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高考英语语法突破:冠词、介词(短语)

高考英语语法突破:冠词、介词(短语)
高考英语语法突破:冠词、介词(短语)

第二讲冠词、介词(短语)

冠词

[思维导图]

Ⅰ.冠词的基本用法

一、不定冠词

1.表示类指或指某类中的任何一个。

A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.

病毒是一种引发疾病的微生物。

2.表示泛指。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词,因此由不定

冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义,相当于 a certain。

Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be a Picasso.

专家们认为最近发现的那幅画可能是毕加索的作品。

3.表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。Suddenly they heard a loud voice.

他们突然听到砰的一声噪音。

4.表示“每”,相当于per,用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。

Prices start at £13.95 a yard for printed cotton.

印花棉布以每码13.95英镑的价格起售。

5.表示“同一,相同”,相当于the same。

They happen to be of a n age and wear clothes of a color.

他们碰巧同龄而且穿着同样颜色的衣服。

6.用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,使之具体化。这样的物质名词有:rain,snow,fog,wind,drink,coffee,beer,fire,paper等;抽象名词有:success,failure,

surprise,pleasure,beauty,wonder,comfort,danger,shock等。

He suddenly appeared on a rainy night,which was a great surprise to us.

他在一个雨夜突然出现,这使我们非常吃惊。

After preparing all the equipment for an outdoor shoot,suddenly a heavy rain came. 为户外拍摄做好一切准备后,突然下起了大雨。

7.不定冠词用于序数词前,强调“再一,又一”。

Live a good,honorable life.Then when you get older and think back,you’ll get to enjoy it a second time.

过一种优质而高尚的生活。那样,当你逐渐老去,回首往事时,你会再次享受到

生活的乐趣。

二、定冠词

1.表示特指的人或物或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物或者指上文已经

提到过的人或事物。

the restaurant.

Take your time—it’s just a short distance from here to

不着急——从这里到那家餐馆只有很短的一段距离。

2.用在世界上独一无二的名词前。

The earth goes around the sun.

地球围绕太阳转。

3.用于序数词、形容词的最高级前。

Is this the first time you have visited Qingdao?

这是你第一次游览青岛吗?

China is one of the richest countries in natural resources in the world.

在自然资源方面,中国是世界上最富有的国家之一。

4.用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人或夫妻俩;或用于形容词或分词

前,表示一类人或物。

The explosion saw people rush to help the injured.

爆炸发生后,人们赶到现场帮助受伤的人。

The Greens are on holiday now.

格林一家(夫妇)现在正在度假。

5.用在逢十的年代前,表示“在某世纪几十年代”。

the 17th century.

It’s said that corn was grown a lot in Tibet in

据说在十七世纪的时候玉米在西藏大量种植。

6.用在表示单位的名词前。

I hired the car by the hour.

我按小时租车。

7.用在表示身体部位的名词前,表示“打、抓住某人身体的某个部位”。

The police caught the thief by t he arm.

警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。

三、零冠词

1.专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词。

He is living in Canada now.

他现在住在加拿大。

2.季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。

We usually have b reakfast at 7 o’clock.

我们通常7点吃早饭。

3.在学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。

English.

I’m interested in

我对英语感兴趣。

He is fond of playing chess.

他喜欢下棋。

4.表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时,其前通常不用冠词。

Dr.Peter Spence,headmaster of the school,told us,“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge.”

这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭思博士告诉我们说:“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛

津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”

5.系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。

His brother has turned writer.

他弟弟已成为一名作家。

6.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语”意为“尽管……但是……”。Hero as/though he is,he has some shortcomings.

