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SAE-AMS-S-13165_美国军用喷丸标准

SAE-AMS-S-13165

ADOPTION NOTICE

SAE-AMS-S-13165, "SHOT PEENING OF METAL PARTS", was adopted on

19-FEB-98 for use by the Department of Defense (DoD). Proposed changes by DoD activities must be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity: Army Research Laboratory Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, Attn: AMSRL-WM-M, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

21005-5069. Copies of this document may be purchased from the Society of Automotive Engineers 400 Commonwealth Drive

Warrendale, Pennsylvania, United States, 15096-0001.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4d16195260.html,/

___________________

Custodians:Adopting Activity:

Army - MR

Navy - AS

Air Force - 11

AREA MFFP

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A:Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”

SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 1997 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

2.APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS:

The following publications, of the issues in effect on date of invitation for bids or request for proposal, form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein.

2.1U.S. Government Publications:

Available from DODSSP, Subscription Services Desk, Building 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue,

Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.

MIL-S-851Steel Grit, Shot, and Cut Wire Shot; and Iron Grit and Shot-Blast Cleaning and --``,,``,`,`,,,,,`,`,,``,,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Peening

MIL-S-5002Surface Treatments and Inorganic Coatings for Metal Surfaces of Weapon

Systems

MIL-G-9954Glass Beads, For Cleaning and Peening

MIL-STD-45662Calibration Systems Requirements

RR-S-366Sieves, T est

2.2SAE Publications:

Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.

J441Cut Wire Shot

J1830Ceramic Shot for Peening

3.REQUIREMENTS:

3.1Shot:

3.1.1Material: The shot used shall be made from cast iron, cast steel, cut steel wire (or stainless cut

wire), glass, or ceramic as specified or approved. The hardness shall be determined by any of the various methods applicable to small sections at loads determined to provide a reliable conversion to Rockwell C. Steel and iron shot shall conform to MIL-S-851. For steel parts over 200,000 psi tensile strength, use hard steel shot in the range 55-65 HRC or ceramic shot, hardness

comparable to 57-63 HRC, unless otherwise specified (see 6.14). Stainless steel cut wire shot, type 302 or 304 (condition B spring temper), and carbon steel cut wire shot shall conform to

SAE J441. Glass beads shall conform to MIL-G-9954 except for sieve analysis. Ceramic beads shall meet the requirements of SAE J1830.

3.1.2Size: Unless otherwise specified, the size of shot charged into the machine, whether new shot,

used shot, or reclassified shot, shall be at the option of the contractor and shall be as specified in table II (cast sizes), table III (cut wire sizes), table IV (glass bead sizes) or table V (ceramic bead sizes).

3.1.3Shape: The shot or beads shall be free from sharp edges and inspected for deformed shapes or

broken shapes when examined per 4.3.1, 4.3.3, and figure 7. Cut wire shot, if used, shall be

preused or burnished to eliminate sharp edges (see 6.17.1). A given sample size shall contain no more than the number of unacceptable deformed shapes as shown in figure 7, and defined in

table I below (see 3.3.9).

TABLE I. Maximum allowable number of unacceptable deformed shapes

Cast Shot Sizes

Cut

Wire

Sizes

Glass

Bead

Sizes

(Inches)

Ceramic

Bead

Sizes

(Inches)

Sample

Size

(Inches)

*Maximum Allowable

Number of

Unacceptable

Deformed Shapes

930—.132-.094— 1 x 1 8 780—.111-.079— 1 x 111 660CW-62.094-.066— 1 x 116 550CW-54.079-.056— 1 x 122 460CW-47.066-.047— 1 x 132 390CW-41.056-.039— 1 x 145 330CW-35.047-.03310.0461/2 x 1/216—CW-32——1/2 x 1/218 280CW-28.039-.0278—1/2 x 1/223 230CW-23.0331-.02340.0331/2 x 1/232

190CW-20.0278-.0197—1/2 x 1/245 170—.0234-.01650.0241/4 x 1/416 130—.0197-.0139—1/4 x 1/423 110—.0165-.01170.0171/4 x 1/432

70—.0139-.0098—1/4 x 1/445——.0117-.00830.0121/8 x 1/816——.0098-.0070—1/8 x 1/822——.0083-.00590.0081/8 x 1/831

*These numbers are approximations based on approximately 10% of the actual particle count in the given sample size.--` ` , , ` ` , ` , ` , , , , , ` , ` , , ` ` , , , ` ` , , -` -` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` ---

3.2Equipment:

3.2.1Automatic shot peening: The machine used for shot peening shall provide means for propelling

shot by air pressure or centrifugal force against the work, and mechanical means for moving the work through the shot stream or moving the shot stream through the work in either translation or rotation, or both, as required. The machine shall be capable of reproducing consistently the shot peening intensities required. Except for wet glass bead peening (see 3.3.9), the equipment shall continuously remove broken or defective shot so that this shot will not be used for peening.

3.2.2Computer-controlled shot peening: When specified in the contract or purchase order (see 6.2 and

6.8), the machine used for shot peening shall be as in 3.2.1 and also shall be equipped with

computer aided monitoring equipment. This equipment shall continuously monitor critical process parameters through interaction with a sensing system. The media shall be metered to each nozzle and wheel with the desired shot flow. Process parameters shall be as specified by the procuring activity (see 6.9). The machine shall be stopped immediately and corrective action shall be taken when any of the established process limits is violated. The electronic system used for monitoring and controlling shot peening shall include a data recording device which will mark (plot) process interruptions or inconsistencies, and shall be maintained for the purpose of providing a hard copy record.

