专业英语课后习题答案unit1-6,10

Materials science材料科学Stone age石器时代Naked eye肉眼Bronze age铜器时代Optical property光学性能Integrated circuit集成电路Mechanical strength机械强度Thermal conductivity导热

“Materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast ,”materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties。，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料

Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical ,and deteriorative。固体材料的所有重要的性质可以分成六个不同的种类，机械性能、电性能、热性能、磁性能、光性能和内耗。

In addition to structure and properties , two other important components are involved in the sciences and engineering of materials , namely“processing”and“performance”.除了组织性能之外，另外两个重要的性质也包括在材料科学和工程之中，即“加工”和“特性”

The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationship，as well as processing techniques of material，the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria。工程师或科学家对材料的特征、组织性能以及生产工艺越熟悉,他们就越自信和精通的在这些标准中做出明智的材料选择

On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties . Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another.

只有在极少数的情况下材料具有最大值或理想属性。如此，可能需要用一个属性和另一个属性交换。

交叉科学interdisciplinary study 介电常数dielectric constant 固体材料solid materials 热容heat capacity 力学性质mechanical property 电磁辐射electromagnetism radiation 材料加工materials processing 弹性系数（模数）elastic modulus

直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.

材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。”Materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties

材料加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely “processing” and “performance.

材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.

Composite materials复合材料nonlocalized electrons游离电子Advanced materials尖端材料Stiffnesses硬度semiconductors 半导体biomaterials 生物材料smart materials 智能材料nanoengineered materials 纳米材料工程

Metals are extremely good conductor of electricity and hear, and are not transparent to visible light：a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance.金属是电和热的良导体,并且不能透过可见光:一个磨光的金属表面具有一个光泽的外形。

Ceramic are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.陶瓷是电和热的典型的绝缘体,并且相对金属和聚合物更具有抵抗高温和恶劣的环境。

Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials. 用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料

Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered.压电陶瓷的伸张和收缩时对外电场的一个反应，相反的，当其尺寸发生改变时，也能产生电场With the advent of scanning probe microscopes, which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules to form new structures and, thus, design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents (I .

e ,”materials by design”). 伴随着扫描探针显微镜的出现，可以观察到单个原子和分子，使处理和搬迁原子和分子成为一个可能的事情，这样通过建立简单的原子可以设计新材料。

先进材料advanced materials 陶瓷材料ceramic materials 高性能材料high properties material 粘土矿物clay mineral 合金alloy 移植implant 玻璃纤维glass fiber 碳纳米管carbon nanotube

金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons: that is ,there electrons are not bound to particular atoms.

许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements;

半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料（如金属，金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合材料）之间。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors（viz. metals and metal alloys）and insulators(viz .ceramics and polymers).

生物材料不能产生毒性，并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).

naked-eye肉眼，裸视transition-elements过度金属银元素mechanical-property力学性能atomic-number原子数elementary-chemistry元素化学positively-charged-protons正电荷质子Metals behave differently than ceramics, and ceramics behave differently than polymers .金属的性质不同于陶瓷，陶瓷的性质也不同于聚合物。

The atomic structure primarily affects the chemical, physical, thermal, electrical, magnetic,and optical properties .The microstructure can also affect these properties but they generally have a larger effect on mechanical properties and on the rate of chemical reaction .原子的结构主要影响化学，物理，热，电磁，光学性质，微观和宏观结构也能影响特性，但是他们通常影响力学性质和化学反应速率比较多。

The strength of metals suggest that these atoms are held together by strong bonds.金属的强度表明这些原子强健组合在一起。

An element’s atomic number indicate the number of positively charged protons in the numcleus .The atomic weight of an atom indicate how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus 元素的原子量表明原子核正电荷质子数，一个原子量表明原子核里的质子数和中子数.

微观结构microstructure电荷平衡election-balance 宏观结构macrostructure 原子量atomicnumber化学反应chemical-reaction带正电子的原子核positively –charged nucleus These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substance ranging form the air we breathe

to the metal used to support tall buildings从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上万种物质均是由100多种原子组成的

微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构，宏观结构是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构microstructure ,which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye ,but using a microstructure .Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the necked eye .

