Lecture_3_Nathanial_Hawthorne[1]

Answers to questions in Lecture 3 Nathanial Hawthorne

1. Background questions:

1) What is New England Transcendentalism?

Transcendentalism refers to a kind of attitude that believes in the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses. In another word, transcendentalists believe that man learns things not only through reasoning based on his five senses, or by his own sensual experiences, and that he also learns truth spontaneously, out of his soul or instincts. In a literal sense, it means the belief that knowledge and principles of reality can be obtained by studying thought, not necessarily by practical experiences. In this sense the term is almost synonymous with the word mysticism. It was first applied to the German philosophical systems of Hegel, Kant, and Fichte. Later the word came to be used more loosely to apply to a movement that began in New England around 1830, the spokesman of which was Ralph Waldo Emerson.

The three key features of New England Transcendentalism are: First, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. Secondly, the transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. Thirdly, they take nature as symbolic of Spirit or God.

New England Transcendentalism is important to American literature. It is the summit of American Romanticism. It inspires a whole new generation of famous authors such as Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman and Dickinson. Without its impetus America might have been deprived of one of its most prolific literary periods in its history.

2) What is Nathaniel Hawthorne’s life and literary experience?

1. Life experience

Born to a family with a long Puritan tradition in Salem, Massachusetts.

His ancestors were notorious for the persecution of the Quakers and for the Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692, which put a dark shadow on his heart.

When he was 4, his father, a sea captain, died.

He was brought up by his uncle.

He graduated form Bowdoin College in 1842 in the same class with Longfellow and Franklin Pierce (the 14 th U.S President).

After graduation, he returned to Salem to live in his mother’s house and to pursue his literary career.

His life experience had great influence on his character, as well as on his writing career.

2. Major Works

The Scarlet Letter

Twice-Told Tales Which includes “The Minister’s Black Veil”

Mosses from an Old Manse which includes “Young Goodman Brown”

The Houses of the Seven Gables

The Marble Faun

3) How does Hawthorne’s life experience exert great influence on Hawthorne’s later literary creation?

Hawthorne’s life experience exerts great influence on his literary career. Obsessed by the

Calvinistic concept of the original sin, Hawthorne believes human beings are evil-natured and sinful and this sin and evil is ever present in human heart and will pass on from one generation to another. His writings are to show how we are all wronged and wrongers, and avenge one another.

2. Selected Reading :

Pre-Reading questions:

1) What is a literary allegory?

A literary mode involving extended narratives that produce secondary meanings regarding the story that exists on the surface, or a literary form of indirect representation. Characters in allegorical works frequently serve as metaphors for abstract ideas.

2) What is a symbol? Try to find out some symbols in this short story.

A symbol is something used to represent or suggest other thing(s), idea(s) or concept(s).

day and the town; night and forest, the red and black colors and so on.

3) What is Hawthorne’s writing style?

His style is soft, flowing and almost feminine.

His language is smooth, clear, beautiful in sound and meaning

He also frequently uses symbols and settings to reveal the psychology of the characters.

Topics for after-reading discussion:

1) Do you think Brown’s night journey in the forest an actual one or only a dream?

No definite answers.

2) What is the structure of the whole story?

At sunset, Goodman Brown leaves his wife Faith, spends the night in the forest, and at dawn returns a changed man. Within this basic structure, the story further divides into four separate scenes, the first and last of which, that is, the departure from and the return to Salem, are balanced. The night in the forest falls naturally into two parts: the temptation by the Devil and the meeting of the witch. The two scenes, particularly the former, make full and careful use of the dramatic devices of suspense and climatic arrangement. The climax of the story comes when Brown calls upon his wife to look up to heaven, and resist the wicked one, which is cut off abruptly by anticlimax as the meeting vanishes in a roaring wind, and Brown leaning against the rock finds it chill and damp to his touch.

3) What is the theme of the story?

Everyone possesses some evil secret.

4) What are the allegorical meanings of Young Goodman, his journey to the dark forest, and his encounter with the devil?

The story is often read as a conventional allegory in the sense that Young Goodman is everyman, and his journey to the dark forest and his encounter with the devil are symbolic of man’s life journey from innocence to knowledge, from good to evil.

5) Can you find some symbols in the story? Try to interpret their symbolic meanings.

