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房地产融资渠道分析外文翻译文献

房地产融资渠道分析外文翻译文献
房地产融资渠道分析外文翻译文献

房地产融资渠道分析外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)

原文:

The Research on Financing Channels Innovation in

Chinese Real Estate Industry According to the public information,the increasing rate in real estate

investment has obviously exceeded the fixed assets investment.Because real estate investment account for over 20 percent in the aggregate fixed assets investment in China,real estate industry has driven the society investment and played more and more important role in Chinese economy.

Bank loans to the industry have ascended gradually since 1998.The loan volume has been attained 6657 billion yuan in 2009,3.2 times as much as that in 1998.At the same timelpersonal house mortgage—backed loans has been increase dramatically.In last 6 years,the rate of these loans to total personal consuming loans is about 75—97 percent.

Chinese Current Status of House Financing Channels Financing channels of Chinese real estate enterprises are mainly focused on Bank credit.Other channels like IPO,entrust,Bonds and special funds to obtain capital are of quite less proportion.House mortgage—backed loans came into being in 1998.Before that,the money users were real estate companies.Generally,Chinese real estate industry gives priority to creditor’s rights financing.The financing structure shows unitary characteristics.Bank Credit is Main Channel for Chinese Real Estate Enterprises

According to the operating process and capital chain figure of Chinese real estate market,we could find that bank loan has been running through the whole process of land reservation,land transaction,development and

sale.Commercial banks are almost the only capital providers of all principals in Chinese rea1 estate market.

Real estate trust fund become China's relatively active financing form

Our country has experienced three years of industries into again after the reorganization, 2010 rapid development track of the real estate industry, to the end of the trust property 24.1 million yuan, has reached the total trust property than the total 2.82%, early mbm1260 million yuan, increase in 2010 grew nearly 110% real estate trusts continue with higher speed growth, but the overall perspective, real estate trusts function is relatively single, real estate capital trust most is to provide "plan", i.e. bridge loans mainly for commercial bank loans conditions did not reach the real estate project to provide an initial trust credit, these trust has no plan for basic portfolio investment function conversion function and duration.

China's real estate financing problems

Development fund relied on a bank loan

This dependency makes the real estate investment market risk and financing credit risk focused on commercial bank l according to statistics estimate, 80% of the land purchase and real estate development funds are directly or indirectly from the commercial bank credit l through housing

consumption loan and real estate development loans, construction enterprise liquidity loan and land reserve loans, etc all forms of credit assets concentrated, commercial Banks actually directly or indirectly under a real estate market operation of various links market risk and credit risk.

Financial institutions exist management behavior irrational, not science, is not standard, etc

Because the real estate commercial bank universal credit as a "fine assets" vigorously develop, in business to produce the tendency of the eager, such as some commercial Banks to reduce customer the threshold level of qualifications assessment will examine formalities, simplify, will examine speed etc l also like in real estate loans issued in the process, some commercial Banks to government guarantee and government intervention project optimistic blindly, even blind adored, and ignored these projects have risk. Be like again, at present a lot of real estate trusts is basically about the terms of reference bank loans to implementation, was largely bank loans, and trust company in varieties of entrust loan monitoring, operation and management experience may not commercial Banks.

The real estate industry financing channel innovation design Developing diversified real estate finance market

In a mature real estate finance market, real estate develop and operation

financing has not only the creditor's rights financing and equity financing two basic forms, and in the creditor's rights financing and equity financing outside the primary market, there are developed in the secondary market l securitization of secondary market, all kinds of financial innovation produced emerge in endlessly of real estate finance tools, including investment fund, trust securities, stock index is such through various investors in l of real estate finance market financial asset securitization, the secondary market buys independently of the original focus on real estate credit agency market risk and credit risk effectively scattered throughout the financial market various investors.

Real estate capital trust Instead of real estate trusts

Real estate development is a long life cycle, high risk, capital-intensive industries, management intensive investment behavior. Developing the enterprise's equity financing conditions of the poor, equity financing means fail to play its full role. Thus preventing financial risks, firstly is open financial markets, let more private investment partly replace bank risk. Existing The future development direction of real estate trusts for real estate development, should be the acquisition, buying and selling, leasing, administration and other links provided comprehensive financial services, adapt to the characteristics of real estate industry, providing effective financing and risk management.

