2015“‘外研社杯’全国英语写作大赛”决赛样题及评分细则

2015“‘外研社杯’全国英语写作大赛”决赛样题及评分细则

类型一记叙文写作（Narrative Writing）

比赛内容：选手完成一篇记叙文写作（600－800词）。侧重考查选手的阅读理解、语言运用、细节描写、形象思维、创意构思、人文素养等综合能力。

评分标准：

Narrative Writing

Content/Ide

as

(40%)?Theme is strong and well-defined;

?Setting,characters,and plot are fully fleshed out and connected;

?Writing uses multiple subplots(if appropriate);

?Ending is fitting and effective,and provides a sense of completio

n.

Organizatio n/Developm

ent

(30%)?Flow of action is logical and deliberate;

?Vivid and imaginative descriptive details are provided;

?Writing reflects a unique,consistent personal voice;

?Writing uses appropriate and varied rhetorical devices.

Language(3

0%)?Spelling is accurate;

?Word choice is inventive,appropriate,and deliberate for illustrati

ng the topic

?and presenting character(s);

?Sentence structure is varied and complex,and serves the purpo

se of writing;

?Dialogue(when present)is believable,appropriate,and effective

.

比赛样题：

Sample task1

Read the story starter and continue the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4716868651.html,plete the story in600-800word s.

The little man came up to me as I was about to enter the telephone box,and a sked me whether I had a match.

“I’m sorry,”I said.“I don’t smoke,so I haven’t any.You had better ask someon e else.”

He looked rather disappointed,hesitated,and then turned away.I watched hi m walk slowly down the street before I picked up the telephone directory to look up the number I mean t to dial.

I am not used to a public call box so,at my first attempt to get through,the wa rning pips had stopped before I realized I had to insert a coin.

When I was at last able to speak,I was told that the person whom I urgently w anted to give a message to had just that minute gone out.

Swearing slightly under my breath,I emerged from the box and came face to f ace with the little man,who was looking as pathetic as a stray dog.As he raised his hat again,I coul d see he was quite bald.A thin line,resembling a duelling scar,crossed one cheek.He spoke nervou sly.

“Excuse my troubling you again,”he said.“May I walk along with you a little w ay?I must confide in someone.I need help desperately.”

Sample task 2

Look at the pictures,and write a story that fits the pictures and the sequence.You r story

should be 600-800words.

类型二议论文写作（Argumentative Writing ）

比赛内容：选手完成一篇议论文写作（800词左右）。侧重考查选手的文献阅读理解、信息综合处理、判断分析、逻辑思辨、评价论述等能力，展示选手的知识广度、视野维度、思想深度等综合素质。

Argumentative Writing

Content/

Ideas

(40%)?Writing effectively addresses the topic and the task;?Writing presents an insightful position on the issue;?

The position is strongly and substantially supported or https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4716868651.html,anization/

Development

(30%)?Writing is well-organized and well-developed,using appropriate

rhetorical devices (e.g.exemplifications,classification,analysis,comp arison/contrast,etc.)to support the thesis or to illustrate ideas;

?Writing displays coherence,progression,consistency and unity;

?Textual elements are well-connected through explicit logical

and/orlinguistic transitions.

比赛样题：

Sample task 1

Write a passage in response to the report below.You should discuss the extent to which

you agree or disagree with the report and explain your reasons for the position yo u take.In developing and supporting your position,you should consider ways in which the r

eport ’s

opinion might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.You should write about 800words.

Newsweek,the venerable weekly publication that will be remembered for its decades-long

efforts for a spot on consumers’coffee tables,has shut down its print edition at the end of 2012,

but it lives on in a new digital tablet edition known as Newsweek Global.As Tina Brown,the Newswe ek editor,said,this tablet edition will target a “new highly mobile,opinion-leading audience who want to learn about world events in a sophisticated context.”

The move should not shock.The publication has faced major financial problems in rec ent

years.The numbers tell the tale:Newsweek’s circulation has fallen in the number of subscrib ers

from 3million to 1.5million in the last decade;annual losses were thought to be $40million.More

broadly,the company faces a more existential problem in that a “weekly news”magazine has b

ecome an anachronism in the digital world.

