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管制员OPI问题汇总

管制员OPI问题汇总
管制员OPI问题汇总

民航管制员OPI面试问题汇总

同批次阅卷时,若两份录音答案完全一致,被挂概率很高。

故该汇总答案大部分仅提供核心词汇句型,以及逻辑框架,避免考生所背答案完全一致。

希望大家日常根据框架和单词,多做自我发挥练习,尤其是报考人工OPI的伙伴。

本汇总集中了新老OPI中疑难题,排除了warm up和简单内容

1.How much do you know about PBN?

……learn about PBN from books and trainings……

it is short for perform ance based navigation……

it is a advanced concept in civil aviation……

the operational criteria of PBN depends on the accuracy of navigation……

2.Could you tell something about the advantages of PBN?

……lots of advantages compared with the old navigational method……

……cut off the excessive economy cost……

……allow for more efficient use of airspace……

……meet the noise abatement procedure……

……improve the fuel efficiency……

3.Do you have any PBN procedures in your area?

Yes……

there are……international flight routes with PBN procedures……

however, the design of the procedure is not efficient as we expected……

it is the exact copy of the original procedure……

as so far

……do not improve efficient use of airspace

……do not expedite the air flow

4. What is the difference between Non-precision approach and precision approach?

……learn some expertise concerning Non-precision approach and precision approach from relevant material. There are many differences between them.

Precision approach:vertical guidance, horizontal guidance……

Non-precision approach:does not have……

In addition……

The minimum criteria of Non-precision approach:MDA, cloud celling , and visibility.……

the minimum criteria of precision approach :DA and RVR……

DA is short for decision altitude. At this altitude, if the pilot can establish visual reference, he will continue approach; otherwise he must commence missed approach without hesitation.

MDA is short for minimum descent altitude. At this altitude, if the pilot can n ot establish visual reference, he must maintain present level until reaching the specific point; then he can execute missed approach.

5. Since the precision approach is advanced, why do some airports use non-precision approach as well?

………especially small airports.

Many reasons contribute to it.

One of my classmates works at an small airport that also uses Non-precision approach.

He told me that the huge economy cost of precision approach is one of the reasons.

It is widely known to us that VOR/DME, or NDB is much cheaper than ILS.

In addition , the meteorological condition of that airport is always CAVOK.

The MDA, cloud celling, and visibility ……

Besides, the number of flight in this airport is only ……all day.

Therefore, the airport authority believes that there is no need ……

6. If the pilot insists on commencing Non-precision approach in the marginal weather condition, what should you do ?

There are many steps that……

……inquire of the meteorological forecast unit about weather trend.

……inform the pilot of the details.

……tell our supervisor and relevant units ,such as……, about the adequate information, especially the pilot's intention.

the captain has the final say about decision regarding flight safety.

……if the pilot continue insisting on Non-precision approach, we must issue the clearance.

In my eyes

……each airline has its own regulations involving such event.

different companies have different criteria.

the responsibility of controller is to provide adequate information for pilots.

7. Do you know what is RVSM ?

……is short for " Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum "

the range……from 8900 meters to 12500 meters

moreov er, the vertical separation ……600 meters to 300 meters

8.What would you do if a non-RVSM aircraft enters RVSM airspace?

tell a story

a military A/C ……IL76……have not the qualification of RVSM

but its assigned level ……9500 meters……

……provide ……600 meters or above

……inform the adjacent control unit……

……keep close watch……

9. Why should RVSM be carried out ?

as of now, the surging number of A/C ……limited capacity of airspace ……long-standing problem

with the development of technology……accuracy of height-keeping ……RVSM is the effictive method to sort out ……

on one hand, ……improve the capacity of airspace……

on the other hand, ……expedite air flow……

10. Do you know what is CDM?

……stands for " Collaborate Decision Making System "

……advanced system……

……specific FAA program……

……cutting-edge technology……

……widely used in many control units……

recently, ……put into use ……in our unit

11 .Could you list some benefits of CDM ?

as you know, our unit do not have CDM

therefore, I do not have a good knowledge of it

but ……learn from some relevant material

……improve the overall efficiency of airport operations

……cut down the excessive traffic delay caused by multiple reasons

……relieve the workload of air traffic management units

……has a strong foot in accelerating steps of automatic……

12.What does ATIS consist of?

