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大学英语精读第5册1-5课文全文翻译

大学英语精读第5册和第6册全文课文翻译

A Kind of Sermon

It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood. Students are naturally surprised and disappointed to discover that a process which ought to become simpler does not appear to do so.

It may not seem much consolation to point out that the teacher, too, becomes frustrated when his efforts appear to produce less obvious results. He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks. He sees them struggling because the language they thought they

一番说教

一旦在掌握了英语基本结构和句型之后,再往下学习似乎变得越来越困难了;这其中的原因,也许老师比学生更容易理解。当学生们发现一个本该变得越来越容易的学习过程似乎并未变的简单时,他们自然会感到惊讶并失望。

在知道老师在其努力所产生的效果似乎不及一开始明显时也会灰心丧气,学生们并不感到多少安慰。他发现那些学生很容易去教,因为他们能把所学的知识很快的用于实践;而现在,他们面对大量未曾接触过的英语词汇和惯用法时会显得踌躇不前,因为这些词汇和惯用法都是基础教科书上所没有涉及的内容。他看到学生们在挣扎,因为他们本以为已经认识的语言现在看上去似乎是由种种令人困惑不解的、在不同上下文中有不同含义的习语,陈词滥调和成语组成的。很难让他们相信,他

knew now appears to consist of a bewildering variety of idioms, clichéd and accepted phrases with different meanings in different contexts. It is hard to convince them that they are still making progress towards fluency and that their English is certain to improve, given time and dedication.

In such circumstances it is hardly surprising that some give up in disgust, while others still wait hopefully for the teacher to give them the same confident guidance he was able to offer them at first. The teacher, for his part, frequently reduced to trying to explain the inexplicable, may take refuge in quoting proverbs to his colleagues such as: "You can lead a horse to water but you can't make him drink ”or, more respectfully if less grammatically :”It ain?t what you say, It's the way that you say it." His students might feel inclined to counter these with: "The more I learn, the less I know." 们仍朝着流利的方向发展,并且只要肯花时间和持之以恒,

他们英语一定会有所提高。

在此情况下,有些学生厌恶地放弃了学习并不出人意外;而另外一些学生则仍然满怀希望地等待着老师像最初那样给他们以满怀信心的指导。就教师来说,由于经常不得不去解释一些无法解释的东西,他们就可能对同事们引用一些谚语来聊以自慰,比如:“引马河边易,逼马饮水难”或者引用一句虽语法不严谨但比较尊重对方的话:“重要的不在于你说什么,而在于你怎么说。”对这些话,他的学生也许会反唇相讥道:我学的越多,懂得越少。

事实当然并非如此。不管是学生还是老师,他们都在经历着这样一个认识过程,即我们在某

Of course this is not true. What both students and teachers are experiencing is the recognition that the more complex structures one encounters in a language are not as vital to making oneself understood and so have a less immediate field of application. For the same reason, from the teacher's point of view, selecting what should be taught becomes a more difficult task. It is much easier to get food of any kind than to choose the dish you would most like to eat on a given day from a vast menu.

Defining the problem is easier than providing the solution. One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English-speaking country, which amounts to washing one's hands of them. Few students have the time or the money to do that. It is often said that wide reading is the time or the money to do that. It is often said that wide reading is the best alternative course of action but even here it is 种语言中所遇到的较复杂的语言结构,在表达自己的意思来说并非至关重要,因此它们的直接应用范围很少。出于同样的理由,以教师的观点来看,选择适当的教材就成了一项更为困难的任务。比起在某个特定日子从一份丰盛的菜单中选出你最想吃的菜来,随便准备点吃的东西要容易的多。

界定问题比找出答案容易。有人可能会建议学生去讲英语的国家住两三年,这等于撒手不管他们。没有几个学生有时间或者有钱出国。人们常说:广泛阅读是最佳选择方法,但即使在这一方面,读书也需要进行某些选择。让学生走进图书馆随便拿起他们遇到的第一本书就读,这是无用的。我的建议是:要读无需查字典就能看懂的书(但并非一看即懂的书);读你感兴趣的书;读有时间读的书(杂志和报纸而不是长篇小说,除非你能在一周左右的时间里读完它);读当代写的英文,而不是二百年前的;

necessary to make some kind of selection. It is no use telling students to go to the library and pick up the first book they come across. My own advice to them would be: "read what you can understand without having to look up words in a dictionary (but not what you can understand at a glance); read what interests you; read what you have time for (magazines and newspapers rather than novels unless you can read the whole novel in a week or so); read the English written today, not 200 years ago; read as much as you can and try to remember the way it was written rather than individual words that puzzled you." And instead of "read", I could just as well say "listen to."

