人教版高中英语选修8课文及翻译

人教版高中英语选修8课文及翻译

选修 8 Unit 1 A land of diversity-Reading

CALIFORNIA

California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.

It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world.The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.

NATIVE AMERCANS

Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California,no one really knows. However,it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the

Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in

prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the

native people suffered greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. In

addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. However, some

survived these terrible times,and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state.

THE SPANISH

In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived

in South America in the early16th century,when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of

South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States.

Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose

ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of

Mexico gained their independence from Spain.California then became part of Mexico. In1846 the United States declared war on Mexico,and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish

influence in the state. That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish

as a first or second language.

RUSSIANS

In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began

settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in

and around San Francisco.

GOLD MINERS

In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California.

The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The

nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from

the United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact,

few achieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or returned home, but most

remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They

settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the

thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a

multicultural society.

LATER A RRIVALS

Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period,it was the building of the rail network from the west t o the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of

California,although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the"Chinatowns"of Los Angeles and San Francisco.

Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived

in California in the late 19th century.In1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s

the film industry was well established in Hollywood,California.The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. Today California has the second

largest Jewish population in the United States.

Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the1980s a lot more have settled there.People from Africa have been living in California since the1800s,when they moved north from Mexico.However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries.

MOST RECENT ARRIVALS

In more recent decades,California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians.Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.

THE FUTURE

People from different parts of the world,attracted by the climate and the lifestyle,

still immigrate to California.It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.

GEORGE’S DIARY 12TH— 14TH JUNE

Monday 12th, June

Arrived early this morning by bus.Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage,shower and shave. Then went exploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From top of

the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. Built in 1873,

the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better

form of transport than horse-drawn trams.Apparently he'd been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed,the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.

Had a late lunch at Fisherman's What. This is the district where Italian fishermen

first came to San Francisco in the late19th century and began the fishing industry. Now it's a tourist area with lots of shops,sea food restaurants and bakeries.It's also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay.

Did so much exploring at Fisherman's What. Am exhausted and don't feel like

doing anything else. Early bed tonight!

Tuesday 13th, June

Teamed up with a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car. Spent all

day driving around the city. There's a fascinating drive marked out for tourists.

It has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go. It's a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots.Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different angles and take photographs. Now have a really

good idea of what the city's like.

In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. Chinese immigrants settled in

this area in the 1850s. The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old

buildings in southern China.Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants.Also art galleries and a museumcontaining documents, photographs and all sorts of objects about the history of Chinese immigration,but it is closed in the evening. Will go back during the day. Had a delicious meal and

then walked down the hill to our hotel.

Wednesday 14th, June

In morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in San Francisco Bay. On the

way had a good view of the Golden Gate Bridge. From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island

was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live

in USA. The cells in the station were very small, cold and damp; some did not even

have light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go. Their miserable stay seemed

to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them. They wrote poems on the

walls about their loneliness and mourned their former life in China. In 1940 the civil

authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able

to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA. Made me very thoughtful and thankful for my life today.

选修 8 Unit 2 Cloning-Reading

CLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US?

Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way of making an exact

copy of another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when twins identical

in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg. The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.

Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce

commercial quantities of plants.Secondly,it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals.Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Many

attempts to clone mammals failed.But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cloning of Dolly the sheep.

The procedure works like this:

On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first

successful clone,Dolly the sheep.The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dolly's illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal. Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years,

half the length of the life of the original sheep. Sadly the same arbitrary fate

affected other species, such as cloned mice. The questions that concerned all

scientists were: "Would this be a major difficulty for all cloned animals? Would

it happen forever? Could it be solved if corrections were made in their research

procedure?"

On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great

impact on the media and public imagination. It became controversial. It suddenly

opened everybody's eyes to the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings.

Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are

difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves

to attain their ambitions.Religious leaders also raised moral questions. Governments became nervous and more conservative.Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning,but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning

could provide. However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm

us and where it is leading us.

克隆一直在我们左右并且已经被大多数人接受。它是一种用来准确复制其他动物或者植物的方

法。在植物方面，克隆就发生在园丁从正在生长的植物上切去切口用来制造新的植株的时

候。在动物方面也有克隆现象，比如说两个拥有同样性别以及外貌的同卵双胞胎。这两个事实都是自然界里的克隆例子。

克隆有 2 方面的主要用途。首先，园丁可以一直用它生产具有商业价值的植物。其次，它对

于新的植物物种以及动物医药方面的研究极具价值性。植物克隆相对于动物克隆来说简单得多，

而动物克隆则比较困难。

动物克隆是一项难以施行的任务。许多去克隆哺乳动物的尝试都以失败告终。但是在最后，

科学家们凭借着决心和耐心终于在 1996 年取得了突破性的成功——成功地克隆出了多利羊。

这项工作的步骤如下：

1.从母羊 A 体内取出卵细胞。

2.将细胞核从该卵细胞中移除。

3.该卵细胞为另一个新的细胞核准备。

4.从母羊 B 体内取出体细胞用于克隆。该体细胞内的细胞核包含了克隆一只新的羊所需的全

部基因。

5.将该细胞核从体细胞中取出。

6.用电激的方法将从母羊 B 体内取出的细胞核与从母羊A 体内取出的卵细胞融合。

7.重新融合的细胞在胚胎内分裂、生长。

8.将胚胎植入母羊 C的体内，它将成为该克隆的携带者。

9.克隆出来的小羊羔体内细胞的基因来自于提供细胞核的母羊B。

THE RETURN OF THE DINOSAURS?