day and the town: human convention and society

night and forest: symbols of doubt and wandering

red: Sin or Evil

black: doubt of the reality of either Evil or Good that tortures Brown

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《公共管理学》形成性考核作业 《公共管理学》作业一 简答题 1、简述构成公共组织的基本要素。 构成公共组织的基本要素就是:组织人员、物质因素、组织目标、职能范围、机构设置、职位设置、权责分配、规章制度、 2、简述公共组织设计的原则。 答:(1)职能目标原则;(2)完整统一原则;(3)精干效能原则;(4)法制原则;(5)职、权、责一致原则;(6)人本原则、 3、简述人力资源管理的基本职能。 答:人力资源管理的基本职能就是:(1)人力资源的获取(规划、录用与选拔);(2)人力资源的发展(整合培训、职业发展、管理发展、组织发展);(3)人力资源的激励(联结报酬与绩效、工作再设计、提升工作的满足感、绩效评估);(4)人力资源的维持(人际关系与沟通问题、员工福利问题、工作环境问题、职业安全问题);(5)人力资源的研究(政策、规则、技术、方法)、 《公共管理学》作业二 简答题 1、简述公共财政的职能。 答:(一)资源配置的职能:1、为全社会提供公共物品与公共服务; 2、矫正外部效应;3、对不完全竞争的干预;(二)调节收入分配的职能:1、经济公平:强调投入与收入的对称(等价交换、按劳分配);2、社会公平:将收入差距维持在现阶段社会各个阶层居民所能接受的合理范围内(调节贫富差距);(三)稳定经济职能:1、充分就业;2、物价稳定;3、国际收支平衡、 2、简述现代公共部门人力资源管理制度的基本精神。 答:人力资源管理理论的基本精神就是:第一,确定以人为中心的管理思想;第二,把组织瞧作整体,不仅开发“力的资源”,而且开始走向开发组织、整体的“心的资源”,注重整体效益、群体目标、团队精神;第三,在管理原则上既强调个人又强调集体;第四,在管理方法上既强调理性又强调情感;第五,在领导方式上既强调权威又强调民主;第六,在管理实践中既强调能力也重视资历。 《公共管理学》作业三 论述题 1、谈谈您对组织变革的动力与阻力的认识。 组织改革的动力 (一)组织改革的外部动力 首先,适应市场经济体制就是组织改革最深层的动力。改革的本质动力就是经济体制的改革与市场化的驱动,改革的目的与任务就是适应经济发展的需求与要求。目前我国正处于市场经济体制逐步完善,市场经济迅速发展的关键时期,政府作为市场宏观调控的主体,为了更好地履行宏观调配职能,促进经济的平稳快速发展,必然要先对自身的职能与机构进行改革。其次,政治体制改革就是行政改革的直接动力。中国的战略改革系统不仅包括经济体制改革也包括政治体制改革,作为上层建筑的政治体制必须与经济体制改革的深入同时展开。目前,我国的政治体制改革还处于观念与理论研讨阶段,并没有与经济体制改革相适应,可以说就是暂落后于经济体制改革。行政改革作为政治体制改革的重要方面,其改革必将带动政治体制改革的发展,这对我国的政治改革的深入起到积极的促进作用。

英语口语考试试题及参考答案

1.How can we keep friendship alive. Friendship is absolutely crucial for us. We have to do hard work to build up and sustain friendship. Here are some important ways to keep friendship alive .First of all,let your friends know that you care about them. If you can't be there at the given moment, say something like, "I wish I could be with you. May I call you tomorrow? "Be sure your friend knows she's cared about.Second, try to be with your friends when they are in trouble. Remember troubled people are most in need of their friends to stay around. The last but not the least, keeping friendship alive is to say to your friends "I miss you and I love you ". Remember? 2.Is it right for college students to have tattoos? Nowadays many college students like to highlight their personalities, to be their own. They have taken special ways to show their personalities. For example, some college students who are tattooed think tattooing is cool and shows great personality. But teachers and parents do not think tattooing is right for students. They believe to be a student you should dress like a student--no tattoos, of cause. Some people even believe that those who are tattooed are not good students. As far as I am concerned, although many people can not accept students’ tattooing, nothing is wrong with tattooing. College students are grown-ups. They can tell right from wrong. If they want to be tattooed, just remember to tell them to select clean places, preferably with parental consents. 3.What do cultural difference mean ? Can you give some examples? Cultural differences mean differences among people in ways of thinking, life, aesthetic concepts, social practices, diet and etc. Let’s talk about, for example, eating habits in different areas. In China, people prefer vegetables and fruits, for the Chinese believe that such things are rich in vc, which are good to health. However, western people are more likely to eat meat. Known as having a good tradition of hospitality , Chinese people always greet their guests with warm hand. Chinese meal table normally is filled with delicious food, yet the host is used to saying " I am sorry. I don’t think the food is good enough today" and other courtesies. Host or hostess sometimes use their chopsticks to take food to the guest’s bowl, which is considered as a way to show hospitality in China. However, in western countries, people emphasize respect to individuality. At dinner, people eat whatever they like or we say they eat at their own will. 4.Do you consider your 18th birthday is one of the most important days in your life? Give reasons. Yes, 18th birthday is considered the most important. Each birthday means a new year. I am most concerned about my 18th birthday as it is a sign of adulthood, indicating that I am no longer a child, but one who can try to do things independently and should be reliable for his or her own actions as an adult. Since my eighteenth birthday, I am entitled to go shopping alone, to travel alone and to live independently. I still remembered my 18th birthday. After my birthday celebration, I suddenly felt grown up, both physically and mentally. Birthday to me is an important turning point, enabling me to learn and think independently. So far as I am concerned about each birthday, I usually feel better.