Phase transformation temperatures 相转变温度specific gravity 比重

Thermal conductivity 热导率the melting point 熔点

The acceleration of gravity 重力加速度magnetic permeability 磁导率

相对密度relative density 沸点boiling point 磁感应magnetic induction

热导率Thermal conductivity 玻璃转变温度glass transition temperature

有色金属colored metal 线性热膨胀系数linear coefficient of thermal expansion

单位体积质量mass per any unit of volume

An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its density is greater than that of water. Similarly ,an object with specific gravity less than one will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink.假如一个物体的密度低于水，物体能够漂浮在水上；若大于水密度，物体沉在水里。相类似地，比重较低的能够漂浮，比重较大则沉下去。

Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart，resulting in a decrease in magnetic flux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that concentrate flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic.材料引起通量路线进一步分离，导致磁通量密度降低。相对于真空称为抗磁体。能够增强磁通量多余1不少于10倍称之为顺磁体；能够增强磁通量超过10倍的称之为铁磁体。

Certain ferromagnetic materials，especially powered or laminated iron，steel，or nickel alloys, have that can range up to about 1000000.Diamagnetic materials have less than one, but no known substance has relative permeability much less than one.某一个铁磁性材料，尤其是粉末状或薄片状铁、钢、镍合金具有能够增大到1000000，抗磁性材料具有低于1，但是有未知物质相对磁通率低于1.

When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied by compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core.当顺磁或铁磁物质被掺入线圈里，感应系数是增加相对于同类的感应线圈或空芯。

化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties。

相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases:soild,liquid,gas and plasma.

当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子仍然连接在分子链上，从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。At some temperature below the melting point，they start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains，which results in a soft and pliable material.

在工程材料中，渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值来表示。In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute terms.

the service life 使用寿命the longitudinal direction纵向the transverse direction横向dynamic or cyclic loading动力载荷the initial length of the material 材料的原始长度elastic deformation 弹性变形plastic deformation 塑性变形localized deformation 局部变形The mechanical properties of metals determine the range of usefulness of a material and establish the service life that can be expected .金属力学性质取决于材料的系列有用性和建立的期望的使用寿命。

Therefore ,multiple tests are commonly conducted to determine mechanical properties and values reported can be an average value or calculated statistical minimum value .因此，多样的测试被做是为了确定力学性质，极点的数值可能是平均数或统计量最小数。

The way a material is loaded greatly affects its mechanical properties and largely determines how ,or if ,a component will fail ;and whether it will show warning sign before failure actually occurs .材料负载很大程度上影响它的力学性质和极大的确定材料如何舍弃，也可展示一些警告信息，在失望发生之前。

However ,a bar loaded in bending will have a stress distribution that changes with distance perpendicular to the normal axis .然而，一个负载木棒，使其变弯曲将有一个压力分布伴随着轴的垂直距离而变化。

Elastic deformation only occurs in a material when stresses are lower than a critical stress called the yield strength .当压力低于临界压力称之为屈服强度，材料上可单性变化反应。

实验样品test specimen 静负荷static loading 作用力applied force 垂直轴the normal axis 工程应变engineering strain 临界应力the critical stress 屈服强度the yield strength 应力面积stress area 应力-应变曲线stress strain curve Normally ,temperatures below room temperature generally cause an decrease in strength properties of metallic alloys ;while ductility ,fracture toughness ,and elongation usually increase .通常，温度低于室温时，金属合金的强度性质降低，而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。From the perspective of what is happening within a material ,stress is the internal distribution of what is happening within a material ,stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it .从材料的角度来说，应力是一种在材料内部所分布的力，它可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发生互相作用。

Engineering strain is defind as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material .工程应变可以定义为：所施加力方向的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值。

A material with high strength and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility . 高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和低延展性的材料的韧性高。

Silicon single crystals 单晶硅computed tomography scan电子断层扫描

Magnetic resonance imaging磁共振现象The military industrial complex军事工业综合物Gross national happiness国民幸福指数The average population growth rate of the word世界人口平均增长率

With impending and burgeoning societal issues affecting the human condition on our plant，the MSE community has a responsibility and an opportunity to truly make a difference by addressing the needs of the word of tomorrow ——needs in energy，transportation，housing，food，recycling，and health随着各种影响人类生存环境的社会问题的快速发展和逼近，材料科学与工程协会有责任，也有机会改变未来世界的需要—包括能源、交通、住房、食物、循环利用及健康Population is growing at much higher rates in the less developed

countries in comparison to the average population growth rate of the word ，which is 1.4%欠发达国家的人口增加速度高于世界平均水平1.4%。

Projections are that global energy use will grow by 1.7% annually until 2025, which is a faster rate than the world population growth rate据预测，直到2025年，全球能源消耗年增长率为1.7%，该数值超过世界人口增长率