The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals has always excited film makers. And they are not the only ones! The popularity of films such as Jurassic

Park, in which a scientist clones several kinds of extinct dinosaurs, proves how

the idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into people's hearts. But in fact

we are a long way from being able to clone extinct animals. Scientists are still

experimenting with cloning mammals. This is because the cloning of mammalsis still a new science and its story only began seriously in the 1950s as this list shows:

1950s cloning of frogs 1996 first clone of a mammal: Dolly the sheep

1970s research using the embryos of mice 2000 cow gave birth to a bison

1979 work on embryos of sheep and mice 2001 China's first cloned twin calves

1981 first experimental clones of mice 2002 first cloned cats

1983 first experimental clones of cows 2005 first cloned dog

?

From time to time people suggest that extinct animals like dinosaurs, can possibly be brought back to life through cloning. Unfortunately,with what we know now, this is either impossible or unsuitable. There are many reasons.

◎The initial requirement is that you need perfect DNA (which gives information

for how cells

are to grow).

◎ All efforts of cloning an animal will be in vain if there is not enough diversity in the group to overcome illnesses. Diversity in a group means

having animals with their genes arranged in different ways. The advantage is that

if there is a new illness some of these animals may die,

but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next

generation. The great drawback to cloning a group of

animals is that they would all have the same arrangement of genes and so might die

of the same illness. Then none of them would be left to continue the species.

◎It would be unfair to clone any extinct animals if they were to live in a zoo.

A suitable habitat would be needed for them to lead a natural life.

Based on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct longer

than 10,000 years. Actually, dinosaurs disappeared 65,000,000 years ago. So the

chance of dinosaurs ever returning to the earth is merely a dream.

选修 8 Unit 3

Inventors and inventions-Reading

THE PROBLEM OF THE SHRIKES

When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset.

"There are some snakes in our courtyard," she told me. "Snakes come near the house

now and then, and they seem to have made their home here, not far from the walnut

tree. Can you get rid of them please?" I felt very proud. Here was a chance for .me to distinguish myself by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but

not harm them. I knew my parents would not like me to hurt these living creatures!

The first thing I did was to see if there were any products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. A new approach was clearly needed. I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them. Luckily these reptiles are small and that made the solution easier.

Prepared with some research findings, I decided on three possible approaches:

firstly, removing their habitat; secondly, attracting them into a trap using male

or female perfume or food;and thirdly cooling them so that they would become sleepy and could be easily caught. I decided to use the last one. I bought an ice-cream

maker which was made of stainless steel. Between the outside and the inside walls

of the bowl there is some jelly,which freezes when cooled.I put the bowl into the fridge and waited for 24 hours. At the same time I prepared some ice-cubes.

The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot. I placed the frozen bowl

over the snakes'habitat and the ice-cubes on top of the bowl to keep it cool.Finally I covered the whole thing with a large bucket.Then I waited.After two hours I removed the bucket and the bowl. The snakes were less active but they were still too fast

for me. They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole in the wall. So I had to

adjust my plan.

For the second attempt I froze the bowl and the ice-cubes again but placed them over the snakes' habitat in the evening, as the temperature was starting to cool. Then

as before, I covered the bowl with the bucket and left everything overnight. Early

the next morning I returned to see the result. This time with great caution I bent

down to examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy. But once picked up, they

tried to bite me. As they were poisonous snakes,I clearly needed to improve my design again.

My third attempt repeated the second procedure. The next morning I carried in my

hand a small net used for catching fish.This was in the expectation that the snakes would bite again. But monitored carefully, the snakes proved to be no trouble and

all went according to plan.I collected the passive snakes and the next day we merrily released them all back into the wild.

Pressed by my friends and relations, I decided to seize the opportunity to get

recognition for

my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office.Only after you have had that

recognition can you say that you are truly an inventor. The criteria are so strict

that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel. In

addition, no invention will get a patent if it is:

◎a discovery

◎a scientific idea or mathematical model

◎l iterature or art

◎a game or a business

◎a computer programme

◎a new animal or plant variety

Nor will you receive a patent until a search has been made to find out that your

product really

is different from everyone else's. There are a large number of patent examiners,

too, whose only job is to examine whether your claim is valid or not. If it passes

all the tests, your application for a patent will be published 18 months from the

date you apply. So I have filled in the form and filed my patent application with

the Patent Office. Now it's a matter of waiting and hoping. You'll know if I succeed by the size of my bank balance! Wish me luck!

