英语词汇学知识点整理

词汇期末复习（C1-C7）

Chapter 1

一、Word 词的定义

(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）

(2) a sound unity

(3) a semantic unity（meaning）

(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）

二、V ocabulary词汇的定义

All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.

一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。

词的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。

三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义

The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional.

二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的

四、Sound & Form发音和形式

(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral form. 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。

(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：

①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马

②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速

③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同

④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。

⑤borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词

五、Classification of Words词的分类

(1)Basic & Non-basic Vocabulary

①Basic Words

The basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点：

➢ 1. All national character 全民性(indispensable to all the people who speak the language).

➢ 2. Stability 稳定性（relatively stable or unchanged）

➢ 3. Productivity 多产性（form new words in combination with other roots and affixes )

➢ 4. Polysemy 多义性

➢ 5. Collocability 搭配性

②Non-basic Words

Non-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms.

非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。

(2)Content Words & Functional Words

①Content Words/Full words/National words：

They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义

②Functional words/Empty words/Form words：

They show the relation between notions. 显示了与概念之间的关系

(3)Native Words & Borrowed Words

①Native Words：

Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes.

②Borrowed Words：

loan words or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the major languages in the world. It includes Denizens 同化词Aliens非同化词Translation loans 译借词Semantic loans 借义词

Chapter 2

一、The Indo-European Language Family印欧语系

(1)The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East, and

India.印欧语系是由欧洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。

(2)The classification of Indo-European language family :

①The Eastern Set

②The Western Set（Germanic）

二、Three phases of the V ocabulary Development词汇发展三阶段

(1)Old English(450-1150)

特点：

➢It has a small vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. 词汇量小

➢It has small number of borrowings came from Latin and Scandinavian.

拉丁/斯堪的纳维亚外来词少

➢It is a highly inflected language. (it has the words full of endings.)完整词尾

(2)Middle English(1150-1500)

特点：

➢It has a comparatively large vocabulary;词汇量相对较大

➢It has absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words mainly from French and Latin;吸收大量发育和拉丁词汇

➢Word endings become leveled.词尾扁平

(3)Modern English(1500 up to the present)

特点：

➢it has a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; 巨大且多样的词汇

➢It has tremendous borrowings; 许多外来词

➢It has words with lost endings. 词尾消失

三、General Characteristic一般特征

(1)Receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity接受性、适应性、异质性

(2)Simplicity of inflection简洁性、屈折性

(3)Relatively fixed word-order相对固定的语序

四、Foreign Elements in the English V ocabulary英语词汇中的外来成分

(1)主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语

(2)次要外来成分：意大利语、日耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语、凯尔特语

五、Growth of Contemporary English V ocabulary当代英语词汇的发展

Modes of Vocabulary Development发展方式：

➢Creation 创词Semantic change 旧词新义Borrowing 借词

Chapter 3

一、Morphemes词素

(1)词素的定义：

It is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.

语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位。

(2)词素的特点：

①All the morphemes have their own meanings, but they cannot be further divided, otherwise they will not make any sense.所有的词素都有自己的意义；它们不能再细分了，否则将会没有任何意义。

②Morphemes may have some variants. 词素可能会有一些变。e.g. - ation. May also be -tion, -sion,-ion, but they belong to the same suffix because they have the same meaning and grammatical function.

二、Morphs and Allomorphs形素和词素变体

(1)形素的定义：

The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’.

体现词素的语音串和拼写字节被称为形素。

(2)形素与词素的关系：

Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.

词素是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。

(3)词素变体：

An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.

词素变体指一套形素中的一个成员，表征一个词素。

总结：语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素。

morpheme又可称为形位、语素等。词素是抽象的，它是

通过形素morph表现出来的。词素还有变体形式，在语

言学中称为词素变体allomorph。

三、Classifying Morphemes词素分类

(1)in terms of their capacity of occurring alone 根据能否独立出现分类

Free vs. bound morphemes 自由词素/粘着词素

➢Free morphemes(自由词素)：

Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.

自由词素是能独立运用的词素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。

举例：man, wind, open, tour

⏹自由词素都是词根, 也叫自由词根, 能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。

➢Bound morphemes(粘着词素)：

Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.