My advice to teachers would be similar in a way. I would say "It's no good thinking that anything will do, or that all language is useful. It's no good relying on students to express themselves without the right tools for expression. It's still your duty to choose 要尽量多读并设法记住写作方法,而不要拘泥于令你困惑的个别单词。并且,除了读文章,我也可以说听。

从某种意义上说,我对教师的劝告也是相同的。我会说:认为什么教材都可以或任何语言都有用,这种想法是没有好处的。让学生没有掌握表达方法就依靠自己去表达他们的思想是无益的。在接近山顶时为学生们选择最佳的攀登路线仍然是你的责任,正像在山麓小丘处为他

the best path to follow near the top of the mountain just as it was to propose a practicable short-cut away from the beaten track in the foothills. And if the path you choose is too overgrown to make further progress, the whole party will have to go back and you will have to choose another route. You are still the paid guide and expert and there is a way to the top somewhere."

The Fifth Freedom

More than three centuries ago a handful of pioneers crossed the ocean t Jamestown and Plymouth in search of freedoms they were unable to find in their own countries, the freedoms of we still cherish today: freedom from want, freedom from fear, freedom of speech, freedom of religion. Today the descendants of the early settlers, and those who have joined them since, are fighting to protect these freedoms at home and throughout the world. 们建议一条离开众人踏平的山路而又走的通的捷径曾是你的责任一样。如果你所选的路线荆棘丛生而难以举步,全队则需返回,而你就得另择佳途。你仍是花钱雇用的向导和专家,而在某个地方总能找到一条登顶之路。

第五种自由

三百多年前,少数早期拓荒者为了寻求在他们自己的祖国无法找到的自由,横渡大洋来到詹姆斯敦和普列茅斯。也是我们今天仍然格外珍惜的自由:免于匮乏的自由,免于恐惧的自由,言论自由以及宗教信仰的自由。如今这些拓荒者的后代以及后来加入其行列的人们仍然在美国国内和全世界为捍卫这些自由而战斗。

And yet there is a fifth freedom - basic to those four - that we are in danger of losing: the freedom to be one's best. St. Exupery describes a ragged, sensitive-faced Arab child, haunting the streets of a North African town, as a lost Mozart: he would never be trained or developed. Was he free? "No one grasped you by the shoulder while there was still time; and nought will awaken in you the sleeping poet or musician or astronomer that possibly inhabited you from the beginning." The freedom to be one's best is the chance for the development of each person to his highest power.

How is it that we in America have begun to lose this freedom, and how can we regain it for our nation's youth? I believe it has started slipping away from us because of three misunderstandings.

然而还有一个我们正面临着丧失危险的第五种自由:达到自己最佳水平的自由,而这一自由正是上述四种自由的基础。法国作家圣埃克休帕里把一个破衣烂衫但长相聪明伶俐,经常在北非某市街头闲逛的阿拉伯少年描写成一个被埋没的莫扎特:他不可能受到训练或培养。这个孩子自由吗?“也许你有着与生俱来的成为诗人、音乐家或天文学家的潜能,但在时间还来得及的时候,没有人拉你一把,时机一过,就再也无法唤醒在你身上沉睡着的这些才能了。”达到自己最佳水平的自由是让每个人把自己的能力发展到最高水平的机会。

