PETS5写作拓展方法

Cause and Effect

Complete the following sentences with a suitable verb or conjunction.

a) Childhood vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reduced infant mortality.

b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the cold winter hospital admissions increased.

c) Printing money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . higher inflation.

d) The summer was extremely dry, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . many trees died.

e) Increased ownership of video recorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . falling cinema

attendance.

Use conjunctions to complete the following paragraph.

WHY WOMEN LIVE LONGER

Some British scientists now believe that women live longer than men a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T cells, a vital part of the immune system that protects the body from diseases. Previously, various theories have attempted to explain longer female life expectancy. Biologists claimed that women lived longer b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they need to bring up children. Others argued that men take more risks, c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they die earlier. But a team from Imperial College think that the difference may be d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . women having better immune systems. Having studied a group of men and women they found that the body produces fewer T cells as it gets older, e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the ageing process. However, they admit that this may not be the only factor, and

f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . another research project may be conducted.

5. Study the flowchart and complete the paragraph that describes it.

government lowers taxes

people have more money to spend

higher spending on goods and services

increased demand for goods and services

lower unemployment

government has higher income, spending less on social security

If a country is suffering from economic recession, the government can reduce taxation.

Comparisons

Study the table and complete the exercise below.

Cost of sending a letter to a domestic destination (eurocent)

Germany 110

France 85

Japan 62

Britain 60

United States 48

Spain 45

a) Letters in France are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .in Japan.

b) Spanish letters are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . German letters.

c) American letters are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . letters in Britain.

d) Letters in Germany are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in America. Study the table and complete the text below (one word per gap).

American spending on leisure activities, 1997, US$ billion

video, audio and

computers

80

books and newspapers 51

casino gambling 24

lotteries 18

recorded music 15

theme parks 9

video games 8.5

spectator sports 6

cinema tickets 5.5

racecourse betting 2.5

The table shows that Americans spend the a) . . . . . . . . . . . money ($80 bn.) on video, audio and computer equipment. They spend 40% b) . . . . . . . . . . . on books and newspapers, while casinos, in third place, are c) . . . . . . . . . . . popular d) . . . . . . . . . . . lotteries or recorded music. Americans spend e) . . . . . . . . . . . more on theme parks than f) . . . . . . . . . . . video games, and the cinema, in ninth place, is nearly g) . . . . . . . . . . . popular as spectator sports. The h) . . . . . . . . . . . amount of money is spent on racecourse betting.

Study the table below and complete the paragraph comparing life expectancy in European countries (one word per gap).

Country Adult alcohol intake per year

liters Cigarettes

smoked per

day

per adult

Life

expectancy

in years –

male

Life

expectancy

in years –

female

Austria 11.9 4.6 74.2 80.5 Belgium 11.7 4.3 73.8 80.5 Britain 9.4 4.2 74.3 79.5 Denmark 12.1 4.9 73.1 78.2 Finland 8.4 2.2 73.3 80.3 France 14.1 4.0 74.2 82.1

Germany 11.8 5.0 73.7 80.0

Greece 10.4 8.3 75.1 81.4

Italy 9.4 4.2 74.9 81.3

Norway 4.8 1.7 75.4 81.0

Portugal 13.6 4.6 71.4 78.7

Sweden 6.4 2.4 76.7 81.8

Switzerland 11.8 5.6 76.1 82.2

EU average 11.1 4.5 74.1 80.5

The table a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that Swedish men have the b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . life expectancy in Europe, while women live the c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Switzerland.

d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . average women in Europe live six years longer e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

men. Men in Portugal have f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lowest life expectancy (71.4 years), while the lowest for women is Denmark (78.2 years), which is g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . less than in Portugal (78.7 years).

Definitions

Insert suitable category words in the following definitions.

a) A barometer is a scientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . designed to measure atmospheric pressure.

b) Kidneys are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that separate waste fluid from the blood.

c) A multi-national company is a business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that operates in many countries.

d) Reinforced concrete is a building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . consisting of cement, sand and steel

rods.

e) Bullying is a pattern of anti-social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . found in many schools.

f) Recycling is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in which materials are used again.

g) A recession is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of reduced economic activity.

h) Postcodes are a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for making mail delivery more efficient.

Examples

Phrases for introducing examples include:

Many departments, for instance/for example engineering, now offer foundation courses. (note use of commas)

A few courses such as/e.g. MBA require work experience.

Many universities, particularly/especially UK ones, ask overseas students for IELTS scores. (note the focus)

Some subjects are heavily oversubscribed. A case in point is medicine. (for single examples) Use suitable example phrases to complete the following sentences.

a) As the climate warms, wetland species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frogs may find their habitat

reduced.

b) Some animals can migrate to cooler areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are birds, which can move

easily.

c) Many plants, trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., will find it difficult to move to wetter regions in the

north.

d) Certain reptiles, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snakes, may benefit from drier and warmer summers.

e) Rising sea levels may bring some advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . expanding wetland areas. Find a suitable example for each sentence.

Example:

Various sectors in the economy are experiencing labor shortages.

Various sectors in the economy, for instance engineering, are experiencing labor shortages.

a) A number of sports have become very profitable due to the sale of television rights.

b) Some British universities offer special courses in English for overseas students.

c) In recent years many women have made significant contributions to the political world.

d) Three-year guarantees are now being offered by most car makers.

e) Certain diseases are proving much harder to combat than was expected 20 years ago.

f) Many musical instruments use strings to make music.

g) Several mammals are currently in danger of extinction.