3.3Procedure:

3.3.1Dimensions and condition of parts: Areas of parts to be shot peened shall be within dimensional

and surface finish requirements before peening. All heat treatment, machining and grinding shall be completed before shot peening. All fillets shall be formed, all burrs shall be removed, and all sharp edges and corners to be peened shall be provided with sufficient radii to result in complete coverage without any distortion prior to peening (see 6.15).

3.3.2Precleaning: Except as otherwise specified or permitted, all areas to be peened shall be cleaned in

accordance with MIL-S-5002. Procedures for stripping coatings shall be as specified or approved in the contract or on the applicable drawings.

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3.3.3Masking: Areas of the part or work piece and the dimensional tolerances of these areas which are

designated in the contract or applicable drawing to be free from any shot peening marks shall be suitably masked or otherwise handled to protect such surfaces from the shot stream or subsequent damage. Areas not requiring peening and not required to be masked shall be considered optional.

3.3.4Magnetic particle or penetrant inspection: Except as otherwise specified, when magnetic particle

or dye penetrant inspection is required, parts shall be subjected to such inspection before peening.

3.3.5Loading: Unless otherwise specified or permitted, parts shall be free from externally applied loads

or forces during shot peening.

3.3.6

Peening intensity: Unless otherwise specified on the drawing or in the contract, the intensity value of the shot stream used on the part shall be as specified in table VI for the thickness of the material being peened. If only a minimum intensity is specified, the variation from the specified minimum intensity shall be -0, +30% rounded to the nearest unit, but in no case less than 3 intensity units (A,C, or N) unless otherwise specified. For example, a specified peening intensity of 6A would denote an arc height of 0.006-0.009 inches on the “A” specimen. Shot peening of parts shall be accomplished using the same parameters (time, distance, blast pressure, angle of incidence, etc.) as used on the test strip.

3.3.7

Coverage: Areas of parts shot peened in compliance with design requirements shall be peened to complete visual coverage (see 4.4.1 and 6.11). When a surface on which peening is required is obstructed and it is impossible to obtain complete visual coverage by direct impact, coverage by reflected shot is allowed. Full coverage will not be required if the part is peened only for forming or straightening. Critical applications shall be as specified by the procuring activity (see 4.2 and 6.11).3.3.7.1

Boundary variation: Unless otherwise specified, the variation in boundaries of areas to be peened, when limited, shall be -0 to +1/8 inch.

3.3.7.2

Fillets and shielded areas: Unless otherwise specified, the nominal size of shot used on fillet surfaces shall not be greater than one-half the fillet radius. For slots or other apertures, through which shot must pass to peen shielded critical areas, the nominal shot diameter shall not be greater than 1/4 the diameter or width of such aperture.

3.3.8

Minimum shot size for peening materials: Except as otherwise specified or permitted, or in cases such as when shielded areas are involved, materials shall not be peened with shot smaller than the following for the intensities given:

Intensity Peening Media

.012A S-280 or CW-28 or GB (.039-.028) or ceramic bead size .033.016A S-390 or CW-41 or GB (.056-.039) or ceramic bead size .046.020A S-550 or CW-54 or GB (.079-.056)

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3.3.9

Shot maintenance: The shot or beads shall be maintained in the machine so that not more than 20% of the particles, by weight, shall pass through the sieve number specified in table VII for the shot size used. Metallic shot shall be checked at least every eight hours of operation to assure that not more than 10% of the shot by actual count is deformed or broken; glass beads shall be

checked at least every two hours of operation to assure that not more than 10% of the beads by actual count are deformed or broken (see 3.1.3 and table I). When wet glass peening is used, the entire slurry charge shall be changed at least every two hours for compliance with this requirement. Ceramic beads shall be checked at least every four hours to assure that not more than 5% of the beads by actual count are deformed or broken. In all cases, at least one determination shall be made at the beginning and one at the end of each period of operation or part change.

3.3.10Post treatments: No manufacturing operations which relieve stresses developed by peening or

which develop detrimental residual stresses shall be permitted after shot peening. When peened parts are heated after shot peening as for baking of protective coatings, to relieve hydrogen

embrittlement after electroplating, or other thermal treatment, the temperatures employed shall be limited as follows (see 6.13):

3.3.10.1Residual shot removal: After shot peening and removal of protecting masks, all shot and shot

fragments shall be removed from surfaces of articles. Only methods which will not erode or scratch surfaces shall be used.3.3.10.2Cleaning: Aluminum alloy parts which have been peened with metallic shot shall be chemically

cleaned by a preapproved cleaning procedure.

Material

Temperature Steel parts*

475°F maximum Stainless steel parts** 750°F maximum Aluminum alloy parts 200°F maximum Magnesium alloy parts 200°F maximum Titanium alloy parts 600°F maximum Nickel alloy parts 1000°F maximum Cobalt alloy parts 1000°F maximum

*Except 300°F for steel parts that are

tempered below the recommended 475°F maximum, after a quench hardening operation.

**Except 475°F for PH steels and cold worked 300 series stainless steels.

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3.3.10.3Protection from corrosion: Shot peened parts shall be protected from corrosion during

processing and until final coating or packaging is completed. The method of protection shall be as specified or approved in the contract or purchase order.

4.QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS:

4.1Responsibility for inspection:

Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order, the contractor is responsible for the performance of all inspection requirements (examinations and tests) as specified herein. Except as otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order, the contractor may use his own or any other facilities suitable for the performance of the inspection requirements specified herein, unless

disapproved by the Government. The Government reserves the right to perform any of the

inspections set forth in this specification where such inspections are deemed necessary to ensure supplies and services conform to prescribed requirements.

