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2018年中考英语真题分类汇编题型3阅读理解专项训练十二科普知识与现代科技(含解析)

专项训练十二科普知识与现代科技

时间：8～10分钟/篇分值：2分/小题

Passage 1(2018南京)

A new report shows what life might be like in 100 years from now. It describes skyscrapers that are much taller than today's buildings, underwater ‘bubble’ cities and holidays in space. The report is from a company. It asked experts(专家) on space and architecture, as well as city planners, to give their ideas on the life in 2116. They said the way we live, work and play will be totally different to how we do these things today. The experts used the Internet as an example. They said that 25 years ago, people could not imagine how the Internet and smartphones would change our lives. The Internet has completely changed the way we communicate, learn and do daily things. The experts said the changes in the next century would be even more unbelievable.

Researchers questioned 2，000 adults about the predictions(预言) they thought were most likely(很可能的) to happen in the future. They predicted that in the future, few people will go to an office but will work from home and have work meetings online. People will have highly developed 3-D printers that will let you download(下载) a design for furniture or a food recipe and then ‘print’ the sofa, table or pizza at home. There will also be less need for visits to the doctor. We will all have a home health instrument that will tell us what the problem is and give us treatment. We will also be going into space for holidays and to get resources that we have used up on Earth. A prediction that is missing is whether people will still need to study English.

( )1. The writer uses the example of the Internet in Paragraph 1 to show ________．

A. the Internet was often used

B. the Internet has developed fast

C. people will not believe the changes

D. technology will change people's lives

( )2. With the help of highly developed 3-D printers, a way to get a sofa in 2116 is to ________．

A. buy one in a shop

B. ask somebody to make one

C. download a design and ‘print’ one

D. design and make one by oneself

( )3. According to the passage, the missing prediction is ________．

A. how people will work

B. where people will get resources

C. what people will have at home to treat illness

D. whether people will still need to learn English

( )4. The passage is mainly about ________．

A. the life in 2116

B. holidays in space

C. the history of the Internet

D. medical treatment

( )5. The passage is most probably from ________．

A. an advertisement

B. a newspaper

C. a detective story

D. a health report

Passage 2(2018山西)

When I opened my e-mail the other day, Rachel, a pretty woman, appeared on my computer screen. She greeted me by name and started talking happily. Sometimes she stopped to smile at me or blow a kiss. It was cool, right? In fact, she was reading to me an e-mail from my brother John.

Rachel could be there because of a new technology called Facemail. Facemail lets you send e-mails in a funny way. By using it, your e-mails can be read to the receiver by an attractive person or by a clown. You can download the software at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4217276443.html, without paying. Facemail faces are lively and they can simulate

the emotions that you put in your text. For example, type in ， and Rachel blows a kiss.

LifeFX, the company that developed the Facemail, is sure there are wide business uses. Why is e-business not so popular now? One of the reasons is that buying online has no human touch. But if you go to the Nike website, and the famous basketball star Michael Jordan greets you by name, serves you, and personally closes_the_sale,_ won't you be happy? Also, if mom can't be home when kids get back from school, she can leave a note with a voice and picture on the screen to tell them what there is to eat.

It's true that Facemail makes life easy and fun, but it should be used with care. The clown looks lively and funny at first. But if you choose the clown, put a few rude words in an e-mail and add some angry emotions, you've got a Psycho mail.

( )1. In fact, who is Rachel?

A. She is a pretty actress.

B. She is John's girlfriend.

C. She is not a real person.

( )2. What is the main advantage of Facemail?

A. You don't need to pay for it.

B. E-mail can be attractive in a more lovely way.

C. You can ask a beautiful woman to read the e-mail to you.

( )3. What does the underlined expression “closes the sale”probably mean?

A. 停止营业

B. 达成交易

C. 取消折扣

( )4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. You shouldn't choose a clown.

B. Facemail can be widely used in business.

C. Mom can show her kids how to cook by Facemail.

( )5. What is the writer's attitude(态度) towards Facemail?