为什么我们在美国会开始失去这一自由呢?我们怎样才能为我国的青年人重新获得这一自由呢?我认为它之所以开始从我们身边悄然离去,是因为存在着以下三种误解。

第一种误解是对民主含义的误解。费城的一所名牌中学的

First, the misunderstanding of the meaning of democracy. The principal of a great Philadelphia high school is driven to cry for help in combating the notion that it is undemocratic to run a special program of studies for outstanding boys and girls. Again, when a good independent school in Memphis recently closed, some thoughtful citizens urged that it be taken over by the public school system and used for boys and girls of high ability, what it have entrance requirements and give an advanced program of studies to superior students who were interested and able to take it. The proposal was rejected because it was undemocratic! Thus, courses are geared to the middle of the class. The good student is unchallenged, bored. The loafer receives his passing grade. And the lack of an outstanding course for the outstanding student, the lack of a standard which a boy or girl must meet, passes for democracy. 校长被迫大声疾呼,号召人们反对一种观点,即为一些出类拔萃的学生实施一份特殊的教学大纲是不民主的。再如,当孟菲斯的一所教学质量好的私立学校在不久前停办时,一些有识之士极力主张将其纳入公立学校系统,从而培养才智高的学生;他们还主张要设入学条件并为有兴趣、又有接受能力的优秀学生提供高级研修课程。这项建议竟遭反对,理由是这样做不民主!据此,课程均被定位在中等难度。好学生未受到挑战,对学习感到厌倦,差生也能及格。没有为优等生开设的高水平课程,没有一个所有学生都必须达到的标准,反而被认为是民主。

第二种误解是对什么能够带来幸福的误解。我们公开宣称我们当今文化的目标是追求安逸和物质享受:每天工作的时间越

The second misunderstanding concerns what makes for happiness. The aims of our present-day culture are avowedly ease and material well-being: shorter hours; a shorter week; more return for less accomplishment; more softsoap excuses and fewer honest, realistic demands. In our schools this is reflected by the vanishing hickory stick and the emerging psychiatrist. The hickory stick had its faults, and the psychiatrist has his strengths. But hickory stick had its faults, and the psychiatrist has his strengths. But the trend is clear. Tout comprendre c'est tout pardoner (To understand everything is to excuse everything). Do we really believe that our softening standards bring happiness? Is it our sound and considered judgment that the tougher subjects of the classics and mathematics should be thrown aside, as suggested by some educators, for doll-playing? Small wonder that Charles Malik, Lebanese delegate at the U.N., 来越短,每周工作的天数越来越少,成绩越来越少,报酬却要越来越多;姑息的借口越来越多,实实在在的要求越来越少。反映到我们的学校里便是教鞭的消失和精神病专家的出现。过去的教鞭自然有它的缺点,如今的精神病专家自有他的优点。但是趋势是显而易见的。Tourcomprendc?estpardoner(理解一切即原谅一切)。难道我们真的相信我们降低了标准就能带来幸福?难道像某些教育专家建议的那样,把古典文学和数学这些难学的科目弃之一边,而代之以像耍玩偶一样轻松的课程,是我们经过深思熟虑作出的判断?难怪黎巴嫩驻联合国代表查尔斯·马立克会这样写道:“在西方”(美国)“道德品质正在削弱”。(我们的)领导面对时代提出的种种前所未有的挑战似乎显得无能为力。”

writes: "There is in the West" (in the United

States) "a general weakening of moral fiber. (Our) leadership does not seem to be adequate to the unprecedented challenges of the age."

The last misunderstanding is in the area of values. Here are some of the most influential tenets of teacher education over the past fifty years: there is no eternal truth; there is no absolute moral law; there is no God. Yet all of history has taught us that the denial of these ultimates, the placement of man or state at the core of the universe, results in a paralyzing mass selfishness; and the first signs of it are already frighteningly evident.

Arnold Toynbee has said that all progress, all development come from challenge and a consequent response. Without challenge there is no response, no development, no freedom. So first we owe to our children the most demanding, challenging curriculum that is within their

最后一种误解是对价值观的误解。这里列举的是过去五十年里在师范教育界最具影响的几项信仰:没有永恒的真理;没有绝对的道德准则;上帝是不存在的。然而人类全部的历史告诉我们:否定这些基本原则,把个人或国家置于宇宙的中心,将导致整个世界陷于瘫痪的、无处不在的自私自利;这方面最先表现出来的迹象已经十分明显,达到了令人吃惊的地步。

阿诺德汤因比曾经说,一切进步,一切发展均来自挑战以及由此引起的相应反应。没有挑战就没有反应,没有进步,没有自由。因此,首先我们在我们的孩子能力所允许的范围内,为他们提供最需要,最具挑战性的的课程。米开朗基罗不是靠心不在焉的乱画学会绘画的,莫扎特要是整天在电视机前消磨时光,就不可能在八岁就成为造诣颇深的钢琴家。正像伊芙·居里和海伦·凯勒一样,他们都是以严格的训练来面对生活中挑战,从而获得了一种新的自由。

capabilities. Michelangelo did not learn to paint by spending his time doodling. Mozart was not an accomplished pianist at the age of eight as the result or spending his days in

front of a television set. Like Eve Curie, like Helen Keller, they responded to the challenge of their lives by a disciplined training: and they gained a new freedom.