Newsweek is not the only one that has to tackle the challenge in the digital time;ot her

outlets will continue to change their business models for a digital future.With the “imminent d eath”

of print,digital formats come out as an inevitable development that could turn the industry’s fo rtune around.Sample task 2

Read the following two paragraphs with contradicting views,and write a passage on the issue.You should clearly state your opinion and explain the reasons for your opinion.You should write about 800words.

Tablets are the ideal system of organization in schools.They are convenient,in Language (30%)?

Spelling is accurate;?

Writing displays consistent facility in use of language;?Writing demonstrates appropriate register ,syntactic variety,and

effective use of vocabulary.

which much information is stored in small sizes and kept together in one place,and cheap,as digital information is now becoming more affordable than print.As evolution continues to rock the modern world,digital devices will become more and more reliable.Someday,they will entirely replace print books,and hopefully,that day will come soon.

Many may argue that tablets are much more convenient than paper books.But not everyone shares this preference of tables or finds them convenient.In fact,in a study conducted by Book Industry Study Group(BISG),it was found that75%of college students preferred traditional textbooks in which they can highlight the key words and write notes.Also,some may suggest that it is cheaper to invest in tablets than textbooks.In fact,in a2008study of public schools in Kentucky it was estimated that the cost of textbooks and supplies totaled around$44million.The cost per school was around$988for textbooks and supplies.That is roughly the cost of only two tablets.To provide tablets to all the students in a school would be an enormous sum. Therefore,we may conclude that while tablets have their purposes,they should not replace the printed books used in schools.

类型三说明文写作（Expository Writing)

比赛内容：选手完成一篇说明文写作（600词左右）。侧重考查选手解说食物、阐明事理的能力，以及运用知识、观察理解、梳理分析、提炼总结、跨文化沟通的综合能力。

评分标准：

Expository Writing

Content/Ideas

(40%)·Writing effectively addresses the topic and the task;·Writing presents a clear thesis;

·Writing maintains a formal style and an objective tone.

Organization/Dev elopment

(30%)·Writing is well-organized and well-developed,using appropriate development patterns(e.g.,definition,illustration,casual analysis, process analysis,classification,comparison/contrast,etc.)to support the thesis or to illustrate ideas;

·Writing displays coherence.Progression,consistency and unity;·Textual elements are well-connected through explicit logical and/or linguistic transitions.

Language (30%)·Spelling is accurate;

·Writing displays consistent facility in use of language;

·Writing demonstrates appropriate register,syntactic variety,and effective use of vocabulary.

比赛样题：

Sample Task1

Write a passage based on the chart below,which shows the influences of various factors on work performance in two age groups.You should summarize the features of the two groups and make comparisons.You should write about600words.

Sample Task2

Write a passage to introduce the Chinese Moon Festival to foreigners.You should write about600words.

2015“‘外研社杯’全国英语阅读大赛”样题

一、2015年“‘外研社杯’全国英语阅读大赛”比赛内容包含四个环节：

PartⅠRead and Know（读以明己）

PartⅡRead and Reason（读以察世）

PartⅢRead and Question（读以启思）

PartⅣRead and Create（读以言志）

二、比赛样题仅为2015年阅读大赛赛题的内容和形式样例，并非完整试卷。

三、大赛的模拟赛、复赛和决赛都将包含样题的四个环节，但各环节的赛题内容和形式会根据不同阶段比赛有所变化。

四、大赛的初赛由参赛学校参考样题内容自行命题，组委会不做硬性规定。

五、“PartⅠRead and Know（读以明己）”部分不计成绩，根据参赛选手打听情况给予个性化反馈。

六、“PartⅣRead and Create（读以言志）”部分，组委会将在赛前公布大赛推荐阅读书单。

Part I Read and Know

In this part,you will read some questions about your abilities or personalities.Read as fast as you can and choose the answer that you think best describes yourself.

Are You Charismatic?

Charisma is the magnetic power that attracts people to you.It won’t affect the quality of your work or provide you with wonderful original ideas,but it remains one of the most vital talents if you want to make it big in life.If people who don’t even understand what you’re talking about believe that you are a genius,you will have made it.The following test will decide whether you’ve got what it takes.

