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201506257学术英语重点整理

201506257学术英语重点整理
201506257学术英语重点整理

一、Formal / Informal

第10页

1 .Semblance / similarity

2. Cogency / powerfulness

3. Attain / achieve

4. Interchange / exchange

5. Elicited / produced

6. Merit / (good) qualities

第30页

1. Encompass / include encompasses

2. Espousing / supporting espouse/support

3. Assert / claim

4. Proceed /continue

Whereby / by which means

5. Allegiance / loyalty

Thereby / by that means

第90页

1. Recourse / turning

2. Deem / regard

3. Cohesion / unity

4. Comprehend / understand

5. Suffice/ enough

6. Retain / keep

第110页

1. Tutelage / instruction

2. Emolument / pay

3. Transpired / happened

4. In repose / at rest

5. Meticulous / careful

第156页

1. Disparate /different

2. Encompasses / include

3. Prevalent / common

4. Scrutiny / examination

5. Dispute / question

6. Therefor / and so

7. Illuminate / explain

8. Address / deal with

二、Specialized vocabulary

第28页

1. literary theory / 文学理论

2. literary criticism / 文学批评

3. school of criticism / 批评流派

4. figure of speech / 修辞

5. word choice / 选词

6. 马克思主义批评家/ Marxist critic

7. 新历史主义/ New Historicism

8. 文化诗学/ Cultural Poetics

9. 后殖民主义/ postcolonialism

10. 美国非洲研究/ African American studies

11. 性别研究/ gender studies

第89页

1. 政党统治/ political party dominance

2. 军事史/ military history

3. 社会背景/ societal setting

4. 社会单位/ social unit

5. genealogy / 宗谱

6. national identity / 民族意识

7. citizenship / 公民身份

8. public behavior / 公共行为

第154页

1. ethics / 道德

2. aesthetics / 美学

3. feminist / 女权主义者

4. conceptual analysis / 概念分析

5. paradox / 悖论

6. metaphysics / 形而上学

7. 世界观/ world view

8. 认识论/ epistemology

9. 存在主义者/ existentialist

10. 现象论者/ phenomenologist

三、段落翻译

第五单元

1. People live in the present. They plan for and worry about the future. History, however, is the study of the past. Given all the demands that press in form living in the present and anticipating what is yet to come, why bother with what has been? Given all the desirable and available branches of knowledge, why insist—as most American educational programs do—on a good bit of history? And why urge many students to study even more history than they are required to?

人们活在当下,他们计划并担忧着未来。然而历史却是对过去的研究。考虑到当今的人们越来越多的需求和参与到未知的未来,我们为什么还要费尽心机地去研究过去呢?考虑到现在有那么多受欢迎的、可供选择的学科分支,为什么要像大多数美国教育计划要求的那样,坚持学习大量的历史呢?为什么要极力敦促学生去学习比教学大纲要求的更多的历史呢?

2. Historians do not perform heart transplants, improve highway design, or arrest criminals. In a society that quite correctly expects education to severe useful purposes, the functions of history can seem more difficult to define than those of engineering or medicine. History is in fact very useful, actually indispensable, but the products of historical study are less tangible, sometimes less immediate, than those that stem from some other disciplines.

历史学家不会做心脏移植,也不会改善告诉公路设计,更不会逮捕罪犯。在一个力求教育能够满足有效目的的社会,历史的作用比起工程设计和医药等学科的作用来说,更难界定。但事实上历史是非常有用的,甚至是不可或缺的。比起那些其他学科分支所产生的研究成果,历史研究的成果是无形的,在某些时候是后知后觉的。

7. These two fundamental reasons for studying history underlie more specific and quite diverse uses of history in our own lives. History well told is beautiful. Many of the historians who most appeal to the general reading public know the importance of dramatic and skillful writing—as well as of accuracy. Biography and military history appeal in part because of the tales they contain. History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding. Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and societies have actually functioned, and they prompt thoughts about the human experience in other times and places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility. Exploring what historians sometimes call the "pastness of the past"—the ways people in distant ages constructed their lives—involves a sense of beauty and excitement, and ultimately another perspective on human life and society.