The second opportunity we can give our boys and girls is the right to failure. "Freedom is not only a privilege, it is a test," writes De Nouy. What kind of a test is it, what kind of freedom where no one can fail? The day is past when the United States can afford to give high school diplomas to all who sit through four years of instruction, regardless of whether any visible results can be discerned. We live in a narrowed world where we must be alert, awake to realism; and realism demands a standard which either must be met or result in failure. These are hard words, but they are brutally true. If

我们可以给我们的男孩女孩们提供的第二个机会是有失败的权利。“自由不仅仅是一种特权,而且也是一种考验,”德·纽伊写道。一个不允许失败的考验是一种什么样的考验,什么样的自由呢?美国可以向所有在高中读完四年而不管其是否取得任何明显结果的学生发放毕业证书的日子已经一去不复返了。我们生活在一个变得越来越小的世界里,我们必须对现实主义保持警觉,有所认识;而现实主义所要求树立一个或必须达到货导致失败的标准。这种说法过于严酷,但却是严峻的事实。如果剥夺了我们的孩子失败的权力,也就是剥夺了他们认识真实世界的权力。

最后,我们应让孩子们全面

we deprive our children of the right to fail we deprive them of their knowledge of the world as it is.

Finally, we can expose our children to the best values we have found. By relating our lives to the evidences of the ages, by judging our philosophy in the light of values that history has proven truest, perhaps we shall be able to produce that "ringing message, full of content and truth, satisfying the mind, appealing to the heart, firing the will, a message on which one can stake his whole life." This is the message that could mean joy and strength and leadership -- freedom as opposed to serfdom.

Your Key to a Better Life The most important psychological of this century is the discovery of the "self-image." Whether we realize it or not, 了解一下我们已经发现的最好的价值观。把我们的生活与各个时代的事实联系起来,以历史所证实的最正确的价值观来评价我们的人生观,也许这样我们就能够使他们得到那种“时时在耳边回响的启示,这启示内容丰富,闪烁着真理的光辉,令人心悦诚服,感人至深而又激发斗志,让人终生受用不尽。”这就是那种可以带来欢乐、力量和领导能力,也就是自由而不是被奴役的启示。

美好生活的秘决

这个世纪最重要的心理学发现就是“自我意象”。无论我们意识到与否,我们每个人大脑中都有一幅关于自己的蓝图或画像。在我们有意识地凝视之下,它也许是模糊不清的。事实上,我们也许根本无法有意识地去认识它。但它确实是存在的,每一个细节都完整无缺。这个自我意象就是“我是怎样一种人”的自我概念。它建立在我们的自己信念之上。但是,这些自我信念大部分是根据我们过去的经历、特别是根据童年时期的种种经历在不知不觉中形成的。我们

each of us carries about with us a mental blueprint or picture of ourselves. It may be vague and ill-defined to our conscious gaze. In fact, it may not be consciously recognizable at all. But it is there, complete down to the last detail. This self-image is our own conception of the "sort of person I am." It has been built up from our own beliefs about ourselves. But most of these beliefs about ourselves have unconsciously been formed our past experiences, our successes and failures, our humiliations, our triumphs, and the way other people have reacted to us, especially in early childhood. From all these we mentally construct a "self," (or a picture of a self). Once an idea or a belief about ourselves goes into this picture it becomes "true", as far as we personally are concerned. We do not question its validity, but proceed to act upon it just as if it were true.

This self-image becomes a golden key to living a better life because of two 自己的信念是在无意识中通过我们过去的经验、我们的成功和失败、我们遭受的屈辱、我们的胜利以及别人对我们所作出的反应,尤其是在儿童时期对我们的反应等等形成的。根据所有这些以往的经历,我们在大脑中建立了一个“自我”(或一幅自我画像)。就我们自己而言,一旦关于我们自己的某种想法和信念进入到这幅图象当中,,它就变成了“真实的”。我们从不怀疑它是否可信,而是按此行事,就好像它是真的一样。

这一自我意象由于有了两个重要的发现而变成了打开通往更美好生活之门的金钥匙:

1、你所有的行动、情感、举止—甚至你的能力—都始终与这一自我意象保持一致。

简而言之,你把自己想象成怎样一种人,你就会怎样行动。不仅如此,无论你有多大的意志力或作出怎样有意识的努力,你都不可能有其他的行为模式。不

important discoveries:

1. All your actions, feelings, behavior -- even your abilities -- are always consistent with this self-image.

In short, you will "act like" the sort of person you conceive yourself to be. Not only this, but you literally cannot act otherwise, in spite of all your conscious efforts or will power. The man who conceives himself to be a "failure type person" will find some way to fail, in spite of all his good intentions, or his will power, even if opportunity is literally dumped in his lap. The person who conceives himself to be a victim of injustice, one "who was meant to suffer" will invariably find circumstances to verify his opinions.