4.1.1Responsibility for compliance: All items shall meet all requirements of section 3. The inspection

set forth in this specification shall become a part of the contractor’s overall inspection system or quality program. The absence of any inspection requirements in the specification shall not relieve the contractor of the responsibility of ensuring that all products or supplies submitted to the

Government for acceptance comply with all requirements of the contract. Sampling inspection, as part of manufacturing operations, is an acceptable practice to ascertain conformance to

requirements, however, this does not authorize submission of known defective material, either

indicated or actual, nor does it commit the Government to accept defective material.

4.2Shot peening intensity:

Unless otherwise specified on the drawing or in the contract, the peening intensity value used on the part shall be as specified in table VI for the material thickness involved; and peening intensities shall be monitored at all locations specified by the procuring activity in accordance with 4.2.4 (see6.5). 4.2.1Sampling: At least one intensity determination shall be made to represent each machine for each

two hours of continuous operation or fraction thereof where glass beads are used, for each four hours of continuous operation or fraction thereof where ceramic beads are used, and for each eight hours of continuous operation or fraction thereof where cast steel, cast iron, or cut steel wire (or stainless cut wire) shot is used. In all cases, at least one determination shall be made at the

beginning and one at the end of each period of operation or part change.

4.2.2Test strip specimens: A test strip specimen is an Almen test strip used to measure “intensity.” At

least two test strip specimens conforming in dimensions and mechanical properties to figures 1, 2 or 3 shall be used for each intensity determination at each location.

4.2.3Saturation curve: For initial process development, a saturation curve shall be generated for each

location where intensity is to be verified. A curve is produced by exposing individual test strips for increasing time periods and plotting the results (exposure time vs. arc height). A minimum of four points other than zero shall be used to define the curve; one of the four points used to indicate

saturation shall be at least double the time of the saturation point. Saturation is achieved when, as the exposure time for the test strips is doubled, the arc height does not increase by more than 10% (see figure 8 and 6.12). The arc height at saturation for each location must be within the required

arc height range for that location. The reuse of test strips is not permitted.

4.2.4Test procedure: The test strip specimens selected in accordance with 4.2.1 shall be attached as

shown in figure 5, to holders of the form and dimensions shown in figure 4, and mounted on a

fixture or article and exposed to the shot stream in a manner which simulates conditions used for the articles. The test strips shall be run for the saturation time established by the saturation curve (see 4.2.3). After exposure the test strips shall be removed from the holders and the amount of deflection measured with a micrometer gage, of the form and dimensions shown in figure 6. The arc height or amount of deflection measured on the test strips shall be within the specified intensity range (see 3.3.6). If the arc height measured is not within the intensity range specified, the

process parameters must be adjusted and new saturation curves must be run (see 4.2.3). In using the micrometer gage, the central portion of the unpeened side of the test strip shall be placed

against the indicator stem of the gage. A peened test strip shall not be re-peened after being

removed from the test strip holder.

4.2.5Test records: Test strip specimens and test records shall accompany peened parts, and shall be

inspected along with the appropriate lot. The following information shall be recorded for each

specimen:

(a)Lot number and other production control numbers

(b)Part number

(c)Number of parts in lot

(d)Date peened

(e)Shot peening machine used and machine settings

(f)Specified peening intensity and actual peening intensity by test strip identification numbers if

test fixture requires use of more than one strip

(g)Shot size, type, hardness, standoff (distance), length of time of exposure to shot stream, and

shot flow rate (see 6.17.6)

(h)Percent coverage

(i)Shot velocity or air pressure

4.2.6Computer-controlled shot peening: When auxiliary computer controlled equipment is used,

calibration of the monitoring systems shall be in accordance with MIL-STD-45662. Intensity

verification as per 4.2.4 shall be done prior to initial operation and after any calibration.--` ` , , ` ` , ` , ` , , , , , ` , ` , , ` ` , , , ` ` , , -` -` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` ---

4.3Shot size and uniformity:

4.3.1Sampling: Sampling for shot size and uniformity shall be at the frequencies specified in 4.2.1 for

intensity. Where cut wire shot is used, it shall be inspected for absence of sharp edges and

roundness (see 3.1.3).

4.3.2Test procedure: Tests for shot size and uniformity for compliance with the requirements of 3.1 shall

be made using sieves conforming to Federal Specification RR-S-366.

4.3.3Visual examination (sample size): Samples of shot for visual examination shall consist of the

number of shot in one layer which completely fills an area of 1, 1/2, 1/4, or 1/8 inch square as

applicable (see table I). If feasible a minimum of 100 beads or pieces of shot shall constitute a

single sample (see 6.16). Acceptable and unacceptable shapes are shown in figure 7.

4.4Inspection of shot peened articles:

4.4.1Coverage: Unless otherwise specified articles shall be 100% visually inspected for compliance with

the coverage requirements of 3.3.7 using either method described in 6.11a or 6.11b.

4.4.2Corrosion protection: Articles shall be inspected for compliance with the method of protection

specified in the contract or purchase order.

5.PACKAGING:

This section is not applicable to this specification.

6.NOTES:

(This section contains information of a general or explanatory nature that may be helpful, but is not mandatory.)

6.1Intended use:

Shot peening is intended to induce surface compressive stresses in metal parts which are subjected to repeated applications of complex load patterns such as axles, springs (helical, torsional and leaf), gears, shafting, aircraft landing gear, structural parts, etc., for the purpose of improving resistance to fatigue and stress corrosion cracking. Ceramic and glass bead peening, either wet or dry, is used when iron contamination of non-ferrous parts is a consideration.