尽管他是个英雄,但是他也有一些缺点。

Ⅱ.冠词的固定搭配

一、不定冠词用于固定搭配中

as a result 因此

as a whole 总体上

at a loss 不知所措

in a word 总之

in a way 在某种程度上

keep an eye on 照看,留意

pay a visit to 拜访

put an end to 结束

once upon a time 从前

be on a diet 节食

have a gift for 在某方面有天赋

have/catch a cold 感冒

make a living 谋生

have/take a rest 休息

give sb a lift 让某人搭便车

as a rule 通常

as a matter of fact 事实上

in a hurry 匆忙

in a sense 在某种意义上

in a short while 不久

once in a while 偶尔

all of a sudden 突然

二、定冠词用于固定搭配中

in the middle of 在……中间

by the way 顺便说一下

in the way 挡道

at the same time 同时

to tell the truth 说实话

on the spot 在现场

the other day 前几天

at the moment 此刻,目前

in the end 最后

in the distance 在远处

on the whole 总的来说

on the other hand 另一方面

for the time being 暂时

not in the least 一点也不

take the place of 代替

to the point 中肯,切题

make the most/best of 充分利用三、零冠词用于固定搭配中

at present 目前

in peace 平静

on purpose 故意

ahead of time 提前

by law 根据法律

under repair 处于维修中

day and night 整日整夜

out of control 失控

in danger 处于危险之中

take part in 参加

by chance/accident 碰巧

on second thoughts 再一想

in advance 提前

by mistake 由于差错

lose heart 灰心

from morning till night 从早到晚

out of work 失业

at risk 有危险

冠词解题两注意

一、注意泛指还是特指

如果空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。

(1)如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”,一般填a/an。如果可翻译成“这/那个,这/那些”一般填the。

(2)如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。

The story happened in a small town in Victoria.

故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。

Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?你认识那个站在门口的人吗?

二、注意不定冠词a/an的区别

看到辅音音素开头的名词要想到应为不定冠词a; 看到元音音素开头的名词要想到应为不定冠词an。

I watch TV for sixteen or seventeen hours a day.

我一天要看十六七个小时的电视。

He’s such an outstanding player that teenagers regard as him a hero.

他是如此优秀的运动员,青少年视他为英雄。

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

,while 1.Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ________ past 25 years

全国卷Ⅱ)

rice has increased only 7 percent.(2018·

答案the[the past 25 years 意为“过去的25年”,此处特指过去的25年。]

2.I’m face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at ________ top of her 全国卷Ⅲ)

lungs.(2018·

答案the[at the top of one’s lungs尽量大声地,声嘶力竭地。]

全3.Instead,she is earning £6,500 a day as ________ model in New York.(2017·国卷Ⅲ)

答案a[此处意为“作为纽约的一名模特”,在单数可数名词model前应该使

用不定冠词a,表示“一,一名”。]

浙江高考)

4.For Pahlsson,its return was ________ wonder.(2017·

答案a[wonder为可数名词,表示“奇迹,奇事”,此处为泛指,故要用不定

冠词a。]

5.The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is

being bottle-fed,________other is with mum—she never suspects.(2016·

全国卷Ⅰ)

答案the[此处表示双胞胎大熊猫中的另一只,两者之间的“另一个”应该使

用the other。]

6.Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for ________ while,exercising,or doing something you enjoy.(2016·

全国卷Ⅱ)

答案a[for a while为固定搭配,意为“一会儿”。]

Ⅱ.单句改错

1.During my last winter holiday,I went to countryside with my father to visit my

全国卷Ⅰ)

grandparents.(2018·

答案countryside前加定冠词the[the countryside是固定用法,意为“乡下,农

村”。]

2.They live far from the school,and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to

全国卷Ⅱ)

work every day.(2017·

答案第一个a→an/one[hour的读音以元音音素开头,且是可数名词,所以表

示一个小时用an/one hour。]

全国卷Ⅰ)

3.I still remember how hard first day was.(2017·

答案first前加the/my[表示第几天,序数词前要加定冠词the或者用限定词进

行修饰。]

全国卷Ⅱ)

4.But in that case,we will learn little about world.(2016·

答案world前加the[此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。]

5.At the first,I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by

全国卷Ⅲ)

myself.(2016·

答案去掉the[at first “起初”,为固定短语。]

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.According to the New Zealand Transport Agency,65% of New Zealanders own a

石家庄

cell phone,and 57% of those people use their cell phone while driving.(2019·

模拟)

太原

2.Smoking is one of the biggest causes of preventable deaths in England.(2019·模拟)

3.Each year,thousands of people came to Shaanxi,China to visit the Terracotta

(2019·巢湖

Army,which shows the life of Qin Shi Huang, the country’s first Emperor.