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL

Alexander Graham Bell was born in1847 in Scotland,but when he was young his family moved to Boston, USA. His mother was almost entirely deaf, so Alexander became

interested in helping deaf people communicate and in deaf education.This interest led him to invent the microphone. He found that by pressing his lips against his

mother's forehead, he could make his mother understand what he was saying.

He believed that one should always be curious and his most famous saying was:

"Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods. Every time you do you will be certain to find something that you have never seen before. Follow it up,

explore all around it,and before you know it,you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind. All really big discoveries are the result of thought."

It was this exploring around problems and his dynamic spirit that led to his most

famous invention-the telephone in1876. Bell never set out to invent the telephone and what he was trying to design was a multiple telegraph.This original telegraph

sent a message over distances using Morse code (a series of dots tapped out along

a wire in a particular order).But only one message could go at a time.Bell wanted to improve it so that it could send several messages at the same time. He designed

a machine that would separate different sound waves and allow different conversations to be held at the same time. But he found the problem difficult to

solve.One day as he was experimenting with one end of a straw joined to a deaf man's ear drum and the other to a piece of smoked glass, Bell noticed that when he spoke

into the ear, the straw drew sound waves on the glass. Suddenly he had a flash of

inspiration.If sound waves could be reproduced in a moving electrical current,they could be sent along a wire. In searching to improve the telegraph,

Bell had invented the first telephone!

Bell was fully aware of the importance of his invention and wrote to his father:

"The day is coming when telegraph wires will be laid on to houses just like water

or gas – and friends will talk to each other without leaving home."

The patent was given in 1876, but it was not until five days later that Bell sent

his first telephone message to his assistant Watson. The words have now become famous: "Mr Watson - come here - I want to see you."

Alexander Graham Bell was not a man to rest and he interested himself in many other

areas of invention. He experimented with helicopter designs and flying machines.

While searching for a kite strong enough to carry a man into the air, Bell experimented putting triangles together and discovered the tetrahedron shape. Being very stable, it has proved invaluable in the design of bridges.

Bell was an inventor all his life. He made his first invention at eleven and his

last at seventy- five. Although he is most often associated with the invention of

the telephone, he was indeed a continuing searcher after practical solutions to

improve the quality of everybody's life.

选修 8 Unit 4 Pygmalion-Reading

PYGMALION

MAIN CHARACTERS:

Eliza Doolittle (E): a poor flower girl who is ambitious to improve herself

Professor Higgins (H): an expert in phonetics, convinced that the quality of

a person's English decides his/her position in society

Colonel Pickering (CP): an officer in the army and later a friend of Higgins'

who sets him a task

Act One FATEFUL MEETINGS

11 :15 pm in London, England in 1914 outside a theatre.It is pouring with rain and cab whistles are blowing in all directions. A man is hiding from the rain listening

to people's language and watching their reactions.While watching, he makes notes. Nearby a flower girl wearing dark garments and a woollen scarf is also

sheltering from the rain. A gentleman (G) passes and hesitates for a moment.

E:Come over ’ere, cap ’in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl.

G:I'm sorry but I haven't any change.

E:I can giv ’ou change, cap ’in.

G:(surprised) For a pound? I'm afraid I've got nothing less.

E: (hopefully)Oah! Oh, do buy a flower off me, Captain.Take this for three pence. (holds up some dead flowers)

G: (uncomfortably) Now don't be troublesome, there's a good girl. (looks in his

wallet and sounds more friendly) But, wait, here's some small change.Will that be of any use to you? It's raining heavily now, isn't it? (leaves)

E: (disappointed at the outcome, but thinking it is better than nothing)Thank you, sir. (sees a man taking notes and feels worried) Hey! I ain’t done nothing wrong

by speaking to that gentleman. I've a right to s ell flowers, I have. I ain’t no thief. I'm an honest girl I am! (begins to cry)

H:(kindly) There! There! Who's hurting you, you silly girl? What do you take

me for? (gives her a handkerchief)

E:I thought maybe you was a policeman in disguise.

H:Do I look like a policeman?

E:(still worried) Then why did 'ou take down my words for? How do I know

whether 'ou took me down right? 'ou just show me what 'ou've wrote about me!

H: Here you are. (hands over the paper covered in writing)

E:What's that? That ain't proper writing. I can't read that. (pushes it back at

him)

H:I can. (reads imitating Eliza) "Come over' ere, cap'in, and buy me flowers

off a poor girl." (in his own voice) There you are and you were born

in Lisson Grove if I'm not mistaken.

E:(looking confused) What if I was? What's it to you?

CP: (has been watching the girl and now speaks to Higgins) That's quite brilliant! How did you do that, may I ask?