Moreover, average energy use per person is still more than nine times greater in developed regions than in less developed regions.且发达地区的人均能源消耗是欠发达地区的九倍多

国内生产总值grass domestic product 材料科学与过程material science and engerning

经济指数economic index 卫生保健sanitation 国民生产总值gross national product

人口增长率population growth rate

然而，随着时间的变化，人类的革命与创造力，工程师满足社会需求的能力很建立工程企业的精神是永恒不变的however，some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity，engineer，s ability to address societal needs，and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering

我们可以看到医学、通信学和运输工业的革命给我们生活带来的变化we have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that have taken place in medicine，telecommunications，and transportation industries

18%的世界人口缺少安全饮用水，几乎40%缺少环境卫生设施eighteen percent of the word’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40%has no access to sanitation 材料与社会是相互联系的，并且我们应当认为材料科学工程的发展与影响人类生存条件的全球社会问题存在密切的关系，这是唯一理性的看法materials and society are interlinked，and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe

the purification of raw materials 原材料提纯long-chain alkane molecules 长链烷烃分子glass beaker 玻璃烧杯viscous liquid粘稠液体spark plug insulator 火花塞绝缘体

glass ceramics 玻璃陶瓷computer-assisted process control 计算机辅助控制

surface analytical methods 表面分析方法

we will look at some properties and see how closely they match our expectations of what constitutes a ceramic .我们将看看一些属性，看看他们如何紧密匹配我们期望的陶瓷。

At high temperatures(above the glass temperature),glass no longer behaves in a brittle manner; it behave as a viscous liquid.在高温下(高于玻璃温度)、玻璃不再表现在一个脆弱的方式;它表现得像一个粘性液体。They exhibit superior mechanical properties,corrosion /oxidation resistance, or electrical,optical,and/or magnetic properties.他们表现出优越的力学性能、腐蚀/抗氧化、或电、光,和/或磁特性。While traditional clay-based ceramics have been used for over 25000 years, advanced ceramics have generally been developed within the last 100 years.虽然已超过25000年的使用传统的粘土基陶瓷，先进陶瓷已普遍被发达国家在过去100年。

玻璃转变温度glass transition temperature 离子共价键Ionic covalent bond

应力分布stress distribution 热膨胀系数coefficient of thermal expansion 玻璃光纤glass fiber 材料科学与工程Materials science and Engineering

固体氧化物燃料电池Solid oxide fuel cell 电子显微镜electron microscope 作为陶瓷的金刚石是所知的材料中具有最高导热性的材料。diamond is known as a ceramic materials with the highest thermal conductivity of materials.

陶瓷的压缩强度大于拉伸强度，而金属的压缩强度与拉伸强度强度相当。Ceramic

compression strength is greater than the tensile strength, but the metal compression strength and tensile strength is strength.

尽管陶瓷与复合材料结合可以显著地改善陶瓷的韧性，但是通常情况下陶瓷的韧性比较差。Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.

陶瓷产品的功能取决于他们的化学组成和微结构，正是这些化学组成与微结构决定着他们的性能。The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.

数学专业英语

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics，算数arithmetics，几何学geometry，代数学algebra，三角学trigonometry，高等数学higher mathematics，初等数学elementary mathematics，高等代数higher algebra，数学分析mathematical analysis，函数论function theory，微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition，公理axiom，公设postulate，定义definition，定理theorem，引理lemma，推论deduction 3.形form，数number，数字numeral，数值numerical value，图形figure，公式formula，符号notation(symbol)，记法/记号sign，图表chart 4.概念conception，相等equality，成立/真true，不成立/不真untrue，等式equation，恒等式identity，条件等式equation of condition，项/术语term，集set，函数function，常数constant，方程equation，线性方程linear equation，二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation，加法addition，减法subtraction，乘法multiplication，除法division，证明proof，推理deduction，逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land，推导定理to deduce theorems，指定的运算indicated operation，获得结论to obtain the conclusions，占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。