……Automatic Terminal Information Services……

……continuous broadcast facility……

……weather information,

including temperature, dew point, wind direction, visibility, tye of precipitation……

runway in-use

runway lighting

ground activities

work in progress

unserviceable equipment……

13. Will the artificial intelligence be capable of replacing the air traffic controllers? Why?

……cutting-edge technology……

many people take it for granted that……. However, I don't think so.

AI has lots of advantages compared with human.

Such as:……cut much salary cost ;

……complete task without any minor mistakes;

……can not be badly affected by fatigue .

In my eyes, I think the role of controllers would change if AI was involved in ATC.

……may be surveillance and help update the program of AI.

especially, when unexpected abnormal occurrence happen……

Thus, I don't think AI will take the place of controllers.

14.What affect the growth of civil aviation in China and the development of air traffic controllers?

According to recent investigations,

there are many factors that limit ……

Most of them are long-standing problems.

the national airspace is controlled by the military leaving a very small portion for civil aviation

the separation standard is excessive partly due to management and partly due to equipment limitation

……lack of studying and communication chances with…….

……contributes to the limited horizon.

……badly affected by fatigue and stress.

……always sleeping and playing handset games after work

……no interest in the latest ATC technology.

many leaders regard controllers as machine.

……take it for granted that the detailed and complicate regulations could rule all the actions of controllers.

15. Have you ever encountered the parachute jumping or dropping activity in your work?

no, ……

but , ……heard of it from my friend who works at……

(tell a story)

one day, when he was a trainee controller,……

the airforce dropping activity was in progress in……

the flight level 9500 or below was forbidden……

all the A/C should deviate 10NM from the assigned route when passing……

……do their utmost to complete ……

16. Do you think dropping activity would jeopardize the scheduled flights' safety?

of course,……

my friend told me a story involving dropping activity ……

he was in charge of coordination position

the flight level 8900 or below was forbidden due to airforce dropping activity……

both of my friend and his partner forgot the aircraft occupying 8100 meters……

luckily, the dropping activity was finished in advance

otherwise, it was very likely that the carelessness would contribute to a tragedy.

……there is no margin for error in our work

17. Is there any regulations regarding dealing with general aircraft activity in your unit? What are they?

of course,……

before approval of the general aircraft,

……have relevant document and the permission from military

when general aircraft activity is in progress,

……have a good knowledge of its flight level, working area, end time

……keep close watch ……

……sort out potential conflicts between scheduled flight and general aircraft

when the activity is completed,

military should be notified of the end time

supervisor should take the details on note book

18. Have you ever encountered or heard of the pilot's temporary disability ?

I have not …….

m aybe, with the increasing experience, I will ……

h owever, I have heard of it from my friend who works in…….

and he told me about some expertise regarding it

19 . What may the pilot's temporary disability result in?

it is widely known to us that

…… very likely results in lots of terrible accidents.

…… miserable tragedy.

the pilots have final say about decision regarding flights' safety.

so when the pilots suffered temporary disability, the aircraft would lose the soul on board. ……can not comply with the instructions of ATC,

…… can not control the flight's instruments .

there is great potential risk that……accident.

therefore, it is a challenge for…….

20 .If the pilots sustain temporary disability, what should you do as a controller?

……take lots of steps.

the accurate answer to this question depends on current situation.

I prefer to cite one example that my friend told me.

……the captain fainted on board.

…… intended to land at the nearest airport.

…… ask the copilot "which medical assistance do you need?" .

…… told the related departments about the detailed information.

…… order the other conflict flights to give way to the emergency aircraft.

……try our best to meet the pilots' requirments and provide clean airway for them.

21. Have you ever received the pilots' report of unlawful interference in cockpit or cabin?

no……

……heard of it from my classmate who works at ……

he was on duty……

……a passenger suspected with mental disease attacked flight attendants

……use a pencil as weapon……

……7500……

……request to land at the neareast airport

……request police and first-aid upon arrival

……smooth out……

22. What may cause the unlawful interference in cockpit or cabin?

……pose danger to flight safety

……pose stress to flight crew and controllers

……the detailed answers depend on current situation

……in cabin……passengers or flight attendants get hurt

……in cockpit……difficult to control the A/C

……if situation deteriorated, miserable tragedy would happen

23. Which action would you take if unlawful interference on board happened?

……many steps need to take……when

……ask pilot’s intention

……it is often said that the pilots intend to land as soon as possible

……inform supervisor and relevant units about detailed information

……order other A/C which ……give way to ……

……if ……smooth out, ……ask whether there are injured people on board

……inquire pilot……medical or police assistance

24. What should you do when an aircraft contacted with you, but you couldn't find the radar label on radar screen?

………should take some steps to sort out the problem.