小学一年级下册英语口语测试(二)

小学一年级下册英语口语测试（二） 词汇： hen母鸡chick小鸡duck鸭子cow母牛sheep绵羊 pig猪nose鼻子orange橙paper纸 ground地面 moo（牛叫声）oink（猪叫声） quack（鸭叫声） cluck（母鸡叫声） draw画画see看见hear听见frog青蛙bird鸟 rabbit兔子butterfly蝴蝶bee蜜蜂egg蛋have got有 farm农场animal动物 句子： 1．Draw the hen and chick on the T-shirt.2．Draw the duck on the balloon. 3．Draw the sheep and cow on the paper.4．Draw the bee on the egg. 5．Draw the butterfly on the pig. Draw the pig on the ground. 6．Draw the orange on your left arm. 7．What do you see？ I see some frogs in the water. How many frogs？ Three. 8．What do you see？ I see some eggs on the ground. How many eggs？ Three eggs. 9．What do you hear？ I hear some birds.

10．What do you hear？ I hear a pig. Is it thin？ No， it is not. It is fat. Is it pink？ Yes， it is. 11．What do you hear？ I hear a cow. Is it fat？ Yes， it is. 12．A cow goes “moo，moo”. A pig goes “oink，oink”. A duck goes “quack，quack”. A hen goes “cluck，cluck”. 13．I‘ve got a chick and a hen. 14．I’ve got a pig a nd a cow.

公共管理学作业

1．第1题 新公共管理范式建立的学科基础为（）。 A.政治学 B.行政学 C.经济学 D.行政法学 您的答案：C 2．第2题 1、新公共管理范式产生于（）。 A.19世纪60年代末70年代初 B.19世纪70年代末80年代初 C.20世纪60年代末70年代初 D.20世纪70年代末80年代初 您的答案：D 3．第3题 新公共管理运动肇始于（）。 A.英国 B.美国 C.德国 D.新西兰 您的答案：A 4．第4题 在交易费用、产权契约安排和资源配置效率之间建立起内在的联系，从而成为沟通交易费用理论与产权理论桥梁的是（）。 A.彼德原理 B.科斯定理 C.阿罗不可能性定理 D.墨菲法则 您的答案：B 5．第5题 新公共管理运动肇始于（）。 A.英国 B.美国 C.德国 D.新西兰 您的答案：A 6．第6题 公共选择理论实际上提出的是一种（）。 A.政府万能理论 B.政府失败理论 C.市场万能理论 D.市场失败理论 您的答案：B 7．第7题 在私人部门里，战略思想演变阶段中的战略规划阶段的特征为 A.通过努力做到与预算相符，寻求更好的运营控制 B.通过预测下一年度以后的情况，寻求更有效的成长规划 C.通过战略性思考，寻求对市场和竞争能力作出更快反应 D.管理所有资源，寻求竞争优势，取得未来的成功 您的答案：A 此题得分：0.0

8．第8题 目标管理的理论和方法的创立者是美国管理学家（）。 A.彼得？杜拉克C.泰勒 B.帕金森D.法约尔 您的答案：C 此题得分：0.0 9．第9题 政府运用供应这个手段，所针对的对象是 A.公共产品 B.私人产品 C.半公共产品 D.半私人产品 您的答案：A 10．第10题 在交易费用、产权契约安排和资源配置效率之间建立起内在的联系，从而成为沟通交易费用理论与产权理论桥梁的是 A.彼德原理 B.科斯定理 C.阿罗不可能性定理 D.墨菲法则 您的答案：B 11．第11题在私人部门中，组织的最终目标为（）。 A.追求可持续经济利润的最大化 B.追求可持续政治利益的最大化 C.追求社会公平 D.追求公众的满意度 您的答案：A 12．第12题 1、新公共管理范式产生于（）。 A.19世纪60年代末70年代初 B.19世纪70年代末80年代初 C.20世纪60年代末70年代初 D.20世纪70年代末80年代初 您的答案：D 13．第13题 对非政府公共组织也可称作（）。 A.第一部门 B.第二部门 C.第三部门 D.公共组织 您的答案：C 14．第14题 关于绩效管理对于新公共管理范式的价值，以下说法不正确的是（）。 A.绩效管理与市场模式相统一 B.绩效评价与管理是分权化改革的迫切要求

英语口语考试试题及参考答案

Friendship is absolutely crucial for us. We have to do hard work to build up and sustain friendship. Here are some important ways to keep friendship alive .First of all, let your friends know that you care about them. If you can't be there at the given moment, say something like, "I wish I could be with you. May I call you tomorrow " Be sure your friend knows she's cared about. Second, try to be with your friends when they are in trouble. Remember troubled people are most in need of their friends to stay around. The last but not the least, keeping friendship alive is to say to your friends "I miss you and I love you ". Remember it right for college students to have tattoos Nowadays many college students like to highlight their personalities, to be their own. They have taken special ways to show their personalities. For example, some college students who are tattooed think tattooing is cool and shows great personality. But teachers and parents do not think tattooing is right for students. They believe to be a student you should dress like a student--no tattoos, of cause. Some people even believe that those who are tattooed are not good students. As far as I am concerned, although many people can not accept students’tattooing, nothing is wrong with tattooing. College