专业英语课后习题答案

Lesson2 Exercises 1. Put the following into Chinese. （1）Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the resistor. The constant of proportionality is the resistance value of the resistor in ohms. 流过电路里电阻的电流，与加在电阻两端的电压成正比，与电阻的阻值成反比。这就是欧姆定律。 （2）Many materials, however, closely approximate an ideal linear resistor over a desired operating region. 不过，许多材料在规定的工作范围内非常接近理想线性电阻。 （3）It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or independent ) will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow. 应该注意：一个理想电压源（独立或受控）可向电路提供任意电流以保证其端电压为规定值，而电流源可向电路提供任意电压以保证其规定电流。 （4）A different class of relationship occurs because of the restriction that some specific type of network element places on the variables. Still another class of relationship is one between several variable of the same type which occurs as the result of the network configuration, i. e., the manner in which the various element of the network are interconnected. 一种不同类型的关系是由于网络元件的某种特定类型的连接对变量的约束。另一类关系由于网络结构，即网络的不同元件互相连接的方式所产生的相同形式的一些变量间的关系。 （5）The thermal conductivity of metals is as much as several hundred times that of glass. 金属的导热率比玻璃高几百倍。 （6）Magnetic line of force will，whenever passible, travel through iron or other magnetic materials. 磁力线只要有可能就会通过铁或其它磁性材料。 （7）Actually, 0 o C is indeed the lower limit to temperatures capable of being attained. 事实上绝对零度确是所能达到的温度的最低限度。 2. Translate the following into English. （1）电路元件吸收或释放的功率为元件两端的电压与流过该元件电流的乘积。 The power absorbed or supplied by a circuit element is the product of the voltage across the element and the current through it. （2）理想独立电源是一个有源元件，它所提供的电压或电流不依赖于电路中其他变量。 An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables. （3）受控电源是一个有源元件，它所提供的电压或电流受电路中某部分电压或电流控制。 An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current. （4）叠加定理为：线性电路中，任一电压或电流都是电路中各个独立电源单独作用时，在该处产生的电压或电流的叠加。 The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or current through) that element due to each independent source acting alone. （5）计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。Computers may be classfied as analog and digital．（6）新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times． （7）超导体在电气应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。The importance of superconductor in the uses of electricity cannot be overestimated.

护理专业英语答案

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1. user
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6. information [Ex 4] instructions
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Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries 1.the Industrial Revolution https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4b7340326.html,anic chemicals 3.the contact process 4.the Haber process 5.synthetic polymers 6.intermediates 7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals) 9.synthetic fibers 10.pharmaceutical 11.research and development 12.petrochemical https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4b7340326.html,puters(automatic control equipment) 14.capital intensive Some Chemicals Used In Our Daily Life Unit 2 Research and Development 1.R&D 2.ideas and knowledge 3.process and products 4.fundamental 5.applied 6.product development 7.existing product 8.pilot plant 9.profitbility 10.environmental impact 11.energy cost 12.technical support 13.process improvement 14.effluent treatment 15.pharmaceutical 16.sufficiently pure 17.Reaction 18.unreacted material 19.by-products 20.the product specification 21.Product storage

专业英语课后习题答案

1.two-terminal element 二端口元件 2.associated reference direction 关联参考方向 3.Ohm’s Law 欧姆定律 4.electric field 电场 5.displacement current 转移电流 6.short circuit 短路 7.magnetic field 磁场 8.conduction current 传导电流 1.capacitance 2.capacitor 3.resistance 4.resistor 5.Inductance 6.Inductor We can make two important observations here.在此，我们可以得到两条重要的结论：第一，如果电流是常数，理想电感器的端电压为0，这样电感器在恒量或直流中可以当作短路；第二，在电感器中电流不能瞬时变化，也就是说，在0时间内电流不能以有限量改变。 2 1.能量转换energy conversion 2.正极positive terminal 3串联电路series circuit 4.电路化简方法circuit simplification technique 5.电路分析方法circuit analysis technique 6.阻性电路resistive circuit 7.戴维南和诺顿等效电路Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuit 8.节点电压法node-voltage method 9.网孔电流法mesh-current method 10.参考节点reference node We can use those approaches for all circuits,对于所有的电路都可以使用这些方法，但是当电路结构更复杂、引入更多元件的时候，这种直接求解的方法很快就变得麻烦了。此时，可以使用两种常规的分析方法。 3 1. amplify current 放大电流 2. electronic component 电子元器件 3. complex circuit 复杂电路 4. vacuum tube 真空管 5. hand-held calculator便携式计算机 6. integrated circuit chip集成电路芯片 7. semiconductor material 半导体材料 8. microprocessor 微处理器 Bardeen和Brattain认为问题在于液体，所以他们用本质是锗锈的氧化锗来代替液体。Gibney准备了一块特殊的锗片，锗片的一面上有一层绿色的氧化层。12月12日Brattain开始插入接触点。