模拟)

会宁模

4.It was the evening of a__weekend when they moved to another city.(2019·拟)

5.One thing we can do to help solve this problem is to walk or use a__bicycle when

沧州模拟)

possible.(2019·

6.In the beginning,there was only a__very small amount of unfairness in the world,

but everyone added a little,always thinking that it was only small and not very

重庆模拟)

important,and look where we have ended up today.(2019·

7.After going through some work with a couple of kids I learned I was not as good as

I thought I was,and it was better to ask for help than do what you thought was

大庆模拟)

right.(2019·

衡阳模拟)

8.I haven’t

seen Jane for quite a while since she moved to Paris.(2019·

9.I usually go to my workplace coffee shop to place an order but this Wednesday,it

was slightly different.(2019·

柳州模拟)

10.At the same time,great progress made in science and technology was really

河南中原名校三模)

amazing.(2019·

Ⅱ.单句改错

1.I’m writing to inform you of good piece of news.(2019·石家庄模拟)good前加a

太原模

2.The blogs serve as open platform where you can do lots of things.(2019·拟)open前加an

巢湖模拟)loss前加a

3.Trapped in a truck stop,she felt totally at loss.(2019·

4.It is such great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of mine who is going

to Beijing.(2019·

重庆模拟)such后加a

兰州模

5.Tom and Dick are next door neighbors who both work in same office.(2019·拟)same前加the

6.What we have learned from the trip is to help,understand and share with others.In

银川模拟)In后加a

word,we have got quite a lot from it.(2019·

7.Antarctica,coldest place on Earth,is the fifth largest continent in the

world.(2019·

四川双流中学模拟)coldest前加the

8.When my father bought me a computer as birthday present last year,I felt very

河南洛阳外国语学校模拟)as后加a

excited. (2019·

湖南石门一

9.The camp is at a bottom of a mountain close to a beautiful river.(2019·中模拟)第一个a→the

10.It is great honour for me to take part in the volunteer work,and I learn the significance of helping others.(2019·

大连模拟)is后加a

11.Sam has been appointed the manager of the engineering department to take the

九江模拟)去掉manager前的the

place of George.(2019·

Ⅲ.语法填空

(2019·渭南模拟)According to a recent survey,violence does exist in schools.Students show their fear; parents and teachers also 1.________ (express) their

great concern about it.Experts hope 2.________ whole society pays more attention to

the mental health of adolescents.

Nowadays,school violence is a hot issue.I think this is a phenomenon,which

3.________ (call) for our great concern.We should make every effort

4.________(prevent) school violence happening,for more and more students would

drop out if their personal 5.________ (safe) could not be guaranteed.In fact,violence

can be learned.6.________ (actual),children learn violent behavior from adults or

from 7.________ they see on television or on the Internet.

If I meet with school violence,I will not answer violence with violence,for it will

result in a bit 8.________ (much) fighting.I will tell my teachers or parents about it.I

think they will help me deal with it well and protect me 9.________bad guys.

All in all,we students should behave 10.________ (we) and keep away from violence.

【语篇解读】文章讲述了校园暴力现象以及对此的态度和解决措施。

1.express[考查动词时态。此处讲述一种事实,与所给时态一致也需用一般现

在时,故填express。]

2.the[考查冠词。此处特指整个社会,用定冠词。故填the。]

3.calls[考查动词时态和主谓一致。句中which指代a phenomenon,是单数形式。谓语动词也应用单数,故填calls。]

4.to prevent[考查非谓语动词。此处指我们应该尽一切努力来阻止校园暴力的

发生,动词不定式表目的,故填to prevent。]

5.safety[考查词性转换。由空前的their personal修饰可知此处用名词,指他

们的个人安全,故填safety。]