6.2Acquisition requirements:

The following will be as specified or approved in the contract or in the applicable drawings:

(a)Title, number, and date of this specification

(b)Issue of DODISS to be cited in the solicitation, and if required, the specific issue of individual

documents referenced (see 2.1.1 and 2.2)

(c)The type of shot to be used (see 3.1.1)

(d)Shot size (and hardness if cast steel shot is to be used), if particular size required (see 3.1.2,

3.3.7.2, 3.3.8 and 6.7)

(e)Type of equipment to be used - automatic or computer controlled (see 3.2.1 and 3.2.2)

(f)Methods for cleaning surfaces and methods for stripping coatings, if applicable (see 3.3.2)

(g)Designation of locations to be peened (including intensity verification areas), or locations to be

free from peening as applicable (see 3.3.3)

(h)If magnetic particle or dye penetrant inspection is required on peened parts (see 3.3.4)

(i)If externally applied forces are permissible during peening (see 3.3.5)

(j)Intensity requirements if other than 3.3.6

(k)Over performance peening coverage when required to insure 100% coverage for performance on critical applications (see 3.3.7)

(l)Method of coverage verification (see 3.3.7 and 6.11)

(m)Shot size limitations in obstructed areas, boundaries, and other peening operations (see3.3.8) (n)Specific cleaning formulation(s) or approved cleaning procedure for peened parts, if applicable (see 3.3.10.2)

(o)Method of protecting shot peened parts from corrosion (see 3.3.10.3)

6.3Effective peening:

Shot peening, to have the desired effect, requires that the specified intensity and coverage be

achieved on critical areas (see 6.17.3), where high tensile stresses or stress ranges are most likely to cause fatigue or stress corrosion failures in service.

6.4Special peening procedure:

Where a special procedure is required, applicable drawings or a contract will designate such critical areas (see 4.2).

6.5Additional peening:

Shielded or partially shielded areas, walls of deep recesses, or other areas less accessible to the maximum effect of the blast stream will receive less peening as to intensity and coverage than more exposed or more favorably oriented areas, and may therefore require additional peening or

repositioning of the part to achieve correct peening in these areas. Use of special nozzle equipment or employment of deflector peening operations may be useful in diminishing the amount of additional peening.

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6.6Peening in thin sections:

The peening of very thin or small sections to high intensities should be avoided because of the

distortion and high residual tensile stresses in the core material that may result from such peening.

6.7Shot size selection:

In selecting shot sizes, consideration should be given to the following factors:

(a)Shape of parts

(b)Size of fillets (small shot to get into small fillets, etc.) (see 3.3.7.2)

(c)Intensity desired (the size of shot limits the intensity which can be obtained in a given peening

machine). Therefore, it may be necessary to use a larger shot to obtain a higher intensity or to reduce intensity requirements when shot must be small for consideration (b)

(d)Finish (at equal intensities larger shot will produce a finer surface finish)

(e)Whether or not to use small shot at high intensity on aluminum or magnesium alloy parts

6.8Computer-controlled shot peening selection:

Computer-controlled shot peening equipment should be considered for use in the following

instances:

(a)Man flight vehicle components

(b)Components where shot peening is used as part of the design strength of the component

(c)Components which are considered critical to system success

6.9Process parameters:

Parameters which may affect the shot peening process include, but are not limited to, the following:

(a)Shot flow rate

(b)Air pressure or wheel speed (RPM)

(c)Impact angle

(d)Distance of nozzle(s) or wheel(s) from workpiece

(e)Relative motion between workpiece and nozzle(s) or wheel(s)

Shot peening procedures should be as agreed upon between the contractor and the procuring

activity and will comply with the process parameters established in 3.2.2 and 3.3.

6.10Intensity comparisons:

For comparisons of the nominal intensity designations, type C test specimen deflection may be multiplied by 3.5 to obtain the approximate deflection of a type A test strip. Test strip “A” is ordinarily used for arc heights up to 0.024 inches; for higher intensity peening, test strip C is used. For

intensities below .004A the type “N” test strip should be used. For comparison of the nominal --``,,``,`,`,,,,,`,`,,``,,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

intensity designations, type “A” test strip deflection may be multiplied by three to obtain the

approximate deflection of a type “N” test strip (see figures 1, 2 and 3).

6.11Coverage:

Complete visual coverage is defined as a uniform and complete denting or obliterating of the original surface of the part or work piece as determined by either of the following methods:(a)Visual examination using a ten power magnifying glass.

(b)Visual examination using a ten power magnifying glass in conjunction with an additional visual

examination using an approved liquid tracer system (see 6.17.4) may be used for process control by the contractor. Unless otherwise specified, the procedure for using an approved liquid tracer system is described as follows:

Prepare a control specimen of the actual work piece. Coat this control specimen with tracer liquid by dipping, spraying, or painting and allow the liquid to dry. Check the specimen under a light (an ultraviolet light is used for a fluorescent tracer system) to insure that complete coating of the area to be shot peened has been accomplished. This control specimen is shot peened using the correct intensity and parameters specified for complete coverage and is then re-examined under the light (or ultraviolet light) in order to determine if the tracer residue has been completely removed. Full coverage is indicated by complete removal of the tracer residue. Coverage of actual production pieces can be established by using the same procedure used for control specimens. This can be done by utilizing the liquid tracer for each part or on a statistical sampling basis.

NOTE:The liquid tracer system must be approved by the procuring activity. Data, showing that

100% coverage of the part is obtainable by using this tracer system, is required.