H: Simply phonetics studied and classified from people's own speech. That's my

profession and also my hobby. You can place a man by just a few remarks. I can place any spoken conversation within six miles, and even within two streets in London

sometimes.

CP: Let me congratulate you! But is there an income to be made in that?

H:Yes, indeed. Quite a good one. This is the age of the newly rich. People begin

their working life in a poor neighbourhood of London with 80 pounds a year and

end in a rich one with 100 thousand. But they betray themselves every time they

open their mouths. Now once taught by me, she'd become an upper class lady ...

CP: Is that so? Extraordinary!

H: (rudely) Look at this girl with her terrible English: the English that will condemn her to the gutter to the end of her days. But, sir, (proudly)once educated to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an

ambassador's garden party. Perhaps I could even find her a place as a lady's

maid or a shop assistant, which requires better English.

E:What's that you say? A shop assistant? Now that's sommat I want, that is!

H:(ignores her) Can you believe that?

CP: Of course! I study many Indian dialects myself and ...

H:Do you indeed? Do you know Colonel Pickering?

CP: Indeed I do, for that is me. Who are you?

H:I'm Henry Higgins and I was going to India to meet you.

CP: And I came to England to make your acquaintance!

E:What about me? How'll you help me?

H:Oh, take that. (carelessly throws a handful of money into her basket) We

must have a celebration, my dear man. (leave together)

E:(looking at the collected money in amazement) Well, I never. A whole pound! A

fortune! That'll help me, indeed it will. Tomorrow I'll find you, Henry Higgins.

Just you wait and see! All that talk of (imitates him) "authentic English" ...

(in her own voice) I'll see whether you can get that for me ... (goes out)

Act Two, Scene 1 MAKING THE BET

It is 11am in Henry Higgins' house the next day. Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering are sitting deep in conversation.

H: Do you want to hear any more sounds?

CP: No, thank you. I rather fancied myself because I can pronounce twenty-four

distinct vowel sounds; but your one hundred and thirty beat me. I can't distinguish most of them.

H: (laughing) Well, that comes with practice.

There is a knock and Mrs Pearce (MP), the housekeeper, comes in with cookies, a teapot, some cream and two cups.

MP: (hesitating) A young girl is asking to see you.

H: A young girl! What does she want?

MP: Well, she's quite a common kind of girl with dirty nails.I thought perhaps you

wanted her to talk into your machines.

H:Why? Has she got an interesting accent? We'll see.Show her in, Mrs Pearce.

MP: (only half resigned to it) Very well, sir. (goes downstairs)

H:This is a bit of luck. I'll show you how I make records on wax disks ...

MP: (returning) This is the young girl, sir. (Eliza comes into the room shyly

following Mrs Pearce. She is dirty and wearing a shabby dress. She curtsies to

the two men.)

H:(disappointed) Why! I've got this girl in my records. She's the one we saw

the other day. She's no use at all. Take her away.

CP: (gently to Eliza) What do you-want, young lady?

E: (upset) I wanna be a lady in a flower shop 'stead o' selling flowers in the street. But they won't take me 'less I speak better. So here I am, ready to pay him. I'm not asking for any favours - and he treats me like dirt.

E:(happier) Now yer talking. A lady friend of mine gets French lessons for two

shillings an hour from a real Frenchman. You wouldn't have the face to ask me for

the same for teaching me as yer would for French. So I won't give yer more than a

shilling.

H:(ignoring Eliza and speaking to Pickering) If you think of how much money this

girl has - why, it's the best offer I've had! (to Eliza) But if I teach you, I'll

be worse than a father.

CP: I say, Higgins. Do you remember what you said last night? I'll say you're the

greatest teacher alive if you can pass her off as a lady. I'll be the referee for this

little bet and pay for the lessons too ...

E:(gratefully) Oh, yer real good, yer are. Thank you, Colonel.

H: Oh, she is so deliciously low. (compromises) OK, I'll teach you. (to Mrs Pearce) But she'll need to be cleaned first. Take her away, Mrs Pearce. Wash her and

burn her horrible clothes. We'll buy her new ones. What's your name, girl?

E:I'm Eliza Doolittle and I'm clean. My clothes went to the laundry when I washed

last week.

MP: Well, Mr Higgins has a bathtub of his own and he has a bath every morning. If

these two gentlemen teach you, you'll have to do the same. They won't

of you otherwise.

E: (sobbing) I can't. I dursn't. It ain't natural and it'd kill me. I've never had

a bath in my life;not over my whole body, neither below my waist nor like the smell taking my vest

off. I'd never have come if I'd known about this disgusting thing you want me to

do ...

H: Once more,take her away, Mrs Pearce,immediately.(Outside Eliza is still weeping with Mrs Pearce) You see the problem,Pickering.It'll be how to teach her grammar, not just pronunciation. She's in need of both.

CP: And there's another problem,Higgins.What are we going to do once the experiment is over?

H: (heartily) Throw her back.