……prefer to share my experience regarding it.

one day , I was in charge of control position. There were many aircrafts in the area.

…… firstly established contact with me, and the pilot told me his callsign was ……

……could not pick up the radar label on radar screen.

……suspected that there was something wrong with its transponder.

……asked the pilot to check the transponder and press SPI for indentification.

…… did not work.

……ordered him to change the other transponder.

……informed the radar unit of the details

……check our radar equipment.

…… proved that the aircraft transponder malfunctioned.

Most importantly, I should provide procedural separation between this aircraft and the other aircraft.

25. Do you know what is the general flight ?

……include many kinds

flight training, aerial photography, electricity line checking, air show and son on

in recent years, lots of policy regarding general flight ……carry out

with development of economy,

……will become more and more

26. When the general flight has potential risk with the scheduled flight , what should you do ?

……many measures must be taken……

……require the general flight to return to land……

……order ……to give way to the scheduled flight

……inform ……and ……of the traffic information

……keep close watch……

……if not,……TCAS alert

27. Could you name some dangerous goods that can not be taken on board?

……are plentiful

liqui d……

posionous, radioactive or explosive things

matches, lighter, weapons

kinds……continue to increase

28 .Have you ever encountered dangerous goods on board?

I have not ……, but have heard of such case from ……

……a military A/C, carring some special liquid……

……in case of sth. unexpected

……intend to maintain 8100 meters or below……

……instruct the other A/C to climb or descend to give way……

……meet pilots' requirement

……tell the adjacent units about the detailed information……

29. Could you tell me something about the airspace structure in your unit?

……have a good knowledge of our airspace structure.

…… domestic flight routes, and …… international flight routes.

Our airspace is divided into ……. , different sectors have different characteristics.

The most complex sector is……,

because it contains lots of conflicts between take-off and landing flights.

Most importantly, the fourth sector does not have the parallel flight routes.

therefore, it is a challenge for our controllers.

In order to expedite the air flow and cut off the potential risk ,

the modification of our airspace structure is taken into account recently.

30. How to optimize the airspace under your control? Can you give some suggestions?

this question is so complex

I prefer to share my suggestion, although it may not be correct

……establish more parallel flight routes

……divide the busiest control sector into two sectors

……change the routes that are adjacent to the military area

……establish more holding area

31. What factors should you take into consideration before issuing holding instructions? ……each control unit has series of regulation about it.

In our operation manual, there are three factors that we must take into consideration. ……ensure there is not potential conflict between ……

…… inquiring the fuel endurance……

some widely known civil aviation tragedies resulted from fuel exhaustion during holding. …… shall apply to military department for the holding area before issuing instructions. After all , we shall not go against the operation manual ,

and make the holding orderly and smoothly.

32. What should you do when you encountered the traffic congestion?

…… a long-standing problem.

With the surging number of aircraft, traffic congestion is a big challenge for us.

…… should take the following steps to sort out the problem.

…… request the supervisor to issue ……

…… should use various methods to tackle the conflicts of flights,

such as holding , short-cut, adjusting airspeed and so on.

keeping composed and cool-headed is of vital importance

…… suffer traffic congestion ,……suffer too much pressure.

Moreover, any lapse can results in accident

33. Could you tell me what is human factor?

Yes……,As we know, human error is safety's enemy.

Human errors include "error , omission, oversight ".

Each of them can adversely affect flights' safety.

……any lapse in controllers' daily work would contribute to miserable tragedies.

34. Could you give me some examples of human error?

……cause lots of unsafe events , even accidents.

Many widely known civil aviation tragedies result from human error.

(tell a story)

One day , I was in charge of control position.

There were ten aircrafts in my area.

Moreover, all of them are take-off and landing flights. Many conflicts existed.

Suddenly, ……intend to climb to 8900m from 8100m due to severe turbulence.

I cleared him to climb without hesitation .

However, I forgot the opposite traffic which occupied 8400m.

Luckily, I found the potential near-miss in good time.