A. He thinks it's a danger to the Internet.

B. He thinks it needs further improvement.

C. He thinks it's a cool and funny technology.

Passage 3(2018重庆B卷)

Many homes have cameras to protect them from danger. The cameras can tell the owners if someone has entered. But the cameras do not know whether the person is a family member, a friend, a postman or a criminal(罪犯)．

But a new camera made by a French company can recognize(辨别出) faces. It can tell parents at work that their children have returned from school, or that the mail has been sent to their home. It can also tell them if a stranger has entered their home. When family members enter a home, the smart camera “recognizes” them and sends information to the owner's phone. The owner can choose to see the video then or later. But if an unknown person enters a home, the camera will send a warning sound on the owner's phone.

This is what happened recently to a smart home camera owner named Damien. He lives in Paris.

“On a Friday I was at work, having a big monthly meeting when my phone moved. At first I told myself ‘Oh, it must be a wrong warn，’ but my phone was telling me there was a face that the camera did not recognize. Something was happening in my house! ”

“I saw a person I did not know with his shoes on, which is not allowed in my apartment(公寓). I watched it on the video. I felt quite surprised. I hurried back home as fast as possible and called the police on the way. Thanks to the smart camera, the criminal was caught soon，” said Damien.

( )1. The new smart camera is different from the ones in many homes because it can________.

A. protect the owner

B. help a school child

C. recognize faces

D. call the police

( )2. In Damien's apartment, people can't ________．

A. wear shoes

B. watch videos

C. have cameras

D. send mails

( )3. If we put the passage into three parts, which of the following is the best?

(①＝Para.(自然段)1 ②＝Para.2 ③＝Para.3

④＝Para.4 ⑤＝Para.5)

A. ①；②③；④⑤

B. ①；②；③④⑤

C. ①②③；④；⑤

D. ①②；③④；⑤

( )4. The best title of the passage may be “________”．

A. Catching Criminals in a Better Way

B. Strange Video Faces

C. Warning Sound on the Phone

D. Smart Home Cameras

Passage 4(2018德州)

Hover Camera(无人相机)

Wang Mengqiu, the inventor of Hover Camera, was born in Hangzhou in 1982. He once studied at Stanford University in the United States. He became famous overnight(一夜成名) because of the invention.

Forget selfie sticks(自拍杆)! Compared to other cameras, Hover Camera has many advantages.

*It can fly and stay in mid-air, track your face and even follow you to make sure it gets the perfect picture.

*It can be controlled by using a smartphone(智能手机)．

*It records movements with a 13MP camera and takes 4K video.

*It is the best choice for weddings, sports games and holidays.

Mr. Wang also said, “The main design consideration is easy and safe to take for the users. It's very light and small. It can be folded(折叠) in two, so it can be easily put into a bag. When the power is low, it can land on the ground safely on its own.”

It's reported that the company has raised $25 million to produce it. As it is still being tested(测试), Hover Camera can be bought later this year.

The price has not yet been decided. But a spokesman says the company hopes to sell it for less than $600.

( )1. Hover Camera can________．

A. swim in the water

B. fly in the mid-air

C. change its weight

D. be used as a phone

( )2. The underlined word “track” means ________．

A. pull

B. follow

C. push

D. show

( )3. According to the passage, why is Hover Camera easy and safe to take?

A. It's light and small.

B. It can be folded in three.

C. It doesn't need power.

D. Only a smartphone can make it land.

( )4. Which is not mentioned in the passage?

A. How can we control Hover Camera?

B. When can we buy Hover Camera?

C. How much is Hover Camera?

D. How popular will Hover Camera be?

( )5. According to the passage, Wang Mengqiu is a ________ young man.

A. brave

B. quiet

C. creative

D. humorous

Passage 5(2018威海)

The Building That Moves

Everyone knows that buildings don't move. They can't change the way they look. However, architect(建筑师)David Fisher wants to change that.