6.12Intensity:

Intensity can only be established by plotting a saturation curve, as shown in figure 8, and assuring that the required intensity (determined by the arc height of the test strip) falls on the right side of the knee of the curve. By doubling the time of exposure, the arc height of a test strip should not increase by more than 10%.

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6.13Process temperatures:

Processing or service temperatures of shot peened parts shall be limited to the temperatures in

3.3.10 unless test data for specific applications support the satisfactory use of higher temperatures.

NOTE:Operations performed after shot peening such as auxiliary electrodeposited coatings may cause tensile stresses on the steel surface. Procedures for relieving these stresses will be

specified in the contract, or part drawing, or will be in accordance with the applicable

specification.

6.14Multiple exposure times:

Although test strips peened to saturation generally exhibit complete (100%) visual coverage,

additional factors may need to be built into the contractor’s process or procedure which will insure that minimum coverage has been specified for the peening of steels over 200,000 psi tensile

strength and/or for critical applications when over performance peening is required to insure

complete coverage (see 3.3.7). Unless otherwise specified the factors required to achieve 100% coverage is the responsibility of the contractor.

6.15Condition of material before peening:

For informational purposes, MIL-P-81985, the military specification for peening of metals, discusses the condition of material prior to peening.

6.16Examination of shot sample:

It may be necessary to use a lighted binocular microscope to inspect the smaller shot for size and uniformity (see 4.3.3).

6.17Definitions:

6.1

7.1Burnishing: Burnishing is the smoothing of surfaces by rubbing or tumbling, accomplished chiefly

by the movement rather than the removal of the surface layer.

6.1

7.2Contractor: An individual or organization outside the U.S. Government which has accepted any

type of agreement or order for providing research, supplies, or services to a U.S. Government

agency.

6.1

7.3Critical: The term critical, as in critical areas, is where a failure of any portion would cause loss of

system, loss of major component, or loss of personnel.

6.1

7.4Liquid tracer system: A tracer system that employs liquid coating material which removes at a rate

proportioned to peening coverage. A fluorescent tracer system has, in addition, a pigment which fluoresces under ultraviolet light.

6.1

7.5Procuring activity: The term procuring activity is that activity of the Government which actually

initiates the request for procurement and maintains the records of the procurement. --``,,``,`,`,,,,,`,`,,``,,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

6.1

7.6Standoff: Standoff is the distance from the shot nozzle to the surface being peened.

6.18Subject term (key word) listing:

Almen test strip

Fluorescent Tracer System

Liquid Tracer System

Peening intensity

Saturation curve

Shot peening

Shot size

PREPARED UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF AMS COMMITTEE “B”

TABLE II. Cast shot numbers and screening tolerances.

Peening Shot

All pass

U.S. sieve

Number and

opening 1/

Max 2% on

U.S. sieve

Number and

opening 1/

Max. 50% on

U.S. sieve

Number and

opening 1/

Cumulative

min. 90% on

U.S. sieve

Number and

opening 1/

Cumulative

min. 98% on

U.S. sieve

Number and

opening 1/

930 5 (.157) 6 (.132) 7 (.11) 8 (.0937) 10 (.0787) 780 6 (.132) 7 (.11) 8 (.0937)10 (.0787) 12 (.0661) 660 7 (.11) 8 (.0937)10 (.0787)12 (.0661) 14 (.0555) 550 8 (.0937)10 (.0787)12 (.0661)14 (.0555) 16 (.0469) 46010 (.0787)12 (.0661)14 (.0555)16 (.0469) 18 (.0394) 39012 (.0661)14 (.0555)16 (.0469)18 (.0394) 20 (.0331) 33014 (.0555)16 (.0469)18 (.0394)20 (.0331) 25 (.0278) 28016 (.0469)18 (.0394)20 (.0331)25 (.0278) 30 (.0234) 23018 (.0394)20 (.0331)25 (.0278)30 (.0234) 35 (.0197) 19020 (.0331)25 (.0278)30 (.0234)35 (.0197) 40 (.0165) 17025 (.0278)30 (.0234)35 (.0197)40 (.0165) 45 (.0139) 13030 (.0234)35 (.0197)40 (.0165)45 (.0139) 50 (.0117) 11035 (.0197)40 (.0165)45 (.0139)50 (.0117) 80 (.0070) 7040 (.0165)45 (.0139)50 (.0117)80 (.0070)120 (.0049)

1/ Sieve numbers specified in RR-S-366, number in parenthesis represents sieve opening size (inches). --``,,``,`,`,,,,,`,`,,``,,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

TABLE III. Cut wire shot (steel/stainless) size classification.

Shot No.Wire diameter,

inches

Weight of

fifty pieces

grams 1/

Length of

ten pieces

inches 2/

CW-62.062 ± .002 1.09 to 1.33.620 ± .040 CW-54.054 ± .0020.72 to 0.88.540 ± .040 CW-47.047 ± .0020.48 to 0.58.470 ± .040 CW-41.041 ± .0020.31 to 0.39.410 ± .040 CW-35.035 ± .0010.20 to 0.24.350 ± .030 CW-32.032 ± .0010.14 to 0.18.320 ± .030 CW-28.028 ± .0010.10 to 0.12.280 ± .030

CW-23.023 ± .0010.05 to 0.07.230 ± .020

CW-20.020 ± .0010.04 to 0.05.200 ± .020

1/ Fifty randomly selected particles shall be weighed. The total weight of the fifty pieces shall be within the limits specified in table III above.

2/ Ten randomly sampled shot particles shall be checked for length. All ten pieces selected for this test shall fall within the tolerance shown in table III above.--` ` , , ` ` , ` , ` , , , , , ` , ` , , ` ` , , , ` ` , , -` -` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` ---

T ABLE IV. Glass bead sizes.