Provide examples in the following paragraph where they appear necessary.

Students who go to study abroad often experience a type of culture shock when they arrive in the new country. Customs which they took for granted in their own society are not followed in the host country. Even everyday patterns of life may be different. When these are added to the inevitable differences which occur in every country students may at first feel confused. They may experience rapid changes of mood, or even want to return home. However, most soon make new friends and, in a relatively short period, are able to adjust to their new environment. They may even find that they prefer some aspects of their new surroundings, and forget that they are not at home for a while!

Another small group of phrases is used when there is only one example.

This is a kind of restatement:

The world’s biggest software company, i.e. Microsoft, is buying a share of the cable business.

in other words/namely/that is to say/i.e./viz. (in very formal English only)

In the following sentences, add a suitable phrase from the box below.

a) His mo ther’s sister was a small but very remarkable woman.

b) When the liquid reached boiling point the reaction began.

c) All the plants and animals at risk in the region must be protected.

d) At this stage, all the students should be rigorously evaluated.

e) It was cold, wet and windy.

namely 140 degrees

in other words, an English summer’s day

i.e. his aunt

viz., given an examination

that is to say, the endangered wildlife

namely, the Atlantic Ocean

Generalizations

There are two ways of making a generalization:

a) Using the plural: Computers are useful machines.

b) Using definite article and the singular: The computer is a useful machine. (less

common/more formal)

It is better to avoid absolute phrases such as cats are cleverer than dogs.

Instead use more cautious phrases such as cats tend to be cleverer than dogs or most cats are more intelligent than dogs.

Write generalizations on the following topics.

a) child/noise Example: Children are often noisy.

b)flowers/presents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

c)city/pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d) fresh fruit/health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e)television/important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read the following text and underline the generalizations.

Li Pang is a Chinese student studying architecture in Manchester. He enjoys the style of teaching as well as the cosmopolitan lifestyle the city provides. Many international students attend British universities. Most welcome the chance to meet classmates from all over the world, and all are pleased to have the chance to improve their English. When he goes home to Shanghai, Li Pang will have a network of international contacts to support his future career. Read this text about dreams and write five generalizations using the data.

A recent survey on dreams, completed by over 10,000 people, found that 68% of all dreams came into the ‘anxiety’ category. Being chased was the most common dream, record ed by 72%. Dreams about falling (which signify insecurity) are also very common, being recorded by 70%. 55% have dreamed about relatives and friends who have died. Many people believe that dreams can foretell the future, but only 42% have experienced this type. 28% of those surveyed have dreams about food, which seem to occur during periods of weight watching, but 23% have been pleased by dreams of finding money.

Example:

Anxiety seems to be the cause of most dreams.

a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Style

Re-write the following paragraphs in better style.

a) These days a lot of kids are starting school early. Years ago, they began at five, but now it’s normal to start at four or younger. Why is this? One thing is that mums need to get back to work. Is it good for the kids? Jenkins has studied this and says that early schooling causes social problems like stealing, drug-taking etc. I think he’s right and we should pay mums to stay at home.

b) Why are there so many jams on the roads these days? One thing is that public transport like trains, buses etc is so dear. A long time ago cars cost a lot but now, unfortunately, they’ve got a lot cheaper. Another thing is that driving is a lot nicer than waiting for a bus. The trouble is that if everyone buys a car the roads get packed.

Synonyms

Some common academic synonyms.

Nouns Verbs

goal

study results

area authority benefit category component concept behaviour controversy feeling beliefs expansion interpretation issue method option statistics framework trend target

research

findings

field

source

advantage

type

part

idea

conduct

argument

emotion

ethics

increase

explanation

topic

system

possibility

figures

structure

tendency

reduce

achieve

alter

evaluate

claim

assist

attach

challenge

clarify

collapse

concentrate

confine

show

eliminate

found

develop

maintain

predict

prohibit

retain

strengthen

accelerate

Decrease

reach

change

examine

suggest

help

join

question

explain

fall down

focus

limit

demonstrate

remove

establish

evolve

insist

forecast

ban

keep

reinforce

speed up

Find synonyms for the words and phrases in italic.

a) Professor Hicks questioned the findings of the research.

b) The statistics show a steady expansion in applications.

c) The institute’s prediction has caused a major controversy.

d) Cost seems to be the leading drawback to that system.

e) They will concentrate on the first option.

f) After the lecture she tried to clarify her concept.

g) Three issues need to be examined.

h) The framework can be retained but the goal needs to be altered.

i) OPEC, the oil producers’ cartel, is to cut production to raise global prices. j) The trend to smaller families has speeded up in the last decade.

In the following text, replace all the words or phrases in italic with suitable synonyms.

A lead ing French company has started a new programme to reduce costs. The company’s programme aims to reduce costs by $100 million. All the staff have taken pay cuts, and senior staff will have their pay cut by 20%. The company aims to increase profits by 35% next year, and promises that pay will be increased if that happens.

Identify the synonyms in this text by underlining them and linking them to the word they are substituting for.

Example: agency – organisation

The chairman of the UK’s food standards agency has said that a national advertising campaign is necessary to raise low levels of personal hygiene. The organisation is planning a ￡3m publicity programme to improve British eating habits. A survey has shown that half the population do not wash before eating, and one in five fail to wash before preparing food. There are over 6 million cases of food poisoning in this country every year, and the advertising blitz aims to cut this by 20%. This reduction, the food body believes, could be achieved by regular hand washing prior to meals.