CP: But you cannot overlook that! She'll be changed and she has feelings too. We

must be practical, mustn't we?

H: Well,we'll deal with that later.First,we must plan the best way to teach her. CP:How about beginning with the alphabet.That's usually considered very effective ... (fades out as they go offstage together)

选修 8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors-Reading

A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAIN CAVES

A group of students(S)from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves for a visit. An archaeologist (A) is showing them round.

A: Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China. It is a great pleasure to meet

you students from England,who are interested in archaeology.You must be aware that it's here that we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in

this part of the world. We've been excavating here for many years and ...

S1: I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here? There are only

rocks and trees.

A:Good question. You are an acute observer. We have found human and animal bones

in those caves higher up the hill as well as tools and other objects. So we think

it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves, regardless of the cold.

S2: How did they keep warm? They couldn't have mats,blankets or quilts like we do. It must have been very uncomfortable.

A: We've discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves where they made fires.

That would have kept them warm, cooked the food and scared wild beasts away as well. We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter. We haven't found any doors but

we think they might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out the cold

during the freezing winter.

S3: What wild animals were there all that time ago?

A: Well, we've been finding the bones of tigers and bears in the caves,and we think these were their most dangerous enemies. Now what do you think this tells us about

the life of these early people? (shows picture of a sewing needle)

S2.: Gosh! That's a needle. Goodness, does that mean they repaired things?

A: What else do you think it might have been used for?

S4: Let me look at it. It's at most three centimetres long. Ah yes, it seems to be

made of bone. I wonder how they made the hole for the ...

S2: (interrupting)Do you mean that they made their own clothes?Where did they get

the material?

A: They didn't have material like we have today. Can you guess what they used?

Sl: Wow! Did they wear clothes made entirely of animal skins? How did they prepare

them? I'm sure they were quite heavy to cut and sew together.

A: Our evidence suggests that they did wear clothes made from animal skins. We

continue discovering tools that were sharpeners for other tools.It seems that they used the sharpened stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin.Then smaller scrapers were probably used to remove the fat and meat from the skin. After that

they would rub an ample amount of salt onto the skin to make it soft.Finally,they would cut it and sew the pieces together. Quite a difficult and messy task!Now look at this. (shows a necklace)

S2:Why,it's a primitive necklace.Did early people really care about their appearance like we do? It's lovely!

A:Yes, and so well preserved. What do you think it's made of?.

S4:Let me see. Oh, I think some of the beads are made of animal bones but others

are made of shells.

A:How clever you are! One bone is actually an animal tooth and the shells are from

the seaside. Can you identify any other bones?

S1:This one looks very much like a fish bone. Is that reasonable?

A:Yes,indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us,all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake. Probably there were fish in it.

S3:But a lake is not the sea. We are miles from the sea, so how did the seashells

get here?

A:Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside

on their journeys. We know that they moved around, following the herds of animals. They didn't grow their own crops,but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals. That's why they are called hunters and gatherers. Now, why don't we go and visit

the caves?

THE FEAST: 18,000 BC

Worried about the preparations for her feast,Lala quickly turned for home with her collection of nuts, melons and other fruit. It was the custom of family groups to

separate and then gather again at different sites for reunions as they followed the animal herds across the grasslands. A wrinkle appeared on her forehead.If only it could be just like last year! At that time she had been so happy when Dahu chose

her as the future mother of his children. He was the best toolmaker in the group

and it was a great honour for her to be chosen. She remembered the blood pulsing

through her veins.She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choice.If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!Then she wouldn't have been feeling so worried now.

Having heard wolves howling in the forest, Lala accelerated her walk up the path

to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her. She had no man with his spear to protect her. She had almost reached her destination when

a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped. So the men had brought home

the meat for the feast! The smell of cooking meat filled the air surrounding her,

and her senses became dizzy with hunger. She could see her mother and the older

children preparing the deer and pig meat over the fire. Her aunts were making clothes with animal skins. Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing,

shouting sister,Luna. Lala smiled with relief.It was good to have her family around her.

Just then a tall man came up behind her.He had a large,square face,with strongly pronounced eyebrows and cheekbones. Over his shoulder he carried several fish and

some pieces of wood under his arm. Lala smiled and handed some stone scrapers over

to Dahu, who smiled and went outside the cave to begin his task.

First he looked carefully at the scrapers and then went to a corner of the cave and pulled out some more tools.They were in a pile with other sharp arrowheads and stone axe-heads. He chose one large stone and began to use it like a hammer striking the

edge of the scraper that needed sharpening. Now and then Dahu would stop, look at

it and try it against his hand before continuing his task. He stopped when he felt

the scrapers were sharp enough to cut up the meat and scrape the fish.As he passed them to Lala, the first of the guests from the neighbouring caves began to arrive

for dinner. Lala's spirits rose. Yes, it was going to be just as wonderful as last

year! She smiled to herself gaily and went out of the cave to welcome her

friends and neighbours.