The self-image is a "premise," a base, or a foundation upon which your entire personality, your behavior, and even your circumstances are built. Because of this our experiences seem to verify, and thereby strengthen our self-images, and a 管一个人有多么良好的愿望或坚强的意志力,如果他把自己想象成一个?失败型的人”,他就会找到某种办法失败,即使机会已经来临他也不会抓住。一位认定自己是不公正行为的受害者的人,一位“注定要吃苦的人”,总会找到各种环境来证实他的观点。

自我意象是一个“前提”,一个根据,或者一种基础,在此之上建立起你全部个性、你的行为甚至你的生活环境。由此,我们的种种经历似乎证实并因此而加强了我们的自我意象。于是,一种恶性-或者良性-循环便就此形成了。

例如,一位把自己看作“F”型学生的男孩,或者“数学上很笨”的学生,总会发现他的成绩单往往证明他判断是正确的。于是他便有了“证据”。一位自认为没人喜欢的女孩会发现自己在学校的舞会上的确没有人理睬。但这种冷遇完全是她自己造成的。她那一副愁眉苦脸的表情、她那种总像是做了错事似得态度,她那种想讨好

vicious or a beneficent cycle, as the case may be, is set up.

For example, a schoolboy who sees himself as an "F" type student, or one who is "dumb in mathematics," will invariably find that his report card bears him out. He then has "proof". A young girl who has an image of herself as the sort of person nobody likes, will find indeed that she is avoided at the school dance. She literally invites rejection. Her woebegone expression, her hang-dog manner, her over-anxiousness to please, or perhaps her unconscious hostility towards those she anticipates will affront her - all act to drive away those whom she would attract. In the same manner, a salesman or a businessman will also find that his actual experiences tend to "prove" his self-image is correct.

Because of this objective "proof" it very seldom occurs to a person that his trouble 别人的焦急的样子,或者也许是她对于那些她以为会当面羞辱她的人的无意识的敌意,这一切把她本应能够吸引过来的人都赶走了。同样地,一位推销员或一位商人也会发现他实际经历趋向于“证明”他的自我意象是正确无误的。

由于有这个客观“证剧”,一个人就很难想到他的问题在于他的自我意象或者他对自己的评价。告诉那位男生他只是“认为”自己无法学会代数,他就会怀疑你神志是否正常。他已经尝试过很多次,可成绩单依然是不及格。告诉那位推销员,他挣的钱不会超过某个数额只是他的一种想法,他就会拿出他的订单证明你错了。他非常清楚的知道他曾经多么艰苦的努力尝试但却遭到了失败。然而,就象我们将要看到的那样,在他们被说服并改变了他们的自我意象之后,学生的成绩和推销员的业务能力便都发生了几乎是奇迹般地变化。

himself. Tell the schoolboy that he only

"thinks" he cannot master algebra, and he will doubt your sanity. He has tried and tried, and still his report card tells the story. Tell the salesman that it is only an idea that he cannot earn more than a certain figure, and he can prove you wrong by his order book. He knows only too well how hard he has tried and failed. Yet, as we shall see later, almost miraculous changes have occurred both in grades of students, and in the earning capacity of salesmen - when they were prevailed upon to change their self-images.

2. The self-image can be changed. Numerous case histories have shown that one is never too young nor too old to change his self-image and thereby start to live a new life.