6.Actually[考查副词。此处单独作状语,表示“事实上,实际上”,用副词形式。故填Actually。]

7.what[考查名词性从句。此处指他们从电视或网络上看到的东西,做动词see 的宾语,故填what。]

8.more[考查比较级。此处由 a bit修饰比较级表示程度,指以暴制暴会导致

更多的打斗,表示“更多的”有比较的意思。故填more。]

9.from[考查介词。protect sb from doing sth保护某人免受……。] 10.ourselves[考查反身代词。根据主语we可知宾语用反身代词,指我们学生

应该使自己的举止规范,故填ourselves。]

Ⅳ.短文改错

(2019·厦门模拟)Last Sunday,I joined the voluntary group to help keep the traffic in good order at a big crossing near our school.At 8:00 a.m.,we arrived there,wore red vests with the word VOLUNTEER on the back.We helped with the police

remind the passers-by to obey traffic rule.To our delighted,they all waited for the green light patient except one motor-biker.We also give out some hand-made brochures about traffic regulations,for that many people praised us.About 4 hours later,they said good-bye to the police and left.Tired as we were,we all felt an honor to do our parts.

答案

Last Sunday,I joined the

a voluntary group to help keep the traffic in good order

at a big crossing near our school.At 8:00 a.m.,we arrived there,wore

wearing

red vests with the word VOLUNTEER on the back.We helped the police remind the

passers-by to obey traffic rule

rules

.To our

delighted

delight

,they all waited for the green light

patient patiently except one motor-biker.We also

give

gave

out some hand-made brochures

about traffic regulations,for

that

which many people praised us.About 4 hours later,

they

we

said good-bye to the police and left.Tired as we were,we all felt an honor to do our parts.

介词(短语)[思维导图]

一、常用介词

方位介词above,across,along,among,around,at,below,beside,between,down,in,inside,into,near,off,on,outside,over,through,to,towards,under,up

时间介词after,at,before,by,during,for,from,in,on,over,since,through,till,until,within,between