1)Do people find themselves attracted to you?

A.Yes,it can be embarrassing sometimes.

B.No,no more than other people.

C.I suppose they do a bit.

2)Do you find that people agree with you regardless of the quality of your arguments?

A.No,never.

B.Not that often.

C.All the time.

3)Would you find it easy to attract followers?

A.No,not at all.

B.Not very easy.

C.Yes,it’s really no problem.

4)Do you find casual acquaintances open up and tell you their life stories in intimate detail?

A.Occasionally.

B.Never.

C.Happens all the time.Sometimes I just can’t get away.

...

Part II Read and Reason

In this part,you will read texts of different forms and genres.Read the instructions carefully and answer the questions based on your comprehension,analysis and inferences of the texts.

1.Among the four statements below,one statement is the main point,and the other three are specific support for the point.Identify the main point with P and the specific support with S.

___A.Hungry bears searching for food often threaten hikers.

___B.Hiking on that mountain trail can be very dangerous.

___C.Severe weather develops quickly,leaving hikers exposed to storms and cold.

___D.When it rains,the trail,which is very steep at some points,becomes slippery.

2.Read the following cartoon.Put a tick by the three statements that are most logically based on the information suggested by the cartoon.

___A.Lucy has just criticized the boy,Linus.

___B.Linus feels Lucy’s criticism is valid.

___C.Lucy feels very guilty that Linus has taken her criticism badly.

___D.Lucy doesn’t seem to realize that people may accept constructive criticism but reject destructive criticism.

___E.The cartoonist believes we should never criticize others.

___F.The cartoonist believes it’s best to criticize others in a constructive way.

3.Read an extract of an advertisement.Choose the answer which you think fits each question best according to the text.

Young Environmental Journalist Competition

How to Enter:

☆If you’re aged16-25,we’re looking for original articles of1,000words(or less)with an environmental or conservation theme.The closing date for entries is30December, 2015.

☆Your article should show proof of investigative research,rather than relying solely on information from the Internet and phone interviews.You don’t have to go far.A report on pollution in a local stream would be as valid as a piece about the remotest rain forest.

☆Your article should show you are passionate and knowledgeable about environmental issues.It should also be objective and accurate,while being creative enough to hold the reader’s interest.We are not looking for“think pieces”or opinion columns.

☆Your aim should be to advance understanding and awareness of environmental issues.You should be able to convey complex ideas of readers of this general interest magazine in an engaging and authoritative manner.

☆Facts or information contained in short-listed articles will be checked.

☆Read the rules carefully.

1)Before entering for the competition,young people must have_______.

A.conducted some relevant research in their local area

B.gained a qualification in experimental research

C.uncovered some of the evidence in the research by themselves

D.consulted a number of specialists on the subject under research

2)The articles submitted must_______.

A.focus on straightforward concepts

B.include a range of views

C.be accessible to non-specialist

D.reveal the writer’s standpoint

4.Read the passage below.Then choose the best answer to each question that follows.

(1)Johnny Appleseed,one of the gentlest and most beloved of American folk heroes, was born in1774in Leominster,Massachusetts.(2)His real name was John Chapman.

(3)Chapman’s early life was full of misfortune.(4)First,his father left home to fight in the Revolutionary War.(5)Then John’s mother and baby brother died before John’s second birthday.(6)However,John’s fortunes improved when his father returned and remarried,and by the time John was in his teens,he had ten brothers and sisters.

(7)As a young man,John began traveling west on foot,stopping to clear land and plant the apple seeds he always carried with him.(8)Settlers who followed John’s

path were delighted to find young apple orchards dotting the landscape.

(9)John was a friendly fellow who often stopped to visit with families along his way, entertaining them with stories of his travels.(10)Tales of his exploits followed him through Pennsylvania,Ohio,and Indiana.(11)Many of the stories were true.(12)For instance,John really did travel barefoot through the snow,lived on the friendliest of terms with Indian tribes,and refused to shoot any animal.(13)Other tales about John, however,were exaggerations.(14)Settlers said,for example,that he slept in the treetops and talked to the birds or that he had once been carried off by a giant eagle.