One of the reasons it has seemed so difficult for a person to change his habits, his personality, or his way of life, has been

2、自我意象能被改变。

无数例子表明,任何人,无论

年龄大小,都可改变自我意象

并由此开始一种新的生活。

一个似乎很难以改变自己

的习惯、个性或生活方式,原因

之一是:到目前为止,几乎所有

试图改变的努力可以说都是对

准了自我的外围,而不是中心进

行的。无数病人对我说过诸如此

类的话:“如果你谈的是…积极

思维?那我以前已经尝试过了,它

对我无效。”然而,只需稍加询

问就会发现,这些人要么把所用

的“积极思维”或他们想要用的“积极思维”,只是针对某些特定的外部环境,或是用于某一特定

的习惯或性格缺陷(“我要得到

那份工作”“以后我要更加冷静、

放松” “这次商业冒险会对我有

利”等等)。但是他们从未想过要

改变将要去完成这些事情的“自

我”的看法。

have been directed to the circumference of the self, so to speak, rather than to the center. Numerous patients have said to me

something like the following: "If you are talking about 'positive thinking', I've tried that before, and it just doesn't work for me." However, a little questioning invariably brings out that these individuals have employed "positive thinking," or attempted to employ it, either upon particular external circumstances, or upon some particular habit or character defect ("I will get that job." " I will be more calm and relaxed in the future." "This business venture will turn out right for me," etc.) But they had never thought to change their thinking of the "self" which was to accomplish these things.

Jesus warned us about the folly of putting a patch of new material upon an old garment, or of putting new wine into old bottles. "Positive thinking" cannot be used effectively as a patch or a crutch to the

耶稣曾警告我们,把新布补在旧衣上或是把新酒倒入旧瓶中都是愚蠢的。“积极思维”当做一块补丁或一根拐杖,加在原来那个旧的自我意象上是不会有作用的。事实上,只要你对自我持否定态度,你就不可能会真正的积极思考某个具体问题。而且,无数实验证明:自我概念一旦改变,与这一新的自我概念相一致的其他事情就可以轻而易举、毫不费力的完成。

已故普斯科特?莱基是自我意象心理学的先驱之一,他在这方面曾作过最早的也是最具说服力的一系列实验。他把个性看做是一个”思想体系”,其中所有的思想看上去必须是相互一致、相互协调的。与该体系不一致的思想一律受到排斥,“不被相信”并且不被用作行动的指南。看上

same old self-image. In fact, it is literally impossible to really think positively about a particular situation, as long as you hold a negative concept of self. And, numerous experiments have shown that once the concept of self is changed, other things consistent with the new concept of self, are accomplished easily and without strain.

One of the earliest and most convincing experiments along this line was conducted by the late Prescott Lecky, one of the pioneers in self-image psychology. Lecky conceived of the personality as a "system of ideas", all of which must seem to be consistent with each other. Ideas which are inconsistent with the system are rejected, "not believed," and not acted upon. Ideas which seem to be consistent with the system are accepted. At the very center of this system of ideas -- the keystone -- the base upon which all else is built, is the individual's "ego ideal," his "self-image," or his conception of himself. 去与该系统相一致的思想则被

接受。在这个思想体系中最中心

的—核心的思想是个人的“自我

理想”,他的“自我意象”或者

自我概念,其他的一切均建立在

这一基石货基础之上。莱基生前

是一位学校教师,因此,他有机

会在几千名学生身上检验他的

理论。

根据莱基的理论,如果一位

学生在学习某门功课有困难,这

可能是因为(从那个学生的角度

看)他认为自己不合适于那门

课。然而莱基相信,如果你能够

改变使这个学生产生这种观点

的自我概念,那他对这门课的态

度就会随之改变。如果能说服这

个学生改变他的自我定义,他的

学习能力也会随之发生改变。这

一点已经被证实。有个学生在100个单词中拼错55个,而且由于多门功课不及格而失去了

一年学分的学生,但在第二年里

他的每门平均成绩达到91分,

并成为学校拼写最好者之一;一

位由于成绩不佳而从学院退学

的男生,进了哥伦比亚大学并成

为一名全优生。一位4次都没通

Lecky was a school teacher and had an opportunity to test his theory upon thousands of students.

Lecky theorized that if a student had trouble learning a certain subject, it could be because (from the student's point of view) it would be inconsistent for him to learn it. Lecky believed, however, that if you could change the student's self-conception, which underlies this viewpoint, his attitude toward the subject would change accordingly. If the student could be induced to change his selfdefinition, his learning ability should also change. This proved to be the case. One student who misspelled 55 words out of a hundred and flunked so many subjects that he lost credit for a year, made a general average of 91 the next year and became one of the best spellers in school. A boy who was dropped from one college because of poor grades, entered Columbia and became a straight "A" student. A girl 过拉丁文考试的女生,在与学校顾问谈了三次话后,拉丁语课程以84分通过。,一位被一个测试管理处断定为没有学英语的天赋的男生,第二年获得了文学荣誉奖。