Nominal glass bead size

(inches)Min 99% shall

pass sieve

number 1/

Min 95% shall

pass sieve

number 1/

Max 10% shall

pass sieve

number 1/

Max 5% shall

pass sieve

number 1/

Max Min

.132.094 5 6 8 10 .111.079 6 7 10 12 .094.066 7 8 12 14 .079.056 8 10 14 16 .066.047 10 12 16 18 .056.039 12 14 18 20 .047.0331 14 16 20 30 .039.0278 16 18 25 40 .0331.0234 18 20 30 45 .0278.0197 20 25 35 50 .0234.0165 25 30 40 60 .0197.0139 30 35 45 70 .0165.0177 35 40 50 70 .0139.0098 40 45 60 80 .0117.0083 45 50 70100 .0098.0070 50 60 80120 .0083.0059 60 70100140 .0070.0049 70 80120170 .0059.0041 80100140200 .0049.0035100120170230 .0041.0029120140200280 .0035.0024140170230325 .0029.0021170200270400 .0024.0021200230325400

1/ Sieve numbers specified in RR-S-366.

--``,,``,`,`,,,,,`,`,,``,,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

T ABLE V. Ceramic bead sizes.

NOMINAL SIZES

(inches)

SIEVE NUMBER AND SIEVE OPENING SIZE (in inches) 1/Max 0.5%Retains

Max 5%Retains Max 10%Pass Max 3%Pass 0.04614 (.0555)16 (.0469) 20 (.0331) 25 (.0278)0.03318 (.0394)20 (.0331) 30 (.0234) 40 (.0165)0.02425 (.0278)30 (.0234) 40 (.0165) 50 (.0117)0.01735 (.0197)40 (.0165) 50 (.0117) 60 (.0098)0.01245 (.0139)50 (.0117) 70 (.0083) 80 (.0070)0.008

60 (.0098)

70 (.0083)

100 (.0059)

120 (.0049)

1/ Sieve numbers specified in RR-S-366.

--``,,``,`,`,,,,,`,`,,``,,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

周四_35_张笑瑜_美国军用标准化发展概况

美国军用标准化发展概况张笑瑜（周四；编号：35；学号：201202025017）摘要：美军明确提出“军用标准化是未来战略思想的核心要素之一”，“未来战争要成功，靠标准”。世界各主要军事强国均把标准化战略作为实现其军事战略的重要组成部分。我军在军用标准化方面还有所欠缺，美国军用标准化的发展阶段进程值得我军学习借鉴。关键词：美军军用标准化；发展概况；军用标准化十八大报告提出“走中国特色军民融合式发展路子，坚持富国和强军相统一”, 明确了建设巩固国防和强大军队是我国现代化建设的战略任务。国防和军队现代化建设离不开军用标准的体系建设，美军作为世界上公认的最为现代化的军队，其军用标准化的发展值得我军学习借鉴。美军军用标准化体系是伴随着美国科技发展和国家战略需求而逐步演化和完善的，从美军的军用标准化发展可以看出美国军用标准是当前世界公认的先进技术标准，具有体系完整、内容丰富、结构严谨、技术先进等特点，长期以来一直被认为是美国的宝贵财富。通过我的调研发现，美国军用标准化发展大致可分为三个阶段。一、起步阶段第二次世界大战中，美国需要向欧洲运送大量的军用物资。由于当时美国的标准化程度不高，给军用物资的运输、存储、维护和使用，以及后勤供应等工作带来了极大的困难，直接影响了部队的战斗力。第二次世界大战后，为满足装备采办的需求，美国于1951面发布了《军用标准化备忘录》，1952年7月1日，美国国会通过了《国防编目和标准化法》，该法规定“在国防部范围内展开单一的统一的标准化活动”。随后，美国国防部根据公法、联邦法和条例建立了一整套有关军用标准化的指令、指示和细则，对军用标准化工作实施了科学管理和全程控制。从此，美国国防部一直依据法律集中、统一地展开军用标准化建设，在“国防部标准化计划”的指导下，美国军用标准数量快速增长，从20世纪50年代到20世纪80年代初的30年间，总数达到43580项。该阶段，美国军用标准化的发展具有两个特点：保障军用标准发展的各项制度法规全面建立；军用标准数量呈急剧增长状态。二、调整阶段 20世纪80年代起，美军标准化工作的指导性文件——DOD4120系列文件和

《军用标准》光学标准-美国军标正文(性能标准)

美國軍用標准 (MIL-PRF-13830B) 性能標准軍火控制設備用光學元件；監控生產、裝配、檢測的通用標准所有國防部門和代理部門可允許使用此標准。 1.范圍 1.1范圍。此標准包括精加工光學光學元件的生產、裝配、檢測，諸如用於軍火控制設備上的球面鏡、稜鏡、平面鏡、分劃板、觀景窗以及光楔等。 2.應用文件 2.1概要本章列出的文件需要參閱本標准3、4、5章的要求。本章不包括本標准其他章節的文件或其他信息推存的文件。為了保証本目錄的完整性，文件使用者必須注意文件須滿足本標准3、4、5章列出的文件要求，無論這些內容是否在本章中列出。發行申明：此為公用版本，發行不受限制。 2.2其他政府文件，圖紙及出版物下列政府其他文件、圖紙和出版物組成本文件內容的一部分，擴大本文的范圍。除非另有規定，這些文件、圖紙和出版物是征求引用的。圖面資料美國軍事裝備研究發展工程技術中心 C7641866---光學元件表面質量標准 (立約人要求的其他政府文件、圖紙、出版復印件及具體的功能應該從簽約事宜或簽約指示得到) 2.3優先順序本標准內容與其引出的參考有沖突時，以本標准內容為准。本標准未述內容，可行法律法規代行除非有具體的免除通知。(看附加優先標准合同條令) 3.要求： 3.1所有的光學元件，配件以及系統產品都必須符合這一標准的要求，除非具體的儀器標准或合同之可行圖紙另有要求與定義。 3.2所用的材料必須與所適用的仕樣書或圖紙相一致 3.2.1光學玻璃光學玻璃的種類和等級必須在圖紙中規定，允許使用規定的其它玻璃材料時，應提供給合同管理人員相關的玻璃光學特性及設計數據完整的信息。3.2.1.1 放射性材料本文中要求的光學材料應不含釷或其他加入的超過0.05%重量的放射性材料。 3.2.2粘接劑除非合同和定單中有規定，光學粘合劑必須同附錄A的要求相一致。