(15)Johnny Appleseed never stopped traveling until his death in Fort Wayne,Indiana, in1845.

1)Sentence1is a statement of_______.

A.fact

B.opinion

C.fact and opinion

2)The details in sentences4and5support the point or points in_______.

A.sentence1

B.sentence2

C.sentence3

D.sentence6

3)The relationship between sentences3and6is one of_______.

A.contrast

B.addition

C.cause and effect

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4716868651.html,parison

4)We can conclude that Johnny Appleseed_______.

A.provided apples for numerous settlers

B.was quickly forgotten by the settlers

C.grew wealthy by selling his apple trees

D.left home because of problems with his family

5)The passage suggests that Johnny Appleseed_______.

A.grew weary of traveling

B.had great respect for other people and animals

C.lived a very short but rich life

D.planted many trees other than apple trees

6)The tone of the passage is_______.

A.pessimistic

B.bitter and impassioned

C.amused and excited

D.straightforward with a touch of admiration

7)Which is the most appropriate title for this selection?

A.The Planting of American Apple Orchards

B.Folk Heroes of America

C.Settlers Recall Johnny Appleseed

D.The Life and Legend of John Chapman

5.Read the passage below.Then choose the best answer to each question that follows.

(1)Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is disseminated,by altering political campaigns,and by changing citizens’patterns of response to politics.(2)By giving citizens independent access to the candidates,television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates.(3)By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizens’focus on character rather than issues.

(4)Television has altered the forms of political communication as well.(5)The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were.(6)The stump speech,a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting11/2to2hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse,has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the10-second“sound bite”in broadcast news.(7) Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news.

(8)In these abbreviated forms,much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost.(9)In15or30seconds,a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question,cannot detail the probable causes of the problem,and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others.(10)In snippets,politicians assert but do not argue.

(11)Because television is an intimate medium,speaking through it requires a changed political style that was more conversational,personal,and visual than that of the old-style stump speech.(12)Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words.(13) Schools teach us to analyze words and print.(14)However,in a world in which politics is increasingly visual,informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.

(15)Recognizing the power of television’s pictures,politicians craft televisual, staged events,called pseudo-event,designed to attract media coverage.(16)Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians,their

speechwriters,and their public relations advisers for televised consumption.(17) Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.

1)What is the main idea of the passage?

A.Citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issue because of television coverage.

B.Citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person.

C.Politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of television.

D.Politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television.

2)The word“disseminated”in sentence1is closest in meaning to_______.

A.analyzed

B.discussed

C.spread

D.stored

3)It can be inferred that before the introduction of television,political parties_______.

A.had more influence over the selection of political candidates

B.spent more money to promote their political candidates

C.attracted more members

D.received more money

4)The author mentions the“stump speech”in sentence6as an example of_______.

A.an event created by politicians to attract media attention

B.an interactive discussion between two politicians

C.a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century

D.a style of speech common to televised political events

5)The word“that”in sentence7refers to_______.

A.audience

B.broadcast news

C.politician

D.advertisement

6)According to the passage,as compared with televised speeches,traditional political discourse was more successful at_______.

A.allowing news coverage of political candidates

B.placing political issues within a historical context

C.making politics seem more intimate to citizens

D.providing detailed information about a candidate’s private behavior

7)The author states that“politicians assert but do not argue”in sentence9in order to suggest that politicians_______.

A.make claims without providing reasons for the claims

B.take stronger positions on issues than in the past

C.enjoy explaining the issue to broadcasters

D.dislike having to explain their own positions on issues to citizens

8)The purpose of paragraph4is to suggest that_______.

A.politicians will need to learn to become more personal when meeting citizens

B.politicians who are considered very attractive are favored by citizens over politicians who are less attractive

C.citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed the issue over one who did not

D.citizens will need to learn how to evaluate visual political images in order to become better informed

9)Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

A.Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.

B.Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.

C.Citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past.

D.Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.