这些学生的问题并不是他们笨或缺乏基本能力,而在于一个他们有一个不正确的自我意象(“我没有学数学的头脑”,“我天生不会拼写单词”)。他们

把自己同他们的错误和失败“等同”起来。他们不是说:“我那次考试失败了”(这种说法是对事实的描述),而是下结论的说:“我是个失败者”。他们不是说:“我那门功课不及格”,而是说:“我是个不及格的学生。”对于那些有兴趣进一步了解莱基的工作的人,我推荐他们买一本他的书:《自我一致,关于个性的一

who had flunked Latin four times, after three talks with the school counselor, finished with a grade of 84. A boy who was told by a testing bureau that he had no aptitude for English, won honorable mention the next year for a literary prize.

The trouble with these students was not that they were dumb, or lacking in basic aptitudes. The trouble was an inadequate self-image ("I don't have a mathematical mind"; "I'm just naturally a poor speller"). They "identified" with their mistakes and failures. Instead of saying "I failed that test" (factual and descriptive) they concluded "I am a failure." Instead of saying "I flunked that subject" they said "I am a failure." Instead of saying "I flunked that subject" they said "I am a flunk-out." For those who are interested in leaning more of Lecky's work, I recommend securing a copy of his book: self consistency, a Theory of Personality. The Island Press, Now York, N.Y. 种理论》,纽约岛屿出版社出版。

科学与科学态度

科学是关于自然的知识主体,代表了人类集体的努力,洞察力,研究成果和智慧。科学并不是什么新的事物,在有文字记载的历史以前,当人类最初发现其周围反复出现的事物之间的各种关系时,就有了科学的开端。通过对这些相互关系的仔细观察,人们开始认识自然,而由于自然的可靠性,他们发现自己可以预测未来,从而有可能在某种程度上控制他们的周围环境。

在十六世纪,科学取得了最大的进步,那时的人们已经开始

Science and the Scientific Attitude

Science is the body of knowledge about nature that represents the collective efforts, insights, findings, and wisdom of the human race. Science is not something new but had its beginnings before recorded history when humans first discovered reoccurring relationships around them. Through careful observations of these relationships, they began to know nature and, because of nature's dependability, found they could make predictions to enable some control over their surroundings.

Science made its greatest headway in the sixteenth century when people began asking answerable questions about nature -- when they began replacing superstition by a systematic search for order -- when experiment in addition to logic was used to test ideas. Where people once tried to influence natural events with magic and 就自然现象提出一些可以回答的问题,开始用对秩序的规律系统的研究来代替迷信;那时,人们除了使用逻辑外,还运用实验来验证各种观点。过去人们曾试图用魔术和超自然的力量来影响自然现象,而现在他们用科学来作指导,然而由于对科学方法与思想的强烈的反对,进步是缓慢的。

大约在1510年,哥白尼提出了太阳静止不动,地球绕太阳旋转的观点。他驳斥了地球是宇宙中心的观点。经过几年的犹豫,他发表了自己研究成果,但还没等到他的书广泛流传,哥白尼就逝世了。他的书被认为是异端的、危险的,并被教会禁锢了二百年。在哥白尼之后一个世纪,数学家布鲁诺被烧死在火刑柱上——主要原因是他支持哥白尼,认为太阳是一颗恒星,空间是无限的。伽俐略因为普及哥白尼的理论以及他对科学思想的其它贡献而被关进监狱。然而,几/两个世纪之后,哥白尼

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大学英语精读1课文翻译 Unit1 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语,然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差?其实,责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑,必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习,有用的词汇必须牢记,而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2.密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过,为什么我们说 "我对英语感兴趣"是"I'm interested in English",而说"我精于法语"则是"I'm good at French"?你可曾问过自己,为什么以英语为母语的人说"获悉消息或秘密"是"learn the news or secret",而"获悉某人的成功或到来"却是"learn of someone's success or arrival"?这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时,你不仅必须注意词义,还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3.每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力,而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外,你还可以听英语广播,看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段,你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意,然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4.抓住机会说。的确,在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多,但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如,跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读,因为这在任何时间,任何地方,不需要搭档就可以做到。例如,你可以看着图片或身边的物件,试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后,假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家,试着用英语把它表演出来。

高中英语必修1 课文翻译(人教新课标)

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