粘着词素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他词素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。

⏹粘着词素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。

举例：bound root: -dict-, -ced-

affix: -ion, -ist, -ic

(2)on the basis of the capacity of forming new words根据能否构成新词分类

Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes派生词素/屈折词素

➢Derivational morphemes(派生词素)

Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.

派生词素附着于其它词素可派生出新词。英语中派生词都是由这样的词素构成的。

派生词素的特点：

⏹改变词干的意义和词性

⏹表明单词内的语义

⏹出现在一些词类里的部分语素中

⏹在任何屈折词缀添加之前出现

➢Inflectional morphemes(屈折词素)

Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes.

屈折词素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。

屈折词素的特点：

⏹不改变词干的意义和词性

⏹表明句子中不同单词的句法和语义关系

⏹出现于一些大的词类里所有语素中

⏹出现于单词的边缘

(3)on a semantic and syntactic basis根据语义和语法分类

Content/lexical vs. grammatical morphemes 实义词素/语法词素

Lexical 词汇/ content实义morphemes are morphemes which have a lexical content and are used for the construction of new words as in compound words and derivational morphemes such as –ship, -ize.

实义词素是拥有词汇意义并且用来构造新词，就像复合词和派生词。

➢Grammatical morphemes function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes(-s) and free morphemes ( in, and, do, have…functional words)

语法词素主要作为语法标记，包含屈折词缀和自由词素。

四、Identifying Morphemes词素的识别

How to identify morphemes?

They should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution.

他们应该通过形式、意义、分布来识别。

五、Morphemization and New Morphemes 词素化和新词素

(1)Morphemization is the process of creating a morpheme using a word, or part of a word.

词素化是通过一个词或者词的一部分来创造一个词素的过程。

(2)two ways of creating new morphemes:

①clipping

➢front clipping e.g. e-, info-, and docu-

➢back cliping e.g. -net(from internet), -gate(from watergate)

②using an old form as a morpheme e.g. -speak (Clinton speak)

六、Morpheme and Word-formation词素和构词

In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix.

在构词法中, 语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。

①Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes.

词缀都是粘着词素，依附于单词或其他构词材料构成新词或表示词的语法意义。

➢Two types of affixes:

Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes

屈折词缀和派生词缀

② A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.

词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。

③ A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.

词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。

④ A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem.

词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。

它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。词基与词干也是不同的，因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可以加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。

举例：

individualistic

individualist [stem, base]

individual [stem, base]

dividual [base]

divide [root, stem, base]

Chapter 4

一共9中构词方法：

➢Affixation (derivation) 词缀法

➢Compounding 复合法最重要的三种（往年考过）

➢Conversion/ Shifting 转类法

➢Blending 拼缀法

➢Clipping/ Shortening 截短法

➢Acronymy 首字母拼音法

➢Back-formation 逆生法

➢Sound Reduplication 语音重叠法

➢Commonization of Proper Names 专有名词的普通名词化法

一、Affixation/Derivation 词缀法/派生法→构成：派生词Derivative

(1)定义：

Affixation refers to the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to bases.词缀法指的是给词基添加派生词缀或者可用于构词的词缀来构成新词。

Derivation: a process by which new words are derived from old or base forms.

派生是指一个新词通过旧的或者基本形式派生出新的词。

(2)分类：

1)Prefixation前缀法

Prefixation is defined as the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases.

通过给词基添加前缀构成新词。

前缀类型：

①Negative Prefixes表否定的前缀

②Reversative or Privative Prefixes 表逆向意义的前缀

③Pejorative Prefixes 表贬义的前缀

④Prefixes of Degree or Size 表程度大小的前缀

⑤Prefixed of Orientation and Attitude 表倾向和态度等意义的前缀

⑥Locative Prefixes 表方位意义的前缀

⑦Prefixes of Time and Order表时间和顺序等意义的前缀

⑧Number Prefixes表数字的前缀

⑨Conversion Prefixes用于转换词性的前缀

⑩Miscellaneous Prefixes其他种类意义的词缀

11New Prefixes 新的前缀

2)Suffixation后缀法

Suffixation is the process of new words by adding word-forming or derivational suffixes to bases.