Part III Read and Question

In this part,you will read about related or contradictory views on a variety of issues. You will be required to identify the writer’s position and evaluate the effectiveness of the writer’s arguments.

Read the following two passages and answer the questions.

Passage A

While On the origin of Species created a great stir when it was published in1859, Darwinian thought was almost completely out of vogue by the turn of the twentieth century.It took Ronald Fisher’s“Great Synthesis”of the1920s,which combined the genetic work of Gregor Mendel with Darwin’s ideas about natural selection,and Theodosius Dobzhansky’s“Modern Synthesis”of the1930s,which was built upon Fisher’s work with genetics within a species by focusing on how genetic variation could cause the origin of a new species,to begin to rehabilitate Darwin.

Yet,what is remarkable is how very prescient Darwin,working without knowledge of the mechanisms of heredity,proved to be.As prominent biologist Ernst Mayr notes, what made Darwinian theory so remarkable was his emphasis on“population thinking”.This contrasts to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of evolution,popular throughout the nineteenth century,which posited that individuals changed personal actions and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4716868651.html,marckian theory is often exemplified by a giraffe constantly

reaching up to eat leaves off high branches and passing on its lengthened neck to its children.

Such explanations bore a strong resemblance to children’s fables(and indeed Rudyard Kipling’s late-nineteenth-century Just So Stories was built upon Lamarckian theories).Where Darwin differed was his insistence that significant variation was not based within one particular individual,but rather in the breeding population as a whole.Natural selection was not based on the actions or goals of one individual,but variations in the average character of the species.

Passage B

As Peter Bowler points out in his aptly named The Non-Darwinian Revolution: Reinterpreting a Historical Myth,nineteenth-century Darwinism was quite different from the Darwinism of today.Thomas Huxley,“Darwin’s Bulldog”,so called because of his tireless public campaigning for Darwinian thought,exemplifies this difference. As a result of his advocacy,by the end of the nineteenth century Huxley was the vehicle for Darwinian thought.Noted science fiction writer H.G.Wells,for instance, garnered all of his information about natural selection and evolution through Huxley’s lectures.Yet Huxley’s theory varied significantly from that of Darwin,focusing on the will of humankind.

In the preface to Evolution and Ethics,Huxley wrote that“We cannot do without our inheritance from the forefathers who were the puppets of the cosmic process;the society which renounces it must be destroyed from without.Still less can we do with too much of it;the society in which it dominates must be destroyed from within.”According to Huxley,humankind has moved past physical evolution to the realm of self-directed moral evolution.Huxley,then,acknowledges that humankind has evolved under the pressure of natural selection and must remain aware of the fact or be“destroyed from without”,but he argues that a society that continues in the path that Nature has placed it will be“destroyed from within”because it will no longer be adapted to itself.

1)Based on the information in the passage,Rudyard Kipling most likely wrote stories ______.

A.dedicated to enlightening humans by using animals as positive examples of proper behavior

B.based on futuristic worlds which were populated by evolved subjects

C.featuring individuals developing variation through the power of their desires

D.seeking to exhibit the effects of population thinking in breeding populations

E.portraying the effects of parental inheritance through examining the lives of children

2)Which of the following best represents Huxley’s beliefs?

A.Focusing on physical evolution leaves man as nothing more than a“puppet”of

forces beyond his control;to succeed in life it is necessary to reject physical evolution in favor of moral change.

B.The ideas of Charles Darwin needed to be carefully delineated through lectures so that his ideas about individual variation could be fully understood.

C.By exerting personal will,humankind will be able to enact significant,lasting variation which will be demonstrated through the bodies of the children of those who seek change.

D.While humankind is inescapably linked to its physical past and the material conditions of its evolution,it must be wary of being too attached to the path dictated by natural selection.

E.Certain elements of Darwin’s theory about evolution had to be discarded so that the public would be willing to accept the thrust of the theory as a whole.

3)Which of the following would the authors of Passage A and Passage B mostly likely agree to be most closely aligned in their thinking?

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4716868651.html,marck and Huxley.

B.Kipling and Wells.

C.Mayr and Bowler.

D.Mendel and Huxley.

E.Dobzhansky and Wells.