她担心准备盛宴,Lala迅速转过身来, 用她的家、西瓜和坚果收集其他水果。这是家庭群体

的习惯 , 然后又聚集到单独在不同的地点 , 由于他们要跟着兽群穿过草地。她的前额上出现了皱纹。如果只可能是和去年一样 ! 当时她已经很开心 , 当 Dahu 选她为未来的母亲的孩子。他

是最好的机床维修工、在集团是一个巨大的荣誉, 她被选中。她记得她的血管里流人血的罪、

脉冲通过。她感到非常的骄傲的高声地来赞赏他的选择。她要是展望 , 今年计划更好 ! 然后她就不会觉得那么担心了。

听见狼咆哮在森林中 ,Lala 加速其走上了通往洞穴担心会有野兽躺在等候她。她没有人用枪来保护

自己。她几乎已经到达目的地时 , 她的进步和芳香的气味逮捕她停了下来。所以这个

男人领回家过节的肉! 肉的香味 , 周围的空气充满了她, 她的感觉变得头晕与饥饿。她能看到

她的母亲和年长的孩子准备鹿和猪肉在火上。她的姑妈是用兽皮做衣服。她突然坐下来, 只能由她笑筛子 , 妹妹 , 露。 Lala 松了一口气 , 笑了。很高兴有她的家人。

就在这时 , 一个高个子男人走过来站在她身后。他有一个大的

和颧骨。在他的肩膀 , 他抬几鱼和几块木头在他的胳膊。Lala , 方脸 , 具有强烈的明显的眉毛笑了笑 , 然后递给我一些石头

刮到 Dahu, 笑了笑 , 然后走出山洞开始他的任务。

首先 , 他仔细地看着这铲运机, 然后去了一个角落的洞穴, 拿出一些工具。他们在一桩与其他

锐利的箭头和石头把斧头。他选了一个大块石头, 开始就好像用锤子敲击边缘的需要磨机。

现在 , 然后Dahu 会停下来 , 看看它并试着它攻击他的手继续前他的任务。他停下来的时候,他觉得被刀刮刮切肉和鱼。当他通过他们Lala, 客人们从邻近的洞穴开始到吃晚饭。Lala 的情绪也高涨起来。是的,它将会是与去年一样精彩! 她微笑地对自己曾经、从洞里出去迎接她的朋友们和邻居们。

人教版高中英语必修一到选修八教材课文阅读文章

必修1 第一单元ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hide away for two years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I don’t want friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15, June, 1944 Dear kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I came here. …For example, when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven one evening in order to have a good look at

英语选修八小课文及翻译第四单元word版本

Unit4 Act Two, Scene 1 MAKING THE BET 第二幕第一场打赌 It is 11am in Henry Higgins' house the next day. Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering are sitting deep in conversation. 第二天上午11点，在亨利·希金斯家。亨利同皮克林上校正坐着深切地交谈。 H: Do you want to hear any more sounds? 希：你还想不想听听更多的发音呢？ CP: No, thank you. I rather fancied myself because I can pronounce twenty-four distinct vowel sounds; but your one hundred and thirty beat me. I can't distinguish most of them. 皮：不听了，谢谢。我本来还很自负的，因为我能清晰地发出24个元音来。而你发出了130个元音，其中多数我都分辨不清。你赢我了。 H: (laughing) Well, that comes with practice. 希：（笑起来）这都是练习的结果。 There is a knock and Mrs Pearce (MP), the housekeeper, comes in with cookies, a teapot, some cream and two cups. 敲门声起，皮尔斯夫人（管）带着甜点、茶壶、奶酒和两个杯子进来。 MP: (hesitating) A young girl is asking to see you. 管：（犹豫地）一个年轻姑娘求见你。 H: A young girl! What does she want? 希：年轻姑娘！她想要什么？ MP: Well, she's quite a common kind of girl with dirty nails.I thought perhaps you wanted her to talk into your machines. 管：哦，很普通的一个年轻姑娘，手指甲脏兮兮的。我本来还以为你是要她来对着机器讲话的呢。 H: Why? Has she got an interesting accent? We'll see.Show her in, Mrs Pearce. 希：怎么啦？她的口音很有趣吗？咱们来看看吧。皮尔斯夫人，带她进来。 MP: (only half resigned to it) Very well, sir. (goes downstairs) 管：（半听不听地）好吧，先生。（随即向楼下走去） H: This is a bit of luck. I'll show you how I make records on wax disks ... 希：还真是运气，我让你看看我是怎样在唱片上录音的。 MP: (returning) This is the young girl, sir. (Eliza comes into the room shyly following Mrs. Pearce. She is dirty and wearing a shabby dress. She curtsies to the two men.) 管：（返回来）先生，这就是那个年轻姑娘。（伊莱扎跟在皮尔斯夫人后边羞怯地走进房来。 她穿着破旧的衣服，还脏兮兮的。进来就朝两位先生行屈膝礼。 H: (disappointed) Why! I've got this girl in my records. She's the one we saw the other day. She's no use at all. Take her away. 希：（失望地）好啦，我已经给这个年轻姑娘做过记录了。她就是那天我们见到过的那个，现在根本没有用了，带她走吧！ CP: (gently to Eliza) What do you-want, young lady? 皮：（温和地）年轻姑娘，你想要干什么？E: (upset) I wanna be a lady in a flower shop 'stead o' selling flowers in the street. But they won't take me 'less I speak better. So here I am, ready to pay him. I'm not asking for any favours - and he treats me like dirt. 伊：（不安地）我想在花店里当卖花姑娘，不想到街上去卖花了。但是他们不会要我，除非我讲话讲得好些，所以我来了，准备付给他钱。我并不是求他帮忙——可他把我当下贱人看待。 H: How much? 希：你给多少钱？ E: (happier) Now yer talking. A lady friend of mine gets French lessons for two shillings an hour