And I carried out traffic avoidance procedure as soon as possible.

At last, the separation met the minimum criteria.

Although human error is a long-standing problem , I think we can overcome it. 35. What should you do to reduce the risk of human error?

According to my expertise,

……many methods to…….

……have series of regulations regarding how to avoid human error.

……double-check is an effective method.

……ask yourself whether the instruction is correct for the second time.

……before you pass your message,

you must get your partner's agreement , who is in charge of coordination.

After issuing your instruction, you shall aslo listen pilots' read-back carefully

in order to ensure make youself understood.

In a word, we must develop good work habits.

In China, most of control units use punishment as a measure,

hoping that controllers will not make similar mistakes in future.

I don't think it is a very effective method, although it has been used for years.

36. As a controller, how do you deal with fatigue?

……many step can be taken to ……

……p lay basketball

……watch movie with ……

……chat with colleagues……

……have a good sleep

……read a interesting book

……cut off excessive stress……

37. What should you do if there are similar callsigns in your airspace?

……the similar callsign adversely affects the flight safety.

…… long-standing problem

Many steps should be taken……

……tell pilots that there are ……

……ask pilots to pay more attention

……press the strong intonation upon the different letter or digital

before issuing instructions, ……double-checking……

……listen readback carefully……

38. What is RNAV? What is the difference between RNAV and conventional navigation?

……stands for Regional Navigation.

……cutting-edge technology application

……use GPS to provide navigation functions.

…… uses satellite- based signal. ……doesn't require a land-based station.

on the contrary,……

……would improve the capacity of airspace

……expedite air flow

39. What is the difference between emergency fuel and minimum fuel?

…… means its fuel is not so adequate to make much maneuvering,

but it can land normally.

While ……implies no more delay can be accepted.

Its endurance time is below 30min.

……need priority or immediate landing,

otherwise it will have the danger to crash due to fuel shortage.

Therefore, …… is more urgent than …….

40. Why is the fuel quantity of the flight which declares minimum fuel checked after landing?

Because minimum fuel is a urgent situation.

Once the pilot declares minimum fuel,

all control units along its airway will pay much attention on it.

And other aircraft will give way to it.

Therefore, …… to verify whether their claim is true,

just in case the crew falsely declare minimum fuel or do this for their own benefit.

41. What may lead to endurance problem?

……many factors can contribute to ……

……miscalculation of fuel ……when dispatchers ……

……hold for a long time due to flow control

……fuel leakage

42. Could you tell me something about TRM?

……is short for team resource management

…… the supervisor should utilize all the resource,

including controllers, equipment and environment,

to ensure the flight safety and improve efficiency.

43. What should the supervisor do to commence TRM?

……hub of TRM

…… manage his team members ……

…… is responsible for all his management decision.

After receiving the instruction from the senior leaders,

the supervisor has to carry out the instruction without complaint

and explain the reasons of the measurement to his team-members.

…… assign the appropriate controllers to do the job with a suitable co-ordinator,

bearing in the mind the personal conflict in the pairing.

……maintain a good team spirit

…… provide counseling to team members in times of personal difficulties.

44. Do you think TRM is necessary? Why?

of course……

recent investigations reveal:

……reduce the risk of human error

……improve the efficiency of work

……team-work spirit

with the development of ATC,

……more and more important

……leaders shall do their utmost ……

45. If your controllers are arguing, as a supervisor, what should you do ?

I will stop the argument,

try separating their working position to avoid further trouble.

Then, I will try to understand what happened, and let them focus on the job.

After work, I will have a briefing,

try to find a way to stop this problem from happening again.

46. Do you know what is aircraft breakdown?

of course……

……means that there is a system failure

electrical system, mechanical system, hydraulic system ……

for pilot, ……challenge……

for controller, ……great pressure……

47. As a controller, what should you do when you experience aircraft breakdown?

……answer depends on the reason which resulted in ……

for example, if the hydraulic system failed and the landing gear could not extend…………notify relevant units including……

……low pass……visual check……

instruct the other A/C to hold ……

……do our utmost to meet pilots' requirement……

48.Do you know the checklist? What is the use of checklist?

Of course, I have a good knowledge of checklist.

When I was a trainee controller, I had learnt about it.

The use of checklist has been wrote into our operation manual

The checklist in our unit has two kinds.