这(以上)两个根本的学习历史的原因构成了我们生活中更精确、更广泛地运用历史的一个基础。一个好的历史是美妙的。为大多数读者深深喜爱的历史学家深谙扣人心弦的写作技巧的重要性——以及精确的重要性。传记和军事历史为读者所喜爱的部分原因是由于它们自身所蕴含的历史故事。历史像艺术和娱乐一样,也服务于一个真实的意图,既保持艺术的高度,同时又是普通大众易于理解的层面。写得好的故事能够揭露人们是如何生活以及社会是如何运作的。这些故事激励人们去思考在其他时空的关于人类的生活经验。同样的,美学和人文主义目标激励人们全身心投入到努力重建相当遥远的过去中去。重建的过去和当下社会并没有什么有用的联系。探索历史学家称之为“过去的过去”——即人类在远古时代构建生活的方式——蕴含了一种美感和兴奋感,这种探索最后会带来一种解读人类生活和社会的全新视角。

10. Study of history is essential for good citizenship. This is the most common justification for the place of history in school curricula. Sometimes advocates of citizenship history hope merely to promote national identity and loyalty through a history spiced by vivid stories and lessons in individual success and morality. But the importance of history for citizenship goes beyond this narrow goal and can even challenge it at some points.

学习历史对于形成良好的公民素质是必要的,这也是历史在学校课程中占有一席之地的普遍理由。有时,公民身份历史的拥护者,只是希望通过个人成功及个人道德这样生动的故事来提升民族认同感和忠诚度。但是历史对于公民身份的重要性,远远超过了这个狭隘的目标,有时甚至在某些方面上向其发出挑战。

第八单元

1. Well, what do you think philosophy is? Most people can't answer this question. It's too abstract. It's also controversial. Philosophers themselves can't agree on any answer. Sure, the name "philosophy" derives from the Greek for "love of wisdom", but what's that? There has been a long and glorious history of people called philosophers, but they talk about all kinds of topics in all kinds of ways. It is not clear what, if anything, they have in common that makes them all philosophers.

你认为哲学是什么呢?大多数人都没办法回答这个问题。因为哲学太抽象也太具有争议了。对此哲学家的的意见也不一致。当然,哲学这一词来源于古希腊的爱智慧,但是爱智慧又是什么呢?这些被称为哲学家的人们拥有一个悠久而又辉煌的历史。但是他们用不同的方法来讨论不同的话题。总之,到底有哪些共同之处让他们被称为哲学家是不确切的。

4. This goal also means that you can study anything under the name of philosophy. Philosophy encompasses subfields called philosophy of religion, of law, of economics, of biology, of physics, of mathematics, of computers, of psychology, of art, of music, of literature, and so on. Any and all of these topics can be studied in a philosophical way when one asks how they are related to each other in an overall world view.

这个目标意味着你能以哲学的名义学习任何东西。哲学包括以下分支:宗教、法律、经济、生物、物理、数学、计算机、心理学、艺术、音乐、文学等等。当有人问起在统一的世界观里,这些主题是如何联系的,我们就可以用一种哲学的方式去研究它。

7. The method of conceptual analysis might sometimes seem picky, but unclarity or imprecision in our concepts is often what leads us into paradoxes and incoherence in our world views. That is why the philosophical goal of a coherent overall world view makes philosophers adopt the method of conceptual analysis.

概念分析的仿佛有时候可能看起来过分讲究,但是我们如果概念不清晰或者不严密,那么这些概念经常会把我们带入自相矛盾和不合理的世界观中。因为哲学的目标是要形成一个合乎逻辑、相对统一的世界观,所以哲学家们要采用概念分析的方法。

9. One feature is shared by almost all methods used by philosophers: Philosophers question authorities. Whereas legislators or judges have the authority to declare what the law is, and specific texts determine what is required by some religions, philosophers do not grant any special authority to anyone or anything. Every claim, no matter where it comes from, is subject to scrutiny. Even common sense is not taken for granted, which leads philosophers to put forward some very weird views.

几乎哲学家用到的所有方法都有一个共同的特征:哲学家质疑权威。尽管立法者和法官有权利宣布什么是法律,并且一些特殊的条款也限制了某些宗教的诉求但是哲学家并不认同任何人、任何事的任何特权。每个主张,不论它来自哪里,都必须接受仔细的审查,即使是常识也不把它认为是理所当然的,这就导致哲学家会提出一些怪异的观点。

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