4)Which of the following statements about Darwin is supported by both passages?

A.Darwin differed significantly from other theorists of evolution because he focused on breeding populations as a whole.

B.The modern understanding of Darwin varies significantly from nineteenth-century beliefs about his theories.

C.It was not until the early twentieth century that Darwinism as we know it began to emerge.

D.Fiction writers were particularly interested in disseminating ideas about Darwin.

E.Delineating the specific inheritance of the child is crucial to understanding how natural selection proceeds.

5)Which of the following best represents the difference between the two passages?

A.The first passage begins with current understandings of Darwinism and moves back in time,while the second passage begins with older understanding and moves forward in time.

B.While the first passage focuses on the difference between two theories of evolution,the second paragraph traces differences between two individual interpreters of evolution.

C.The first passage introduces a general theory,offers specific evidence,and then considers the ramifications of that theory,while the second passage does not consider the ramifications of the evidence it represents.

D.The first passage is concerned with demonstrating a way in which Darwin is

closely linked with modern thinkers,while the second passage is focused on how he differed from one of his contemporaries.

E.The first passage provides a historical retrospective of the primary interpreters of Darwin,and the second passage centers on one particular interpreter.

6)Based on the information in Passage B,which of the following claims in Passage A would Thomas Huxley be most likely to object to?

A.It is impossible to truly understand natural selection without the benefit of modern genetic theory.

B.It is likely that the giraffe developed a long neck due to the fact that it constantly stretched it to gain access to food.

C.There are different ways to understand how evolution functions to change individuals.

D.Variations in the average character of a population are the most crucial factor in the proper evolution of man.

E.Allowing natural selection to dominate our society will lead to the destruction of humankind.

7)Which of the following situations is most closely analogous to the Lamarckian mode of variation?

A.An adult bird tries to change the environment for the benefit of its children.

B.Seeking to morally adapt to its environment,a chimpanzee changes the way it woos its mate.

C.A giraffe’s bodily shape changes because it is unable to fit into the caves it traditionally sleeps in.

D.Because of a change in the environment,a number of chimpanzees die out while others thrive and pass on their genes.

E.Because it hunts for salmon with its mouth wide open,a bear gradually develops a straining mechanism between its teeth.

Part IV

Read and Create

In this part,you will be required to write a short essay on a given topic based on your general reading.You should write with clarity,logic and creativity.

1.Write an essay of about200words on one of the following topics.

1)Hamlet is characterized by his melancholic mood and delay in action.Give a character analysis of Hamlet and list the possible reasons for his melancholy and delay.

2)A Tale of Two Cities can be regarded as a historical novel,a moral novel and a novel strongly concerned with themes of resurrection,redemption and patriotism,as well as of guilt,shame and love.What is your understanding of the themes of the novel?

2.Read the essay below.Answer one of the following questions by writing an essay of about200words.

Of Studies

Studies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring;for ornament,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgment and disposition of business.For expert men can execute,and perhaps judge of particulars,one by one;but the general counsels,and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned.To spend too much time in studies is sloth;to use them too much for ornament is affection;to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar.They perfect nature and are perfected by experience:for natural abilities are like natural plants,that need pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience.Crafty men contemn studies,simple men admire them,and wise men use them,for they teach not their own use;but that is a wisdom without them and above them,won by observation.Read not to contradict and confuse;nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested;that is some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be ready wholly,and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others;but that would be only in the less important arguments,and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are,like common distilled waters,flashy things.

Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man. And therefore,if a man write little,he had need have a great memory;if he confer little,he had need have a present wit;and if he read little,he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.Abeunt studia in mores.Nay there is no stond or impediment in the wit,but may be wrought out by fit studies:like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.Bowling is good for the stone and reins;shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach;riding for the head;and the like.So if a man’s wit be wandering,let him study the mathematics;for in demonstrations,if his wit be called away never so little,he must begin again.If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences,let him study the schoolmen;for they are cymini sectores.If he be not apt to beat over matters,and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another,let him study the lawyers’cases.So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

1)We are now living in the age of“information explosion”.What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s“Of Studies”to access information”

2)In what sense does reading make a full man?

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