英语选修八小课文及翻译第五单元

Unit 5 THE FEAST: 18,000 BC公元前一万八千年的一次盛宴 Worried about the preparations for her feast, Lala quickly turned for home with her collection of nuts, melons and other fruit. 拉拉担心她这次盛宴的准备工作，所以赶紧把坚果、甜瓜和其他水果收集起来就快步回家了。It was the custom of family groups to separate and then gather again at different sites for reunions as they followed the animal herds across the grasslands. 由于在草原上放牧，家族成员先分散开，然后在不同的地方相聚，这是他们的一个习俗。 A wrinkle appeared on her forehead. 她的额头出现了一道皱纹。 If only it could be just like last year! 要是能像去年那样就好了！ At that time she had been so happy when Dahu chose her as the future mother of his children. 当大胡选拉拉作未来孩子的母亲时，她觉得很高兴。 He was the best toolmaker in the group and it was a great honour for her to be chosen. 他是这个家族中最好的工匠，被他选中对拉拉来说是莫大的荣幸。 She remembered the blood pulsing through her veins. 她记得那时热血澎湃。 She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choice. 当族人为他的选择欢呼鼓掌的时候，拉拉觉得非常自豪。 If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year! 她今年要是早有预见，计划得更好些就好了！ Then she wouldn't have been feeling so worried now. 那么她就不会这么担心了。 Having heard wolves howling in the forest, Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her. 听见狼群在森林里嚎叫，拉拉加快了回洞穴的步伐，担心会有野兽在等着她。 She had no man with his spear to protect her.她身边没有男人拿着矛来保护她。 She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped. 快到目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻，她不往前走了，停了下来。 So the men had brought home the meat for the feast! 因此那个男人把肉带回了家用来设宴！ The smell of cooking meat filled the air surrounding her, and her senses became dizzy with hunger.肉的香味笼罩着她，使她因饥饿而头昏眼花。 She could see her mother and the older children preparing the deer and pig meat over the fire. 她看到母亲和大一些的孩子在烧烤鹿肉和猪肉， Her aunts were making clothes with animal skins. 她姨妈在用兽皮做衣服。 Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna. 突然间她坐了下去，但又被她那又笑又叫的妹妹卢娜一把搂了起来， Lala smiled with relief. 拉拉宽慰地笑了， It was good to have her family around her. 跟家人在一起实在是太好啦！ Just then a tall man came up behind her.就在这时候，她身后出来了一位高个子男人。 He had a large, square face, with strongly pronounced eyebrows and cheekbones. 他有一张宽大的方脸，眉毛很重，颧骨突出， Over his shoulder he carried several fish and some pieces of wood under his arm 肩上扛着几条大鱼，腋下夹着一些木头。 Lala smiled and handed some stone scrapers over to Dahu, who smiled and went outside the cave to begin his task. 拉拉对大胡微笑着，递给他一些石头做的刮子。大胡也笑着，走出洞外，开始工作。

选修8课文翻译--全析

选修8 Unit 1 大课文多样性的土地 加州 加州是美国第三大洲,但是人口最多。它也有不同的是最多元文化国家在美国,有吸引了来自世界各地的人们。的习俗和语言的移民活在新居。这个文化多样性并不令人惊讶当你知道他的历史加州。本土美国人 什么时候到的第一批人我们现在知道的加利福尼亚,没有人真的知道。然而,很可能在加利福尼亚居住美国印地安人是至少一万五千年前。科学家们认为这些定居者穿过白令海峡在北极到美国的一种方法中存在的陆地桥在史前时期。在16世纪,欧洲人到来之后,当地人中蒙受了重大损失。数千人的死亡或被迫成为奴隶。另外,许多人死于这种疾病所带来的欧洲人。然而,从一些这些可怕的时代,今天还有更多的美国人住在加州比任何其他国家。 西班牙 在18世纪,加州被西班牙。名西班牙士兵初到南美洲,在16世纪早期当他们攻打当地人,把他们的土地。两个世纪以后,西班牙人定居在大部分南美和沿西北海岸的我们现在所称的美国。第一个西班牙去加州,大多数都是虔诚的教徒。他们的部门是要教导天主教给当地人。1821年,墨西哥取得了他们的从西班牙独立。加州的一部分则成了墨西哥。1846年美国宣战墨西哥和战争结束后获美国、墨西哥不得不给加州