通过给词基添加可构词的词缀或者派生后缀来构成新词。

后缀类型：

①noun suffixes 名词后缀

②adjective suffixes 形容词后缀

③adverb suffixes副词后缀（如：-ward/-wards）

④new suffixes 新后缀（如：-nik...的成员、-holic上瘾、-burger汉堡的）

●Prefixes:前缀特点：

Preposed 放在词前

Grammatically unimportant (mostly not changing word class/ part of speech)

语法上不特别重要，大多不改变词类词性。

Modifying lexical meaning 修饰词汇意思

●Suffixes:后缀特点：

Postposed 放在词后

Grammatically significant 语法意义重要

Of less significance in lexical meaning 词汇意义上相对不那么重要

二、Compounding复合法→构成：复合词

(1)定义：

Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases.

复合法是通过添加两个或以上的词基来构成新词。

A compound is “a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a sing le word.” 复合词是一个词汇单位，包括超过一个词基，在语法和语义上都作为一个单一的词。

(2)写法：

Compounds can be written

➢solid (silkworm),

➢hyphenated (honey-bee)

➢and open (tear gas and easy chair)

(3)复合词特点：

What is the dividing line between compounds and free phrases?

复合词和自由词组的区别界限：

a. phonological features 语音特点

b. semantic features 语义特点

c. grammatical features 语法特点

d. orthographical features 拼写特点

(4)复合词的构词方法：three major classes of compounds前三种是主要的复合词：

①Noun compounds 名词复合词

②Adjective compounds 形容词复合词

③Verb compounds 动词复合词

④preposition compounds

⑤pronoun compound

⑥conjunction compound

①名词复合词：

A.词汇层面分析：

➢N+N

➢N+V

➢V+N

➢A+N

➢N+Ving

➢Ving+N

➢N+Ver

➢adv+N

➢V+adv

➢Ving+adv

➢adv+Ving

B.句法层面的分析：

➢S+V主语加谓语

➢V+O谓语加宾语

➢V+ADV谓语加副词

➢PLACE地点（比如：hilding-place=hide in a place）

➢TIME时间（比如：day-dreamer=dream during the day）

➢INSTRUMENT工具、手段（比如：handwriting=write by hand）➢OTHERS其他（比如：shadow-boxing=box against a shadow）➢S+O主语加宾语

➢S+C主语加补语（比如：girlfriend=the friend is a girl）

②形容词复合词

C.基本层面：

➢N+Ving

➢ADJ+Ving

➢N+adj

➢adj+adj（比如：deaf-mute聋哑的）

➢N+Ved

➢ADJ+Ved

➢ADV+Ved

➢N+Ned（比如：lion-hearted 非常勇敢的）

➢A+Ned（比如：short-sighted目光短浅的）

➢num+Ned

➢num+Ving

➢adv+Ving

➢Ved+adv

D.内部语法层面：

➢V+O

➢V+ADV

➢V+P.

➢N-ADV+ADJ（比如：homesick=Sick because of missing home）

➢Coordinating relation

③动词复合词：

E.Through Conversion 转类

比如：nickname=to nickname; honeymoon=to honeymoon

F.Through Back Formation逆生法

比如：lip-reading=to lip-read; mass production=to mass-produce.

三、Conversion转类法→构成：转类词

(1)定义：

Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one part of speech to the words of another part of speech, without any change in morphological structures.

(2)类型：

①Conversion to nouns 名词转类

➢deverbal nouns动词名词化

比如：want→what is wanted

➢de-adjectival nouns形容词名词化

a.full conversion完全转换

比如：a white 一个白人

b.partial conversion部分转换

比如：the poor（得带定冠词才能表示名词意思）

②Conversion to verbs动词转类

➢denominal verbs名词动词化

比如：to can the fruit（将水果放入罐头中）

➢de-adjectival verbs 动词形容词化

比如：He walked so fast so as not to wet his shoes.