To strengthen the management of individual housing loan

Individual housing credit by the formation of the financial assets, are increasingly the commercial Banks should improve the pillar l personal housing loan management measures, regulate individual loan examination procedures and standards, promote the standardization of personal housing loan business, and gradually establish and perfect personal credit registry system; To improve the personal housing loan guarantee system, speeding up improving housing loan guarantee measures to guarantee agencies, strengthen regulation and oversight, the business of standardization demonstrative text guaranty contract, in order to improve the creditworthiness of residents individual housing loan to the bank, ensure personal housing loan recovery, effectively prevent loan risks.finally, to strengthen the individual customer's credit review, timely do risk early-warning work.

译文:

中国房地产业融资渠道的创新研究

据公开资料显示,房地产开发投资增速明显快于固定资产投资。由于房地产投资在全社会固定资产投资中所占比重约20%。在中国的经济中,房地产业带动了社会投资并且发挥着更重要的作用。

用于房地产开发的银行信贷自2000年起逐年上升,2009年扩大到6657亿,是2000年的3.2倍,与此同时,个人住房抵押贷款显著增长。几年来,个人住房贷款占个人消费贷款比高达75%—97%。相比于00年,个人住房消费贷款增加了1.14万亿元,增长了26.64倍。

我国目前房地产行业融资渠道分析

我国房地产企业的融资渠道主要集中在银行信贷,其他金融方式如上市融资、信托融资、债券融资和基金融资等占比较小。而在1998 年以前,银行房地产信贷的主要对象是房地产开发企业,1998年以后才扩展到个人住房消费信贷,可见我国房地产金融以债权融资为主,股权融资比例较小,融资格局较为单一。

银行信贷是房地产金融的主渠道

从我国房地产市场的运行过程及其资金链来看,房地产金融主要是由银行房地产信贷构成的,银行信贷贯穿于土地储备、交易、房地产开发和房产销售的整个过程。在我国的房地产市场上,商业银行的信贷几乎介入了房地产业运行的全过程,是我国房地产市场各种相关主体的主要资金提供者。

房地产信托基金成为我国较活跃的融资形式

我国信托业经历了3年的整顿后,再次步入了快速发展的轨道2010年底,投向房地产业的信托财产已达24.1亿元,占全部信托财产总额的2.82%,比年初增加12.6亿元,增幅接近110%。2010年房地产信托继续以较高的速度增长,但总体上看,目前房地产信托功能较为单一,房地产资金信托计划大部分是提供“过桥贷款”,即主要为未达到商业银行贷款条件的房地产项目提供前期信托信贷,这些信托计划基本不具有组合投资功能和期限转换功能。

我国房地产融资中存在的问题

开发资金过多依赖银行贷款

这种依赖使得房地产投资的市场风险和融资信用风险集中于商业银行。根据统计估算,80% 左右的土地购置和房地产开发资金都直接或间接地来自商业银行信贷。通过住房消费贷款、房地产开发贷款、建筑企

业流动性贷款和土地储备贷款等各种形式的信贷资金集中,商业银行实际上直接或间接地承受了房地产市场运行中各个环节的市场风险和信用风险。

金融机构存在经营行为不理性、不科学、不规范等问题

由于商业银行普遍把房地产信贷作为一种“优良资产”大力发展,在经营业务上容易产生急功近利的倾向,比如有的商业银行降低客户资质等级评定的门坎,将审查手续简化,将审查速度加快等等。又如在发放房地产贷款过程中,有的商业银行对政府担保和政府干预项目盲目乐观,甚至盲目追捧,而忽视了这些项目所具有的风险性。再如,目前许多房地产信托基本上是参照银行贷款的有关条款来执行,在很大程度上是银行贷款的变种,而信托公司在委托贷款的监控、经营和管理经验方面可能还不如商业银行。

房地产业融资渠道创新设计

大力发展多元化的房地产金融市场

在成熟的房地产金融市场上,房地产开发和经营的融资不仅有债权融资和股权融资两种基本形式,而且在债权融资和股权融资一级市场以外,存在着发达的证券化二级市场。在这个二级市场上,各种金融创新产生了层出不穷的房地产金融工具,包括投资基金、信托证券、指数化证券等。正是通过各种投资者在房地产金融市场上对证券化金融资产的自主购买,二级市场把本来集中于房地产信贷机构的市场风险和信用风