The one is used in the shifting of duty,

the other one is used in handling abnormal situation,

such as radio failure, depressurization and so on.

The message in the checklist contains the most important steps that we shall take or check. It is an effective method to avoid ' error, omission, oversight' in our daily work , especially in the shifting of duty.

49. When should low- pass be carried out?

it is widely known to us …… emergency method

especially landing gear(undercarriage)……not extended……

hydraulic problem or electrical system malfunction……

visual check …… utilize gravity to extend……

useful method to sort out ……

50. What shall controllers do when low-pass is in progress?

when ……controller shall exert lots of procedures to safeguard……

firstly, ……close observation ……tell flight crew about accurate information……secondly,……inform A/P authority and related departments of detailed information……thirdly, ……order other A/C which plan to land to hold ……or divert to ……

captain has the final say about decision regarding flight safety, ……

51. Do you know which assistance controllers can provide during belly landing? during belly landing , controller's assistance will be crucial to the emergency A/C

Most importantly, ……gather some significant information,……

number of people, the damage position of A/C, whether fire spread over……

then, order the other approach A/C to divert to ……give way to the emergency A/C……

lastly, do our utmost to meet pilots' requirements,

……foamed carpet……relay detailed and accurate information to ……

as a controller , keeping composed and cool-headed is important ……

52. If one flight enters a controlled airspace without your clearance, what should you do to solve the problem?

First, I will verify this situation with the pilot, confirm his intention.

If he tries to detour bad weather or encounters an emergency without timely report,

I will give him convenience as I could.

If he just misunderstands the instruction,

I will vector him to the right route as soon as possible.

53. What consequences would there be if you didn’t realize the mistakes you made in a clearance?

After the clearance is delivered,

the pilot will read back the safety-critical information in the clearance.

If I can detect the mistake during hearback, I can still correct the mistake.

However, if the mistake goes undetected, the pilot may engage in a wrong maneuver,

resulting in traffic conflicts or even mid-air collision.

54. As a controller, how can you ensure the clearances you issue to the flight crew are proper and correct?

Most important of all, get focused when speaking and avoid slip of the tongue.

Second, have the instructions in mind before you say.

Besides, enhance the proficiency of radio telephony.

Also, check your instruction by listening to the read back carefully.

In a word, this requires us to form a good working habit.

55. What is the separation minima for radar control or procedure control in your control area?

In Approach unit, our horizontal radar separation minimum is 10km,

which is larger than 6km regulated by CAAC.

Also, it should meet the wake turbulence separation standard.

The horizontal separation minimum for procedure control is 10min.

And the vertical separation minimum in both control methods is 300m.

But in our control area, we call it “dynamic300m”, and we usually use 600m for safety redundancy.

56. When you discover the risk of air miss between two aircraft, what should you do immediately to avoid near-miss?

If the situation is not so urgent,

I will ask one of the aircraft to change its altitude before the condition gets worse.

But if the two aircraft have been too close to each other,

I will instruct both of them to turn right immediately, assuming they are in opposite directions.

At the same time, ask them to climb or descend according to their present altitude.

57. What personality should an air traffic controller have when dealing with abnormal or emergency situations?

In my opinion,

the most important personality for dealing with emergency situations is the ability to stay calm.

A controller should never panick no matter what happens.

Otherwise, he is likely to make the wrong judgement and the wrong decision.

58. Have you ever had trouble in communicating with foreign pilots when dealing with abnormal situations? If yes, how did you overcome the trouble to ensure flight safety?

Yes. When abnormal situation occurs,

pilots are likely to use plain language to describe the situation on board.

This makes it difficult to understand especially when they speak fast.

In order to ensure good communication,

we could ask pilots to use standard phrases and expressions,

and try to speak a little bit slowly.

In addition, we should get to know some common abnormal situations

and improve our comprehensive English skills,

so that we can communicate better with pilots.

59. After a long delay on the ground because of flow control, pilots are likely to be anxious, how do you deal with their complaints and quarrels on your frequency?

On the one hand,

the controller should show understanding about the pilots’ situation

and patiently explain the causes for flow control.

On the other hand, the controller should not be too soft.

Otherwise, the pilots would get the upper hand,

and the situation might get out of control.

60. What information should an air traffic controller relay to other aircraft flight crew before fuel dumping begins?

Before fuel dumping begins,

the controller should advise the flight crews of other aircraft about the track

and altitude of the fuel dumping aircraft

and the estimated time for commencing and completing fuel dumping.