③conversion to adjectives形容词转类

比如：a gold ring （gold是名词转形容词）

四、Blending拼缀法→构成：混合词

(1)定义：Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word

plus a part of another word and vice versa.拼缀法是通过合并两个单词的一部分或者一个单词加上另一个单词的一部分构成新单词的构词方法。

(2)结构：

①头+尾

②头+头

③头+词

④词+尾

五、Clipping截短法→构成：缩略词

(1)定义：Clipping refers to the way of making a word by shortening or clipping a longer word

known as clipping.通过缩短或者截掉一个长单词来构新词。

(2)类型：

①Front Clipping

②Back Clipping

③Front and back clipping

④Phrase clipping

六、Acronymy 首字母拼音法

(1)定义：Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of

composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms.

将社会和政治组织名称的首字母或短语作为术语组合在一起形成新词的过程。

(2)类型：

➢initialisms (alphabetisms)：首字母缩略词

1)定义：

Initialisms refer to words pronounced letter by letter, hence the name.

字母一个一个读

2)两种类型：

①Letters representing full words

②Letters representing constituents in a compound or just parts of a word

➢acronyms：首字母拼音词

1)定义：

Acronyms refer to a word from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.

可整体作为单词发音

2)类型：

①pure acronyms

②hybrid acronyms

③syllabic acronyms

七、Back-formation逆生法→构成：逆向派生词

定义：

Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. This is because many of the removed suffixes are not true suffixes but inseparable parts of the words.

逆生法（逆向派生法）是通过去除单词所谓的后缀构成新词的方法。所移除的后缀并不是真正的后缀，而是单词的独立部分。

八、Sound Reduplication语音重叠法→构成：语音重叠词reduplicatives

(1)定义：

Sound reduplication is the formation of compound words by repeating the same element with little or no change.

(2)类型：

Four types:

①Words to imitate pure sounds e.g. tick-tuck模仿声音

②Words to suggest alternating movements e.g. ping-pong暗示某种运动

③Words to disparage（贬义、蔑视）by suggesting 'instability, nonsense, insecurity, vacillation', etc. e.g. hocus-pocus

④words to intensify.增强语气 e.g. teeny-weeny

九、Commonization of Proper Names 专有名词的普通名词化法

Names of People 人名专有化如：Ampere安培

Names of Places 地名专有化如：Champagne香槟（法国尚帕涅）

Names of Books 书名专有化如：Utopia（乌托邦）

Trade Name 商标名如：nylon 尼龙

Chapter 5

一、Word Meaning词意

(1)Reference所指含义

1)定义：

Reference is the connection between the word form and what the form refers to in the world.

所指含义是单词形式和它在这个世界上所指事物之间的关系。

2)语言符号和其所指之间的关系：

the relationship between the linguistic sign and its referent:

①arbitrary 任意性、随意性

②conventional约定俗成

③the result of generalization and abstraction概括化与抽象化的结果

reference + context = something definite即要赋予一定的语境

●reference→symbol：意义通过符号表达

●reference→referent（所指事物）：概括化合抽象化的结合

●symbol→referent：任意性&约定俗成

(2)Concept概念

定义：

Concept is a notion or idea, formed in the mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the objective world. Concept is beyond language.

在人的头脑中形成一些对客观世界的反映

概念和意义的区别：

①They are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words.均与所指事物相关，是词语的概念。

②Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.

概念对于所有人来说都是相似的。

③But meaning belongs to language. 意义属于语言层次。

(3)Sense语义

定义：

The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the

language. It is often used to substitute meaning.

一个词的语义表现了它和语言中的其他词在语义系统上的关系，通常等于意义。

➢Sense denotes the relationships inside the language

语义表现的是语言内在关系。

➢Reference denotes the relationship between words and the things they stand for. 所指含义表示的是单词和它们所象征事物之间的关系。

二、Motivation 理据

(1)Onomatopoeic Motivation 拟声理据

In modern English, some words whose phonetic forms suggest their meanings as the words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.

通过模仿自然声音或者噪音暗示单词意义。

●primary onomatopoeia

secondary onomatopoeia: e.g. splash/whisper

(2)Morphological Motivation形态理据

Compounds and derived words are multimorphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the total of the morphemes combined.