险有效地分散于整个金融市场的各种投资者。

房地产资金信托转变为房地产信托

房地产开发是周期长、风险高、资金密集型、管理密集型的投资行为。我国开发企业的股权融资情况极差,股权融资的手段未能充分发挥作用。因此防范金融风险,首先在于开放金融市场,让更多的民间投资部分替代银行现有风险。未来房地产信托的发展方向应是为房地产开发、收购、买卖、租赁、管理等各环节提供全面的金融服务,适应房地产行业的特点,提供有效的资金融通和风险管理手段。

加强对个人住房贷款的管理

个人住房信贷所形成的金融资产,正在日渐成为各商业银行的支柱。要完善个人住房贷款管理办法,规范个人贷款审查的程序和标准,推行个人住房贷款业务的标准化,逐步建立并完善个人征信系统;要健全个人住房贷款担保制度,加快完善住房贷款担保办法,加强对担保机构的业务规范和监管,推行标准化的担保合同示范文本,以提高居民个人住房贷款的信用度,保障银行对个人住房贷款的回收,有效地防范贷款风险。最后,要加强对个人客户的资信审查,及时做好风险预警工作。

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翻译: 5G无线通信网络的蜂窝结构和关键技术 摘要 第四代无线通信系统已经或者即将在许多国家部署。然而,随着无线移动设备和服务的激增,仍然有一些挑战尤其是4G所不能容纳的,例如像频谱危机和高能量消耗。无线系统设计师们面临着满足新型无线应用对高数据速率和机动性要求的持续性增长的需求,因此他们已经开始研究被期望于2020年后就能部署的第五代无线系统。在这篇文章里面,我们提出一个有内门和外门情景之分的潜在的蜂窝结构,并且讨论了多种可行性关于5G无线通信系统的技术,比如大量的MIMO技术,节能通信,认知的广播网络和可见光通信。面临潜在技术的未知挑战也被讨论了。 介绍 信息通信技术(ICT)创新合理的使用对世界经济的提高变得越来越重要。无线通信网络在全球ICT战略中也许是最挑剔的元素,并且支撑着很多其他的行业,它是世界上成长最快最有活力的行业之一。欧洲移动天文台(EMO)报道2010年移动通信业总计税收1740亿欧元,从而超过了航空航天业和制药业。无线技术的发展大大提高了人们在商业运作和社交功能方面通信和生活的能力无线移动通信的显著成就表现在技术创新的快速步伐。从1991年二代移动通信系统(2G)的初次登场到2001年三代系统(3G)的首次起飞,无线移动网络已经实现了从一个纯粹的技术系统到一个能承载大量多媒体内容网络的转变。4G无线系统被设计出来用来满足IMT-A技术使用IP面向所有服务的需求。在4G系统中,先进的无线接口被用于正交频分复用技术(OFDM),多输入多输出系统(MIMO)和链路自适应技术。4G无线网络可支持数据速率可达1Gb/s的低流度,比如流动局域无线访问,还有速率高达100M/s的高流速,例如像移动访问。LTE系统和它的延伸系统LTE-A,作为实用的4G系统已经在全球于最近期或不久的将来部署。 然而,每年仍然有戏剧性增长数量的用户支持移动宽频带系统。越来越多的

数控激光加工的技术水平以及应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

英文文献 Numerical control laser processing technology and application Pick to: as the main symbol of science and Technology development in the 20th century and the modern information society one of the pillars of optoelectronic Technology, Laser Technology, Laser Technology) and the development of Laser industry attaches great importance to by the advanced countries in the world. Numerical control and integrated the Laser and the optical system of the computer numerical control technology, advanced and high precision and automation of the workpiece positioning, the combination of formation, development and production of machining center has become a Laser machining, Laser Processing) is an important trend of development. Key words: CNC; Laser machining, Laser Processing); Level; application Before: laser is regarded as one of the most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, as soon as it was caused the great attention of materials scientists. In November 1971, gm pioneered the use of a 250 w CO2 laser to improve wear resistance materials using laser radiation test and research, and in 1974 successfully completed automobile redirector shell

