在促进研究和试验的英国航空学会。 5．这里出版的报纸谴责侵略者屠杀大批无辜人民。 6．凡是成功的科学家常常把注意力集中在他发现尚未得到满意解 答的问题上。 练习三：p19 1．所有植物组织和动物组织主要由碳化合物、水和少量的矿物质组成。 2．他们并不认为有必要提供学生经常使用的名词化规则和构造使役句的规则。 3．各种族集团的文化特性、民间传说、神话和信仰都是根据文化进化规律起源于每一个集团的内部。 4．个别国家的科学努力可能将由跨国机构来进行统一和协调。 5．解放前，这个城市的垃圾和苍蝇一向无人过问，结果经常发生地方性病疫。
6．他是美国印第安人作家、演讲家和争取印第安人权利运动的活动家。 第二章第二节 练习一：p26 一、 1．我原先以为这部机器不过是一种没有什么价值的玩具。 2．第二天一早，饱饱地吃了一顿早餐之后，他们便动身了。 3．你愿意别人如何待你，你就应该如何待别人。 4．这部打印机真是物美价廉。 5．我七岁时就会织毛衣。 6．钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。 二、 1．he who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 2．before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. 3．the ear is the organ which is used for hearing. the nose is used for smelling. and the tongue is used for tasting. 4. modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 5．as it was getting quite dark, we decided to stop at that temple for the night. 6．internet is so convenient that we can find any information with the click of the mouse. 练习二：p30 一、 1．勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。 2．她苏醒过来，看见周围一张张笑脸。 3．柯达321a型微胶片阅读器操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。 4．海洋与其说是分隔了世界，不如说是连接了整个世界。 5．他这次旅行既有军事上的目的，又有政治上的目的。 6．我希望这次会议不要开得太久，太久了只会浪费时间。 二、
《 英汉互译》复习资料.
供复习用（供第二轮复习用）20140603 翻译技巧课后练习 一、回答问题 1.何谓翻译？（开放式问题） 2.翻译的过程是什么？ 3.翻译是技能、艺术还是科学？（开放式问题） 4.翻译的标准是什么？ 5.一名合格翻译工作者应具备什么样的素质？（开放式问题） 6.钱钟书先生关于文学翻译的标准是什么？ 二句子翻译练习，注意语境对翻译选词的影响[见第3章：英汉词义对比与翻译中根据语境选词] 句子翻译练习：注意语境对翻译选词的影响 1.After he had a row with his wife at home he had a row with his mistress on the lake. 2.Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade. 3. Lead as an element that gets into your body is absorbed into the bones and thus does harm to your health. 4. Child enrolment is also affected by household size, birth order, livestock ownership and the ability of the household to absorb economic shocks. 5. You could tell he was absorbed in his conversation, and not paying much attention to the road. 6. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. 7. As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic. 8. He made a wise choice. 9. We went away, as wise as we came. 10. People praised highly the hero’s glorious deeds. 11. He had lied to me and made me the tool for his wicked deeds. 12.Under the direction of the teachers, he has made great progress. 13. Under the direction of Hitler and Mussolini, Franco started a civil war. 14. For 15 years, Dr. Neil Todd has been searching for cats. Not big cats, like lions or tigers or pumas or leopards; nor fancy cats, like overbred Persians or Abyssinians or Siamese or Angoras. 15. 谁说他从不喝酒？你看，他喝起白酒来，一杯又一杯的。 Keys to Exercises 1.在家里同妻子吵架后，他与情人在湖上泛舟。 2. 夜贼需要一点亮光来看东西，便蹑手蹑脚穿过房间，点亮了那盏带浅绿色灯罩的灯。 3. 进入体内的铅元素被吸收进骨骼，从而对身体产生危害。 4. 儿童报名入学还受到很多因素是影响，包括家庭规模、出生顺序、牲畜饲养情况以及家庭消解经济意外的能力。 5. 可以看出，当时他只顾着说话，没有太注意路上的情况。 6. 幸运的是，爆炸发生时，楼里没有人。 7. 不幸的是，野餐的那天下起了雨。