61. How would fuel dumping affect other aircraft near the fuel dumping area?

If other aircraft are too close to the fuel dumping area,

the fuselage is likely to becontaminated by the fuel.

The more serious consequence is the fuel might be ingested by engines

and causes engine fire even losing both engines.

Besides, if the fuel adheres to some measuring instruments outside of the fuselage,

it may influence the accuracy of those instruments.

62. Have you ever received any bomb threat training in a simulator?

In simulator training, there was an exercise about bomb threat.

An aircraft had lined up and was ready for takeoff

when the controller received an anonymous phone call about a bomb threat.

The controller had to handle the situation according to the procedures for bomb threat.

63. In your opinion, what are some important pieces of information you should gather when a bomb threat occurs?

The controller should gather information about

the pilot’s intention,

the number of people on board

and whether there are any hazardous goods on board.

If possible, the controller should learn about the type, location and description of the bomb.

64. If the flight with the bomb threat is going to divert to your airport, how would you handle it?

I will instruct other aircraft give way to this special aircraft.

In the meanwhile, I will call the bomb disposal squad and fire brigade

and ask the airport to get prepared for the aircraft.

Ask the pilot some significant information like persons on board, type of the bomb, the situation

on board, and his intention.

After the aircraft lands at my airport, vector it to a place away from others and fuel depot. Evacuate the passengers and crews for bomb check.

65. If the aircraft with a fire on board lands at your airport and executes emergency evacuation on the runway in use, what can you do to help the subsequent flights?

First, I will ask how long it expects to occupy the runway.

Then I will inform subsequent flights that the runway will be unavailable for a while due to emergency evacuation.

And ask the pilots what their intention is, hold and wait or divert to alternate airports.

If my airport has more than one runway, I will instruct them all to change runway.

66. How do you cooperate with other control units when fire on board happens?

I would advise ATC units to which control of this aircraft is going to be transferred.

If the aircraft intends to land at a nearby airport, I would inform the airport as soon as possible

and ask the airport to get emergency services to stand by.

67. Have you ever received any simulator training about hijacking? Do you think it is necessary for controllers to receive such training?

Yes, I have.

It is necessary for controllers to receive such training.

This is because hijacking is very rare

and controllers do not experience it very often in daily operation.

Simulator training can help controllers get familiar with the procedures.

68. If the hijacker wants to divert to other airport, what information should controllers provide to the flight crew?

If the hijacker wants to divert to other airport, controllers should tell pilot the position and distance of the airport, so that the pilot could figure out whether he can make it with the remaining fuel.

Controllers should also provide the runway information of the airport,

such as runway designation, runway length.

In the end, tell the pilot to calm down and police and other emergency assistance will be ready upon their landing.

69. Could you please describe ATC facilities in your unit?

We got navigation facilities like VOR, DME, NDB, and ILS.

Communication facilities like Schmid Interphone System, VHF communication system.

And surveillance facilities like Second surveillance radar, Ground Surveillance Radar.

We also have SIPDS, AMIS, flight strip printer.

70. What roles do ATC facilities play in your routine job?

ATC facilities are essential to our routine job.

The radar system can help us track and identify aircraft.

The communications facilities enable us to give instructions to the pilots

and learn about their intentions.

Nowadays, we cannot work without these ATC facilities.

71. Suppose one day your radar fails suddenly, what will you do to continue ATC service under this situation?

I will immediately advise all aircraft about radar failure and switch to non-radar control.

I will take measures to establish non-radar separation as soon as possible.

I will inform ajacent ATC units and if necessary,

limit the number of aircraft into my area of responsibility

72. As a qualified controller, do you think it is important to know procedure control in case of radar failure?

Well I think it is important to know procedure control

because it’s the basis of control work.

It includes some basic ideas of traffic control

and it’s the most original way to instruct aircraft to avoid each other.

When radar unfortunately fails, we should remain the skill to handle aircraft in the air.

Besides, procedure control could improve our spatial imagination ability and memory as well. 73. Do you think procedure control is more reliable than radar control? Why?

No, I don’t think so. It’s hard for people to avoid making mistakes.

When we give wrong instruction in procedure control, the mistake will not easily be found because we only have flight strips as a checking tool.

期末考试总结大全

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