差异化营销策略外文文献翻译

文献出处: Dalman, M. Deniz, and Junhong Min. "Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect." International Journal of Marketing Studies 6.5 (2014): 63-72. 原文 Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect Dalman, M. Deniz & Junhong Min Abstract This research investigates that brand differentiation creating superior values can be achieved not only by adding meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes, which is called "trivial attribute effect." Two studies provided empirical evidences as following; first, trivial attribute effect creates a strong brand differentiation even after subjects realize that trivial attribute has no value. Second, trivial attribute effect is more pronounced in hedonic service category compared to the utilitarian category. Last, the amount of willingness to pay is higher when trivial attribute is presented and evaluated in joint evaluation mode than separate evaluation mode. Finally, we conclude with discussion and provide suggestions for further research. Keywords: brand differentiation, evaluation mode, service industry, trivial attribute Introduction Problem Definition Perhaps the most important factor for new product success is to create the meaningful brand differentiation that provides customers with superior values beyond what the competitors can offer in the same industry (Porter, 1985). Not surprisingly, more than 50 percent of annual sales in consumer product industries including automobiles, biotechnology, computer software, and pharmaceuticals are attributed to such meaningful brand differentiation by including new or noble attributes (Schilling &Hill, 1998). However, the brand differentiation that increases consumer preference is not only by introducing meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes. For

通信工程移动通信中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文翻译 附件1:外文资料翻译译文 通用移动通信系统的回顾 1.1 UMTS网络架构 欧洲/日本的3G标准,被称为UMTS。 UMTS是一个在IMT-2000保护伞下的ITU-T 批准的许多标准之一。随着美国的CDMA2000标准的发展,它是目前占主导地位的标准,特别是运营商将cdmaOne部署为他们的2G技术。在写这本书时,日本是在3G 网络部署方面最先进的。三名现任运营商已经实施了三个不同的技术:J - PHONE 使用UMTS,KDDI拥有CDMA2000网络,最大的运营商NTT DoCoMo正在使用品牌的FOMA(自由多媒体接入)系统。 FOMA是基于原来的UMTS协议,而且更加的协调和标准化。 UMTS标准被定义为一个通过通用分组无线系统(GPRS)和全球演进的增强数据

技术(EDGE)从第二代GSM标准到UNTS的迁移,如图。这是一个广泛应用的基本原理,因为自2003年4月起,全球有超过847万GSM用户,占全球的移动用户数字的68%。重点是在保持尽可能多的GSM网络与新系统的操作。 我们现在在第三代(3G)的发展道路上,其中网络将支持所有类型的流量:语音,视频和数据,我们应该看到一个最终的爆炸在移动设备上的可用服务。此驱动技术是IP协议。现在,许多移动运营商在简称为2.5G的位置,伴随GPRS的部署,即将IP骨干网引入到移动核心网。在下图中,图2显示了一个在GPRS网络中的关键部件的概述,以及它是如何适应现有的GSM基础设施。 SGSN和GGSN之间的接口被称为Gn接口和使用GPRS隧道协议(GTP的,稍后讨论)。引进这种基础设施的首要原因是提供连接到外部分组网络如,Internet或企业Intranet。这使IP协议作为SGSN和GGSN之间的运输工具应用到网络。这使得数据服务,如移动设备上的电子邮件或浏览网页,用户被起诉基于数据流量,而不是时间连接基础上的数据量。3G网络和服务交付的主要标准是通用移动通信系统,或UMTS。首次部署的UMTS是发行'99架构,在下面的图3所示。 在这个网络中,主要的变化是在无线接入网络(RAN的)CDMA空中接口技术的引进,和在传输部分异步传输模式作为一种传输方式。这些变化已经引入,主要是为了支持在同一网络上的语音,视频和数据服务的运输。核心网络保持相对不变,主要是软件升级。然而,随着目前无线网络控制器使用IP与3G的GPRS业务支持节点进行通信,IP协议进一步应用到网络。 未来的进化步骤是第4版架构,如图4。在这里,GSM的核心被以语音IP技术为基础的IP网络基础设施取代。 海安的发展分为两个独立部分:媒体网关(MGW)和MSC服务器(MSS)的。这基本上是打破外连接的作用和连接控制。一个MSS可以处理多个MGW,使网络更具有扩展性。 因为现在有一些在3G网络的IP云,合并这些到一个IP或IP/ ATM骨干网是很有意义的(它很可能会提供两种选择运营商)。这使IP权利拓展到整个网络,一直到BTS(基站收发信台)。这被称为全IP网络,或推出五架构,如图五所示。在HLR/ VLR/VLR/EIR被推广和称为HLR的子系统(HSS)。 现在传统的电信交换的最后残余被删除,留下完全基于IP协议的网络运营,并

外文文献(市场营销策略)

Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails selecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment. Positioning the Product Management's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products. Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:

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