表示工具、手段、方式

的介词

by,on,over,with,in 表示原因的介词with,for,from,of,over

表示支持、反对的介词for,against

其他常用介词besides,except,but,without,beyond,about等二、固定搭配

1.介词与动词构成的搭配

take advantage of利用

thank sb for sth 为某事感谢某人

have an effect on 对……有影响

separate...from 把……与……分开

make a list of 列出一张……的单子

play with 同……一起玩;玩弄

say goodbye to 对……说再见contribute to 贡献;有助于;促成provide sb with sth 提供某人某物

hold up 举起

rely on 依靠

refer to 提及;参考;查阅

pass by 经过

care about 关心;介意

feel like 想要

call for 需要

pay for 为……付款

apply for 申请

begin with 以……开始

2.与形容词构成的搭配

?be+adj.+about

be anxious about 忧虑……

be curious about 对……好奇

be particular about 对……讲究/挑剔be worried/concerned about 对……担心?be+adj.+at

be angry at 因……生气

be good at 擅长

be astonished at 对……吃惊

be present at 出席

?be+adj.+in

be absorbed in 专注于……

be active in 积极于……

be dressed in 穿着……

be engaged in 忙于……

be rich in 富含……

be occupied in 忙于……

?be+adj.+for

be eager for 渴望……

be famous for 以……著名

be fit for 适合,胜任……

be ready for 准备好……

be sorry for 对……感到抱歉

be prepared for 为……做好准备?be+adj.+from

be absent from 缺席

be different from 不同于

be far from 远离

be free from 不受……影响

?be+adj.+to

be close to 接近……

be devoted to 致力于……

be equal to 等于……

be familiar to 对……来说熟悉be friendly to 对……友好

be harmful to 对……有危害

be kind to 对……友好

be similar to 与……相似

be grateful to 对……心存感激?be+adj.+of

be aware of 意识到……

be fond of 喜欢……

be proud of 因……而自豪

be short of 缺乏……

?be+adj.+with

be busy with 忙于……

be familiar with 对……熟悉

be combined with 与……结合

be patient with 对……有耐心

be popular with 受……的欢迎

be pleased with 对……感到满意

by angry with (sb) 对(某人)发怒

3.与名词构成的搭配

?“at+n.”表示状态

at a loss 不知所措

at peace 处于和平中

at war 在战争中

at work 在工作

?其他以at开头的介词短语

at the beginning of 在……的开始

at the cost of 以……为代价

at the risk of 冒……的危险

at the mercy of 在……支配下

?“on+n.”表示状态

on exhibition/show 在展出

on fire 着火

on sale 出售,打折

on the way 在途中

on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加on holiday/vacation 在度假

?其他以on开头的介词短语

on account of 因为

on behalf of 代表

on no account/condition 决不?“by+n.”表示方式

by accident 偶然

by air/plane 乘飞机

by chance 偶然

by coincidence 碰巧

by hand 用手工

by mistake 错误地

by the day 按天算

by nature 天生地

?“in+n.”表示方式

in cash 用现金付款

in depth 在深度上

in detail 详细地

in height 在高度上

in length 在长度上

in English 用英语

?其他以in开头的介词短语

in no time 立刻

in no way 决不

in place of 代替

in possession of 拥有,占有in addition to 另外

in charge of 掌管……

in return 作为回报

in spite of 尽管

in exchange for 作为交换

in favor of 支持,赞成

in case of 万一;如果;假如

in honour of 为向……表示敬意

in memory of 为了纪念……

in support of 为支持……

?“of+n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词) of benefit 有益处的

of help 有帮助的

of importance 重要的

of significance 有重大意义的

of use 有用的

of value 有价值的

?“out of+n.”表示状态

out of balance 失去平衡

out of breath 上气不接下气

out of control 不受控制

out of date 过期

out of order 出故障

out of sight 看不到

out of the question 不可能

out of question 毫无疑问

out of work 失业

?“under+n.”表示被动

under attack 遭到袭击

under pressure 在压力下

under treatment 在治疗中

under control 处于控制之下

?“with+n.”表示方式

with delight/joy 高兴地

with difficulty 困难地

with ease 轻而易举地

with fear 害怕地

with pleasure 乐意地

?“beyond+n.”表示“超出……,难以……”

beyond compare 无与伦比

beyond reach 够不到

beyond description 难以描述

beyond expression/words 难以表达

4.与其他词构成的搭配

next to 紧挨着

in between 在中间,在两者之间

instead of 代替

apart from 除……之外

regardless of 不管,不顾

according to 根据

along with 随着

together with 连同

owing to 因为

but for 要不是

up to 直到;由……而定

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.I was searching ________these three western lowland gorillas I’d been 全国卷Ⅲ)

observing.(2018·

答案for[search for固定搭配,意为“寻找,搜索”。]

2.If you are not going to suffer this problem,then I suggest that the next time you go

浙江高

to your mum’s home ________ dinner

,get a few cooking tips from her.(2018·考)

答案for[此处go to...for...构成搭配,表示目的。]

3.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds

全国卷Ⅱ)

on the roads above as they travelled to and________work.(2017·

答案from[to and from“往返,来回,来来往往”。to and from work“上下班”。]

4.This trend,which was started by the medical community (医学界)________ a method of fighting heart disease,has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to 全国卷Ⅰ)

fight.(2017·

答案as[此处指作为一种抵抗心脏病的方法。as表示“作为”。]

5.After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to

全国卷Ⅲ) university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.(2017·答案in[名词degree意为“学位”,后面应该跟介词in,表示“在……方面”。

a degree in engineering or architecture意为“工程学或建筑学学位”。]

6.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India,for example,most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.(2016·

全国卷Ⅲ)

答案with[with one’s hands “用某人的手”。介词with意为“用”。]

7.The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.(2016·

四川高考)

答案for[句意:熊猫妈妈对小熊猫的照顾会持续两年多。“for+时间段”表

示持续一段时间。]

8.But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the

全国卷Ⅰ)

mid-1980s (2016)

答案to[go back to为固定短语,意为“回到,追溯到”。]

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