到美国。然而,仍有强烈的西班牙影响国家。这就是为什么今天超过40的加州人说西班牙语作为第一或第二语言。 俄罗斯人 在19世纪初,俄罗斯的猎人,这些原本,开始去阿拉斯加定居在加州。在那里的今天是大约2.5万美籍俄裔住在旧金山市区和郊区。 黄金生产商 1848年1月24日,美墨战争后不久,有人在加州发现了黄金。快速致富的梦想吸引了来自世界各地的人们。最近的,因此第一个到达,是来自美国人民和来自美国。然后从欧洲和亚洲的冒险者随之而来。事实上,一些达到了他们的梦想成为富足。一些死亡或回到家,但是大多数住在加利福尼亚使自己的生活不顾大的困难。他们就住在新城镇或在农场工作。在加州成为31日当选美国的联邦州在1850年,已经是一个多元文化的社会。 晚来者 尽管中国移民开始到在淘金热期间,他们的建筑……（文件丢失）从西方的铁路网络到东海岸带来了更大的编号到加州十九世纪六十年代。今天,美藉华人住在加州的所有部分,尽管大部分选择呆在“唐人街”的洛杉矶和旧金山。 意大利人等其他移民,主要渔民还酿酒师,到达了加州在十九世纪。在1911年移民建立了镇来自丹麦的自己,今天仍然继续他们的丹麦文化。到了二十世纪二十年代电影产业被确立在美国加利福尼亚州的好莱坞。因此本行业的繁荣——吸引了欧洲人包括许多犹太民族主

英语选修八小课文及翻译第四单元

Unit4ActTwo,Scene1MAKINGTHEBET第二幕第一场打赌 Itis11aminHenryHiggins'. 第二天上午11点，在亨利·希金斯家。亨利同皮克林上校正坐着深切地交谈。H:Doyouwanttohearanymoresounds?希：你还想不想听听更多的发音呢？ CP:No,;'tdistinguishmostofthem. 皮：不听了，谢谢。我本来还很自负的，因为我能清晰地发出24个元音来。而你发出了130个元音，其中多数我都分辨不清。你赢我了。 H:(laughing)Well,thatcomeswithpractice.希：（笑起来）这都是练习的结果。ThereisaknockandMrsPearce(MP),thehousekeeper,comesinwithcookies,ateapot ,somecreamandtwocups. 敲门声起，皮尔斯夫人（管）带着甜点、茶壶、奶酒和两个杯子进来。 MP:(hesitating)Ayounggirlisaskingtoseeyou. 管：（犹豫地）一个年轻姑娘求见你。 H:Ayounggirl!Whatdoesshewant?希：年轻姑娘！她想要什么？ MP:Well,she'. 管：哦，很普通的一个年轻姑娘，手指甲脏兮兮的。我本来还以为你是要她来对着机器讲话的呢。 H:Why?Hasshegotaninterestingaccent?We',MrsPearce. 希：怎么啦？她的口音很有趣吗？咱们来看看吧。皮尔斯夫人，带她进来。 MP:(onlyhalfresignedtoit)Verywell,sir.(goesdownstairs) 管：（半听不听地）好吧，先生。（随即向楼下走去） H:'llshowyouhowImakerecordsonwaxdisks...

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选修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity-Reading CALIFORNIA California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California. NATIVE AMERCANS Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, t he native people suffered greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. In addition, many died from the diseases b rought by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state. THE SPANISH In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. RUSSIANS In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco. GOLD MINERS In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.

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1.选修八Unit1 CALIFORNIA加利福尼亚 California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. 加州是美国第三大洲, 而且是人口最多的州。It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. 加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州。它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. 这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史，你就不会对其文化的多样性感到惊奇了。 NA TIVE AMERCANS美洲土著人 Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. 最早一批人具体是什么时候来到我们现在了解的加利福尼亚地区的, 谁也说不清楚。However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 然而，可能至少在一15,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. 科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一条史前时期曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. 欧洲人在16世纪到来这里之后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难。Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. 成千上万人被杀或被迫成为奴隶。In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. 另外, 欧洲人带来的疾病，使许多人染病而死。However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state. 不过，还是有一些人经历了这些恐怖时期而活下来了。今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。 THE SPANISH西班牙人 In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. 在18世纪的时候，加利福尼亚是被西班牙统治的。Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. 西班牙士兵最早是在16世纪初期来到南美洲的，他们同土著人打仗，夺去了他们的土地。Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. 两个世纪以后, 西班牙人在南美洲大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来。Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose

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