美军标及国际防护标准简介

液体渗透防护侵入防护固体微粒防护海能达DMR对讲机可以耐受各种恶劣环境，比如极端的温度条件、跌落于仓库混凝土楼板，或需要防尘防湿的情况。无论环境如何，海能达对讲机都可让您保持工作顺利进行，是您的最佳选择。，所有海能达对讲机均采用美国军用标准 (MIL-STD) 及 IP 代码进行认证，您可以据此了解每种型号的坚固程度和防护等级。那么，这些认证是什么？分别代表什么含义呢？ MIL-STD-810 美国 MIL-STD-810 是为美国军方设计的一系列环境工程考量和实验室测试，用于测试设备在寿命期内各种预期使用条件下的环境设计及限制情况。该标准还制定了模拟设备所受环境影响的测试方法。MIL-STD-810 不禁旨在根据装备系统性能要求，提供切实可行的装备设计和测试方法。虽然该标准最初用于军事应用，但现在也常常用于商业产品。MIL-STD-810 已为商业对讲机行业广泛采用，为客户提供易于理解的评级系统，并使用独立的测试方法，确保可靠的对讲机环境性能和耐用性。 MIL-STD-810 标准指南和测试方法旨在：

● 确定环境应力顺序、耐受度和设备寿命等级 ● 用于制定适合设备及其环境寿命的分析和测试标准 ● 评估环境应力寿命周期下的设备性能 ● 发现设备设计、材料、制造工艺、包装技术和维护方法的缺陷和不足 ● 体现产品的合规性。 MIL-STD-810 涵盖各种环境条件，包括：低压高度测试；高温、低温及热震试验（工作及存储）；雨雪环境试验（包括大风和冻雨情况）；湿度、霉菌、盐雾防锈测试；沙尘暴露；爆炸性气体环境；泄漏；加速度；冲击和运输冲击；炮振；以及随机振动。在对讲机行业内，MIL-STD-810 常用于测试和指示对讲机对温度、跌落、冲击和振动的耐受程度。 IP 等级 IP 代码（国际防护或异物防护）由国际电工委员会 (IEC) 制定，“划分了机械和电子设备对异物入侵（如手和手指等身体部位）、灰尘、意外接触和液体渗入的防护程度”。与IEC 60529 相对应的欧洲标准是EN 60529。 IP 代码由字母“IP”加两位数字组成，有时还包含选择性字母。IP 代表异物防护(Ingress Protection)。第一个数字表示电气外壳的固体防护水平，包括手和手指等身体部位、灰尘的侵入及意外接触；第二个数字表示电气外壳的液体防护水平。目的是为用户提供更清晰的指导，而不仅仅是“防水”这样的模糊术语。以下定义是 DMR 对讲机及其相关基础设施的普遍 IP 等级。例如：第一位数字：固体防护 ● 5：防尘——不能完全防止灰尘进入，但灰尘的侵入量不足以影响设备的正常运作；完全防止接触。

国内外军用电子元器件质量等级及对应情况

国外军用电子元器件质量等级与国内对应情况为了保证元器件的质量，我国制定了一系列的元器件标准。在上世纪70年代末期制定了“七专”7905技术协议和80年代初制定了“七专”8406技术协议，已具备了军用器件标准的雏形，但标准是在改革开放之前制定的，有很多局限性，很难与国际接轨。从80年代开始，我国标准化部门参照了美国军用标准（MIL）体系建立了GJB体系，元器件的标准有规范、标准、指导性文件等三种形式。 1.国内军用元器件质量分级 2.美国军标质量等级体系：（1）B-2级：不完全符合MIL-STD-883的1.2.1节的要求，并按照政府批准文件，包括卖方等效的B级要求进行采购。（2）B-1级：完全符合MIL-STD-883（微电子器件试验方法和程序）的1.2.1节所要求，并按照标准军用图样（SMD – Standard Microcicuit Drawing），国防电子供应中心（DESC – Defence Electronic Supply Center）图样或政府批准的其它文件进行采购。即通常称883级，器件上有5962 – xxx号。（3）S-1级：完全按照MIL-STD-975（NASA标准的电子电气和机电源器件目录）或MIL-STD-1547（航天飞行器和运载火箭用元器件、材料和工艺技术要求）进行采购，并有采购机关的规范批准。 MIL-PRF-38534D 混合集成电路规范（依次低→高等级）

