自考现代语言学试卷

全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试

现代语言学试题

课程代码：00830

I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or D in the brackets. (2%×10=-20％)

1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ；phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words. ( )

A. sounds units

B. sound features

C. phonemes

D. allophones

2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words；but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______· ( ) A. writing B. orthography

C. transcription

D. phonology

3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word. ( )

A. Bound

B. Free

C. Inflectional

D. Derivational

4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in English. ( )

A. Lexical

B. Phrasal

C. Semantic

D. Logical

5. In semantic analysis of a sentence，a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication，largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( )

A. argument

B. subject

C. object

D. attribute

6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking，linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the speaker’s intention. ( )

A. performative

B. constative

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C. illocutionary

D. perlocutionary

7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest，Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( )

A. vocabulary

B. pronunciation

C. morphology

D. syntax

8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. ( )

A. bilingualism

B. multilingualism

C. diglossia

D. code-switching

9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( )

A. Wernicke’s

B. Broca’s

C. Gage’s

D. Genie’s

10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. ( )

A. planned speech

B. writing

C. career-oriented exam

D. casual and spontaneous conversation

II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)

l1. M linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct” or not.

12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d ，which could also be described as a sequence of two vowels.

13. A r is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning；it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word.

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14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called an

e clause.

15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：n words and borrowed words.

16. “Your money or your life!” aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d ·

17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or” was the agentive suffix.

18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine wiles.’’ This indicates that language reflects

s in society.

19. The c period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.

20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.

III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20％) 21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations.

22. ( )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants.

23. ( )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of language.

24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position.

25. ( )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence.

26. ( )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative Principle，they do not always observe these maxims strictly.

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27. ( )The Great V owel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English.

28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety. 29. ( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain.

30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single human，except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human.

IV. Directions：Explain the following terms，using one or two examples for illustration，if necessary. (3％×10=30％)

31. arbitrariness

32. distinctive features

33. Universal Grammar

34. Move

35. contextualism

36. comparative reconstruction

37. speech community

38. interpersonal communication

39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism

40. 1anguage acquisition

V. Directions：Answer the following questions. (10％×2=20％)

41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.

1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.

2) The old man put the book on the table.

3) I think that you are from the South.

42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.

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全国2009年10月高等教育自学考试

现代语言学试题

课程代码：00830

Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.

(2% × 10=20% ) 1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. ()

A. performance

B. parole

C. langue

D. competence

2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()

A. random

B. rule-governed

C. haphazard

D. unpredictable

3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()

A. phoneme

B. word

C. compound

D. morpheme

4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()

A. lexical

B. phrasal

C. syntactic

D. phonetic

5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ()

A. “buy” and “sell”

B. “male” and “female”

C. “hot” and “cold”

D. “alive” and “dead”

6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. ()

A. directives

B. declarations

C. commissives

D. representatives

7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old English noun had four cases, i.e.,

nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()

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A. possessive

B. vocative

C. accusative

D. locative

8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()

A. Social

B. Ethnic

C. Regional

D. Situational

9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()

A. nerve fibers

B. nerves

C. neurons

D. cerebral cortex

10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some of the

inflectional morphemes. ()

A. telegraphic

B. multiword

C. two-word

D. one-word

II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )

11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people what they

should say and what they should not, it is said to be p .

12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called t

languages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.

13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical relations or

categories such as number, tense and case.

14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.

15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of

a sentence, the basic unit is called p , which is the abstraction of the meaning of a

sentence.

16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible for

the speaker to convey more than is literally said.

17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter languages is

called the comparative method.

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18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude, emotions and value

judgements.

19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that human’s

language a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.

20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, the learner is likely to benefit from an

i motivation.

Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% ×10=20% )

21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e., there are no words in world

languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound.

22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a word begins

with an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1b I k/does not sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of phonemes.

23. () The different stresses used in a compound do not usually affect the meaning of the

compound.

24. () The recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to generate an

infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.

25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.

26. () Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are not

verifiable.

27. () Another kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory”results in

a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example, children and

adults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification.

28. () One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms in many

languages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most part is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or by compounding.

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29. () Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in a

single area of the left hemisphere.

30. () The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be

explained by mother tongue interference.

Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)

31. synchronic study

32. competence

33. sentence stress

34. free morpheme

35. major lexical category

36. behaviourism as a semantic view

37. stylistic synonyms

38. expressives

39. euphemism

40. Broca’s area

Ⅴ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )

41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced [?ks], and children’s speech shows

a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Now explain

sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movement and sound addition by examples.

42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.

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全国2010年1月高等教育自学考试

现代语言学试题

课程代码：00830

I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four

choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.

( 2% ×10=20% )

1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )

A. system

B. structure

C. competence

D. performance

2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at the

end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )

A. larynx

B. hard palate

C. glottis

D. vocal cords

3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )

A. two roots

B. a root and a prefix

C. a root and a suffix

D. a root and a free morpheme

4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which state

explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )

A. phrases

B. clauses

C. sentences

D. constituents

5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______. ( )

A. Plato

B. Ogden and Richards

C. John Firth

D. Bloomfield

6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )

A. prelocutionary

B. locutionary

C. illocutionary

D. perlocutionary

7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）

A. Germanic

B. Persian

C. Sanskrit

D. Lithuanian

8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )

A. conceptual meaning

B. connotative meaning

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C. cultural meaning

D. social meaning

9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. （）A. right B. left

C. front

D. back

10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formal

instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.

( ) A. planned speech B. writing

C. casual and spontaneous conversation

D. career-oriented examination

II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)

11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed of

discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.

12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the soft

palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.

13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of

s to form a new word.

14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. A

phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.

15. The words such as “pop”meaning a certain sound and “pop”meaning popular are in

relationship of c homonyms.

16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort to

study meaning in a pragmatic sense.

17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English has

lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.

18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f

differentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.

19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain

is called l .

20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second language

acquisition.

III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% ×10=20%)

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21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans communicate

and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary

symbols." Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of "habitually

used symbols."

22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principle

longer than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to

the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as

intonation.

23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify the

meaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.

24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, we

do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.

Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the two

levels look different.

25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.

26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and

“performatives”.

27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy to

foe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cow

instead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when words

are borrowed from foreign languages.

28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,

Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title

alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, between

friends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.

29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are able

to transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lost

linguistic skills with relatively little disruption.

30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )

31. design features

32. narrow transcription

33. bound morphemes

34. deep structure

35. hyponymy

36. commissives

37. sound assimilation

38. idiolect

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39. Wernicke's area

40. interference

V. Directions: Answer the following questions.

( 10% ×2=20% )

41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language with

examples.

42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order to

understand the relationship between language and thought.

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最新1月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析.docx

全国 2018 年 1 月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码： 00830 I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2%×10=20% ) 1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. () A. system B. structure C. competence D. performance 2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. () A. larynx B. hard palate C. glottis D. vocal cords 3. The word “ manuscript ” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. () A. two roots B. a root and a prefix C. a root and a suffix D. a root and a free morpheme 4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules,which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP→ ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S).) A. phrases B. clauses C. sentences D. constituents 5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the“ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ” was proposed by ______. () A. Plato B. Ogden and Richards C. John Firth D. Bloomfield 6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. () 1

自考《现代语言学》复习讲义

自考《现代语言学》复习讲义 一、常考题型 1.填空 2.单项选择 3.判断正误 4.解释词语并举例说明 对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明 5.回答问题 做题要求：用英文进行答题。 二、各章节学习要点 Chapter 1 Introduction （绪论） 1.What is linguistics? 1.1 Definition （语言学的定义） P.1 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but in language in general. 1.2 The Scope of linguistics （语言学的研究范畴） P.2—4 The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics(普通语言学).This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas. Main branches of linguistics 语言学的主要分支： 1）phonetics（语音学） 2)phonology （音系学） 3)morphology （形态学） 4)syntax （句法学） 5)semantics （语义学） 6)pragmatics （语用学） The study of all these aspects of language forms the core of linguistics.

最新10月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析

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04年10月自考现代语言学试题(1) 课程代码：00830 ⅰ.directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter a,b,c or d in the brackets.(2%×10=20%) uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication. a. langue b. competence c. parole d. performance terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds share the feature of ( ). a. palatal b. alveolar c. bilabial d. dental generative grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957. a. l. bloomfield b. f. saussure c. n. chomsky a. k. halliday languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on ug principles to particular values. a. adjacent condition b. parameters c. case condition d. case requirement

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