复合词和派生词是多语素词，他们的意义由语素结合而成。

e.g. airmail、miniskirt

(3)Semantic Motivation语义理据

It explains the meaning of a word generated through associations based on its conceptual meaning.

语义理据解释了一个词通过联想在概念意义的基础上衍生出其他意义。

e.g. mouth of a river: the opening part of the river

(4)Etymological Motivation词源理据

the origins of words more often than not throw light on their meanings.

单词的起源往往能解释它们的含义。

三、Types of Meaning

(1)Grammatical Meaning语法意义

定义：

Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm (all the inflectional forms of a word).

暗示语法概念或者语法关系（如词性，单复数，时态等）

(2)Lexical Meaning词汇意义

定义：

Lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the concept the word conveys.

词汇意义在所有的实义词中都是不变的，因为它与词汇所表达的概念有关

1．Conceptual Meaning概念意义

定义：

Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.

概念意义是词典赋予的意义，是词义的核心

2．Associative Meaning联想意义

①定义：

Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc.

联想意义是对概念意义的补充。它不同于概念意义，它是开放的、不确定的，易受文化、经验、宗教等因素的影响。

②What are the sources of associative meanings?联想意义的来源：

➢The persons who use such lexemes; （用词的人）

➢The settings in which such lexemes are employed;（场景，情景）

➢Cultural values associated with the referents of the lexemes;（相关的文化价值）

➢The occurrence of such lexemes in prior texts;

➢Contamination from linguistic collocations;

➢Contamination from homophones.（同音词）

①Connotative Meaning内涵意义

It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.

它指的是由概念意义所暗示的泛音或联想。

②Stylistic Meaning文体意义

these stylistic features are clearly marked as ‘formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang’ and so on.

这些文体特征被清楚地标记为“正式的、非正式的、文学的、古代的、俚语的”等等

③Affective Meaning情感意义

Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be overtly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words.

情意表达说话人对所谈论的人或事的态度。这种意义可以通过选择恰当的词语来明确地表达出来。

●appreciative褒义

●pejorative/derogative贬义

④Collocative Meaning搭配意义

It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs.

它是与它同时出现的词所暗示的词义的一部分

英语词汇学知识点归纳总结

English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）：is a branch of linguistics，inquiring into the origins and meanings of words。 The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures，relations，historical development, formation and usages。 The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学），semantics(语义学）, etymology（词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography （词典学） The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook，English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power。The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively。The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage，and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1——Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2）a sound unity (3）a unit of meaning （4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning(声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式):不统一的四个原因（1)the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans，which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2)the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes(4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇)：all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words：

英语词汇学

英语词汇学 1 .idiom: An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meaning of its constituent words. Idioms are usually semantically opaque, i.e. metaphorical rather than literal. 2. Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combing and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms: e.g. newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch). 3. complementaries (互补反义词):complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. E.g. alive and dead, single and married, present and absent. 4. Polysemy (一次多义): A term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. E.g. the word fair has various meanings : “(of attitude, behaviour) just and honest”; “(of result) average, quite good”; “(of the weath er)clear and sunny”; “(of the mount)satisfactory, abundant”; “(of the skin)pale; light in color”; “clean, clear; with out blemish” 5.conceptual meaning(概念意义): Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. Take 'The sun rises in the east' for example. The word sun here means 'a heavenly body which gives off light, heat, and energy', a concept which is understood by anyone who speaks English. 6.affixation(派生法): Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base. (举例) 7.analogical creation a way to coin word by following an existing word already established 1) Single Word; telethon/talkathon-marathon//starquake/youthquake-earthquake chairperson/woman/one-chairman//cheese/beef/shrimpburger-hamburger 2) Phrase; sound/air/language/visional/cultural pollution-environment pollution swim/stay/stand in-sit in//botel/airtel/-motel 选择和判断 1. nonce word: (为特定场合的需要)而临时造的词: A nonce word is a word used only "for the nonce"—to meet a need that is not expected to recur. Quark, for example, was a nonce word in English appearing only in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake until Murray Gell-Mann quoted it to name a new class of subatomic particle. The use of the term nonce word in this way was apparently the work of James Murray, the influential editor of the Oxford English Dictionary. " Runcible spoon", from Edward Lear, which later came to describe a curved fork with a cutting edge. 2. grammatical/function words

