施一公谈科研英语写作

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我大学时的同班同学都知道，那时我的英语不算好（英语四级考试仅为“良”），写作尤其糟糕。初到美国之时，对英文环境适应得很差，读一篇JBC的文章要五、六个小时，还常常不理解其中一些关键词句的意思,心里压力极大。

很幸运，我在约翰霍普金斯大学（Johns Hopkins University）攻读博士学位时，1991年4月遇到了学兄和启蒙老师John Desjarlais。听了我的苦恼后，John告诉我，“Spend 45 minutes every day reading Washington Post, and you will be cruising with your written English in two years”(每天花45分钟读《华盛顿邮报》,两年后你的写作能力会得心应手)。这条建议正合我意- 我原本就对新闻感兴趣！于是，我每天上午安排完第一批实验后，都会在十点左右花一小时的时间阅读《华盛顿邮报》，主要看A版(新闻版)。刚开始，我一个小时只能读两、三个短消息或一个长篇报道，中间还不得不经常查字典看生词。但不知不觉间，我的阅读能力明显提高，1992年老布什与克林顿竞选总统，我跟踪新闻，常常一个小时能读上几个版面的消息或四、五个长篇报道，有时还把刚看到的新闻绘声绘色地讲给师兄师姐听。

阅读直接提升了我的英文写作能力。看完一些新闻后，我常常产生动笔写自己感想的冲动。92年巴塞罗那奥运会，中国游泳队取得了四金五银的好成绩，美国主要媒体纷纷指责这是中国运动员服用违禁药物，但没有任何检测的证据，完全凭美国运动员的感觉。此事让我很气愤，我生平第一次给《华盛顿邮报》和《巴尔的摩太阳报》（The Baltimore Sun）各写了一封信，评论报道的不公平。没想到两天后《巴尔的摩太阳报》居然原封不动的把我的信刊登在“读者来信”栏目，同事祝贺，我也洋洋得意。受到此事鼓励，我在此后三年多的日子里，常常动笔，有些文章发表在报刊上（大部分投稿石沉大海），也曾代表中国留学生写信向校方争取过中国学生的利益。有时还有意外的惊喜。95年的一天，一位朋友打电话告诉我：今天出版的《巴尔的摩太阳报》上有我的评论文章！我急匆匆赶到街头买来5份报纸，果然，在A版的倒数第二页，以15x15厘米的篇幅发表了我一个多星期前寄给报社、本以为不会发表的一篇抨击吴宏达的文章。

以上是简述我个人英文写作提升的一段过程。但是，科研论文不同于读者来信，有其专业特点、甚至是固定格式。1994年，我第一次完整地写科研论文，感觉很差。好不容易写完的文章，连我自己都不愿意读第二遍；勉强修改之后，交给了老板Jeremy Berg。他拖了三周没看我的文章，我实在忍不住了、去催他，上午9点，Jeremy告诉我：今天看！11点，我去他办公室催，秘书拦住我，说Jeremy正在办理重要事务，两点前不得打扰。我心里惴惴，不知Jeremy在干什么。下午一点半，Jeremy急匆匆过来找我，拿了一叠纸，“This is the draft. Please let me know what you think. We can aim for a Science report.”（这是初稿，你看看如何，我们可以试试《科学》）我仔细一看，天啊！一共7页，四个多小时Jeremy已经把文章的整体写完了，只是缺少Method和references。让我郁闷的是，他根本没有用我的初稿。

【其实，写文章贵在一气呵成。我也沿袭了Jeremy的风格。2006年10月，在我们处于劣势的激烈竞争中，有两个课题面临被scoop的危险，我曾经两次、一晚上赶一篇文章。10月15日，傍晚8点左右开始写、通宵，第二天早晨10点完成一篇按照《细胞》杂志格式的论文，包括abstract, introduction, results, discussion,仔细阅读一遍后于下午4点半完成网上投稿。这篇文章最终发表在12月份《自然》的子刊《结构与分子生物学》上（电子版于11月10 日发表）。另一篇，10月18日，晚6点开始写、通宵，第二天早晨8点完成，上午9点半完成投稿，最终发表在12月15日的《细胞》上。当然，能通宵完成一篇文章，还有

一个重要前提，就是对研究领域非常熟悉，对文章整体的大概思路已经深思熟虑，所有的Figures都事先做好了。这些前期工作即使全身心投入也需要3-4天。】

从1994年自己写第一篇科研论文的艰难到现在写起来得心应手、驾轻就熟，我总结出如下经验：

1．要写好科研论文，必须先养成读英文文章的习惯，争取每天30-60分钟。刚开始可以选择以读英文报纸、英文新闻为主，逐渐转为读专业杂志。我会在近期专门写一篇博客文章介绍一套行之有效的增强读专业杂志能力的办法。

2．写科研论文，最重要的是逻辑。逻辑的形成来自对实验数据的总体分析。必须先讨论出一套清晰的思路，然后按照思路来做图(Figures)，最后才能执笔。

3．具体写作时，先按照思路（即Figures）写一个以subheading为主的框架，然后开始具体写作。第一稿，切忌追求每一句话的完美，更不要追求词语的华丽，而主要留心逻辑（logic flow），注意前后句的逻辑关系、相邻两段的逻辑关系。写作时，全力以赴，尽可能不受外界事情干扰（关闭手机、座机），争取在最短时间内拿出第一稿。还要注意：一句话不可太长。

4．学会照葫芦画瓢。没有人天生会写优秀的科研论文，都是从别人那里学来的。学习别人的文章要注意专业领域的不同，有些领域（包括我所在的结构生物学）有它内在的写作规律。科研文章里的一些话是定式，比如“To investigate the mechanism of …, we performed …”, “These results support the former, but not the latter, hypothesis …”, “Despite recent progress, how … remains to be elucidated …” 等等。用两次以后，就逐渐学会灵活运用了。在向别人学习时，切忌抄袭。在美国一些机构，连续7个英文单词在一起和别人的完全一样，原则上就被认为抄袭（plagiarism）。

5．第一稿写完后，给自己不要超过一天的休息时间，开始修改第二稿。修改时，还是以逻辑为主，但对每一句话都要推敲一下，对abstract和正文中的关键语句要字斟句酌。学会用“Thesaurus”（同义词替换）以避免过多重复。第二稿的修改极为关键，再往后就不会大改了。

6．第二稿以后的修改，主要注重具体的字句，不会改变整体逻辑了。投稿前，一定要整体读一遍，对个别词句略作改动。记住：学术期刊一般不会因为具体的语法错误拒绝一篇文章，但一定会因为逻辑混乱而拒绝一篇文章。

这套方法行之有效，我对所有的学生和博士后都会如此教导。我的第一个博士后是柴继杰，1999年加入我在普林斯顿大学的实验室。继杰当时的英文阅读和写作能力很差。我对他的第一个建议就是，“每天花半小时读英文报纸”。难能可贵的是：他坚持下来了！经过几年的努力，2004年继杰已经能写出不错的grant proposal，2006年他的第一篇独立科研论文发表在《Molecular Cell》上，随后相继在《自然》发表两篇、在其它一流学术期刊发表十多篇论文。写作能力开始成熟。

发表论文是一件值得高兴的事情，但要明白：论文只是一个载体，是为了向同行们宣告你的

科研发现，是科学领域交流的重要工具。所以，在科研论文写作时，一定要谨记于心的就是：用最简单的话表达最明白的意思，但一定要逻辑严谨！其实，中文和英文论文皆如此！

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