电阻、电容、电感元件 MIL 标准中有可靠性指标的元件失效等级分五级 3.欧空局元器件半导体分立器件： ESA/SCC（Europe Space Agency/Space Componet Cooperation）5000标准试验等级：B级、C级（从高到低）批接收等级：1级、2级、3级（从高到低）微电路： ESA/SCC（Europe Space Agency/Space Componet Cooperation）9000标准试验等级：B级、C级（从高到低）批接收等级：1级、2级、3级（从高到低）电阻、电容、电感器件： ESA/SCC（Europe Space Agency/Space Componet Cooperation）3000和4000标准试验等级：B级、C级（从高到低）批接收等级：1级、2级、3级（从高到低） 4.国外军用元器件与我国军用元器件质量等级对应关系微电路质量对应等级

光学外观标准美军标MIL-PRT-13830B(中文版)新

美国军用标准（MIL-PRF-13830B）性能标准军火控制设备用光学元件；监控生产、装配、检测的通用标准所有防御和代理部门可允许使用此种标准。 1.范围 1.1 范围。此标准包括精加工光学元件的生产、装配、检测，诸如：透镜，棱镜，面镜、光栅、窗口以及用于防火仪器或设备。 2.应用文件 2.1本章列出的文件需要满足本标准3、4、5章的要求。本章不包括本标准其他章节的文件或其他信息推荐的文件。为了保证本目录的完整性，文件使用者必须注意文件须满足本标准3、4、5章列出的文件要求，无论这些内容是否在本章中列出。 2.2 其他政府文件，图纸及出版下列政府其他文件、图纸和出版组成本文件内容的一部分，扩大本文的范围。除非另有规定，这些文件、图纸和出版是征求引用的。图纸C7641866---光学元件表面质量标准（立约人要求的其他政府文件、图纸、出版复印件及具体的功能应该从签约事宜或签约指示得到。） 2.3 优先顺序本标准内容与其引出的参考有冲突时，以本标准内容为准。本标准未述内容，可行法律法规代行除非有具体的免除通知。（看附加有限标准合同条令）

3.要求： 3.1所有的光学元件，配件以及系统产品都必须符合这一标准的要求，除非具体的仪器标准或合同之可行图纸另有要求与定义。 3.2所用的材料也必须与图纸的说明以及使用文件的标准相一致 3.2.1玻璃光学元件在规格，以及级别必须与图纸要求相一致。允许使用玻璃材料时，应提供给合同管理人员相关的玻璃光学特性及设计数据完整的信息。 3.2.1.1 放射性材料本文中要求的光学材料应不含钍或其他加入的超过0.05%重量的放射性材料。 3.2.2 粘着力除非合同和定单中有特殊说明，光学粘合剂必须同附录A的要求相一致。 3.2.3 粘连材料对于玻璃同金属相粘连，必须与附录D的要求相一致 3.2.4密封材料用于密封的材料必须与附录E的要求相一致 3.2.5 增透膜用于光学表面镀膜的增透膜必须与附录C的要求相一致 3.2.5.1 反射表面铝化反射面必须与附录B的要求相一致 3.3机械尺寸大小光学元件必须与合同以及图纸的要求的尺寸和光学数据相一致 3.3.1边所有光学元件都应当倒边在（0.020-0.005英寸在45度+/-15度），沿面宽进行测量，除非有特殊指定。如果边于在135度或者更大角度处交汇，则不需要倒边，除非图纸对此有特殊的要求。

国外军用电子元器件质量等级与国内对应一览表

国外军用电子元器件质量等级与国内对应一览表为了保证元器件的质量，我国制定了一系列的元器件标准。在上世纪70年代末期制定了“七专”7905技术协议和80年代初制定了“七专”8406技术协议，已具备了军用器件标准的雏形，但标准是在改革开放之前制定的，有很多局限性，很难与国际接轨。从80年代开始，我国标准化部门参照了美国军用标准（MIL）体系建立了GJB体系，元器件的标准有规范、标准、指导性文件等三种形式。一、国内军用元器件质量分级二、美国军标质量等级体系： MIL-PRF-19500半导体器件试验总规范（依次低→高等级）单片微电路规范（依次低→高等级） B-2级：不完全符合MIL-STD-883的节的要求，并按照政府批准文件，包括卖方等效的B级要求进行采购。 B-1级：完全符合MIL-STD-883（微电子器件试验方法和程序）的节所要求，并按照标准军用图样（SMD –Standard Microcicuit Drawing），国防电子供应中心（DESC –DefenceElectronic Supply Center）图样或政府批准的其它文件进行采购。即通常称883级，器件上有5962 –

xxx号。 S-1级：完全按照MIL-STD-975（NASA标准的电子电气和机电源器件目录）或MIL-STD-1547（航天飞行器和运载火箭用元器件、材料和工艺技术要求）进行采购，并有采购机关的规范批准。 MIL-PRF-38534D混合集成电路规范（依次低→高等级）电阻、电容、电感元件MIL 标准中有可靠性指标的元件失效等级分五级 MIL 标准中有可靠性指标的失效率等级和失效率的对应关系三、欧空局元器件半导体分立器件： ESA/SCC（Europe SpaceAgency/Space Componet Cooperation）5000标准试验等级：B级、C级（从高到低）批接收等级：1级、2级、3级（从高到低）微电路： ESA/SCC（Europe SpaceAgency/Space Componet Cooperation）9000标准试验等级：B级、C级（从高到低）批接收等级：1级、2级、3级（从高到低）电阻、电容、电感器件： ESA/SCC（Europe SpaceAgency/Space Componet Cooperation）3000和4000标准试验等级：B级、C级（从高到低）批接收等级：1级、2级、3级（从高到低）四、国外军用元器件与我国军用元器件质量等级对应关系半导体分立器件质量等级对应关系

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