英语词汇学第一章

Chapter 1 1.1 What Is a Word 词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters. （一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母） 词包含以下几点： ① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式 ② a sound unity.一个声音统一体 ③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位 ④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式 A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式 Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的 1.2 Sound and Meaning 声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。 1.3 Sound and Form 读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. ②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. ③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. ①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个 声音。 ②这些年来，发音的变化比拼写的变化更快。 ③有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的。

英语词汇学知识点整理

词汇期末复习（C1-C7） Chapter 1 一、Word 词的定义 (1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式） (2) a sound unity (3) a semantic unity（meaning） (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能） 二、Vocabulary词汇的定义 All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary. 一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。 词的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。 三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义 The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的 四、Sound & Form发音和形式 (1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral form. 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。 (2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因： ①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马 ②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速 ③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同 ④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。 ⑤borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词 五、Classification of Words词的分类 ①Basic Words The basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点： ? 1. All national character 全民性(indispensable to all the people who speak the language). ? 2. Stability 稳定性（relatively stable or unchanged） ? 3. Productivity 多产性（form new words in combination with other roots and affixes ) ? 4. Polysemy 多义性 ? 5. Collocability 搭配性 ②Non-basic Words Non-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms.非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。 ①Content Words/Full words/National words： They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义

英语词汇学复习提纲

英语词汇学复习提纲 Part I概念题 1.（glossary）a list of the difficult words used in a piece of writing or subject, with explanations of their meanings 2.（phrase) a group of words that form a unit within a clause 3.（expression）unclassified linguistic unit of any length: words，phrases， sentences，paragraphs，etc。 4.(diction）the choice of words used in a speech or piece of writing 5.(vocabulary) words in general known，learnt，used，etc。or a list of words， usually in alphabetical order and with explanations of their meanings 6.(lexicon) all the words and phrases in a language or a dictionary 7.(lexis) all the words in a language 8.(word）the smallest unit of spoken or written language which has meaning and can stand alone 9.(Etymology）the study of origins and development of words 10.（Lexicography) the writing and making of dictionaries 11.（Lexical semantics) the study of words and their meanings 12.(lexicology) the study of meanings and uses of words 13.（morphology) the study of how words are formed in a language 14.（phraseology) the words and phrases used in a particular profession or activity, or a particular way of putting words together to express something 15.(collocation）a group of words which "naturally” go together through common usage 16.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms 17.Root: a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word，and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. 18.A ffix: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. It can further be divided inflectional and derivational types. 19.Prefix: a derivational or an inflectional affix that can be added to the beginning of a morpheme. 20.S uffix: a derivational or inflectional affix that can be added to the end of a morpheme。 21.C ompounding /composition: a word formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. 22.D erivation/ affixation: a word—formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix or both to the base。 23.C onversion: a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word—class without the addition of an affix. 24.I nitialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳教学文稿

《英语词汇学》知识 点归纳

English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征): 1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性） 3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）

英语词汇学知识点归纳总结

English Lexicology（英语词汇学） Lexicology（词汇学): is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words。 The Nature and Scope of English lexicology: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents，their semantic structures, relations，historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology（形态学），semantics（语义学)，etymology（词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography（词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word—formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power。The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize，classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage，and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately。A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function。（1）a minimal free form of a language (2）a sound unity （3）a unit of meaning (4）a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning(声音与意义）: al most arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）：不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans，which does not have a separate letter to represent

英语词汇学基本概念汇总

One: 1. Native words 本族词 Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. 2. Loan words 借词 Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words. 3. Slang words 俚语 Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词 Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else. 5. Content words 实义词 Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. 6. Free forms 自由形式 Forms which occur as sentences are free forms. Two: 1. Morphemes 语素 Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. 2. Allomorphs 语素变体 Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 3. Free morpheme 自由语素 Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. 4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素 Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. 5. Root 词根 Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. 6. Affix 词缀 Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. 8. Derivational affix 派生词缀 Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.

英语词汇学知识点归纳

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳(总16 页) --本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可-- --内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--

English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes （4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words