Fisher has an amazing idea. He wants to make 80-sto ry buildings that change shape. Each floor will move around slowly. The floors will move at different speeds. Because of this, the shape of the building is always changing. “These buildings will never look the same，”says Fisher.

His idea is an interesting one. However, Fisher doesn't stop there. He also wants the building to be “green”. The building will make its own energy. In most buildings, only the top floor has a roof(屋顶). In Fisher's building, each floor will have its own roof. The roofs each have solar panels(太阳能板). This means a lot more solar energy. Also, machines between each floor of the building will catch the wind. They will turn the wind into energy.

Fisher's ideas sound impossible. However, that's_what_people_also_said_before_humans_traveled_into_space!

( )1. The passage is mainly talking about________．

A. buildings for the future

B. the life of an architect

C. how green buildings work

( )2. The underlined word “80-story”means the building has 80________．

A. shapes

B. floors

C. different speeds

( )3. Fisher's building can make its own energy because the building________．

A. is tall and always moving

B. is tall and has many solar panels

C. is always moving and has many solar panels

( )4. The Fisher's building will NOT get energy from________．

A. the sun

B. the water

C. the wind

()5. Why does the writer say “that's_what_people_also_said_before_humans_traveled_into_space”？

A. To show why Fisher's building will never work.

B. To show why Fisher's building is like a spaceship.

C. To show that unusual ideas can sometimes work.

Passage 6(2018福州)

Pollution inside homes and other buildings kills more than 4 million people each year. Many people die as a result of breathing smoke or from cooking over wood-

powered or coal-powered stoves.

One way to reduce the number of deaths is through cooking equipment powered by the sun. Crosby Menzies, a solar power expert in a South African company, described his latest solar cooker called the “Sol- 4”. “It is four square meters of mirrors, six to eight meters in length. It is quite a large cooker.”

The “Sol- 4” works by reflecting (反射) light from the sun off large mirrors. The mirrors direct (把……对准) the light at a cooking pan. Then the light heats the pan with solar energy. Within two minutes, the pan is hot enough to cook sausages and onions. In just four minutes, water can be boiled. That is as fast as cooking with natural gas or electricity.

The cooker is also much “friendlier” than other models because people do not have to stand in the sun to use it. And people can prepare meals without having to collect firewood or spend money on coal. Such individuals would be less likely to have breathing illnesses from harmful smoke.

At present, the cooker only works when the sun is shining.But engineers are working on a way to make it work without sunlight.

Each cooker costs about $2，000, which is a large amount of money for most Africans.To solve that problem, Crosby Menzies has created a non-govermental organization called Solar Cookers for Africa. It plans to raise money through donations to provide poor people with solar cooking equipment.

( )1. This passage is mainly about ________．

A. solar cookers

B. smoke pollution

C. solar power experts

D. breathing illnesses

( )2. The “Sol- 4” is mainly used to________．

A. shorten the time of cooking

B. reduce the cost of making cookers

C. raise money through donations to help African people

D. reduce the number of deaths caused by harmful smoke

( )3. The underlined word “individuals”most probably means “________”．

A. cookers

B. mirrors

C. people

D. experts

( )4. Which of the following about the “Sol- 4” is TRUE?

A. It is six to eight square meters of mirrors.

B. It can work in any weather condition now.

C. It can also heat the pan by lighting firewood.

D. It is more environment-friendly than other cookers.

( )5. From the passage, we can infer that ________．

A. the “Sol- 4” will be designed in a smaller size

B. more Africans can use the solar cookers in the future

C. the “Sol- 4” is the first product of the South African company

D. the African government will provide poor people with solar cookers

Passage 7(2018广州)

Getting electricity has always been a problem for the 173 people living in Nuevo Saposoa, a small village in Peru, South America. However, things went from bad to worse in March 2015 after heavy rains damaged the only power cables in the area.

The villagers were forced to use oil lamps, which are not only expensive but also dangerous because of the harmful gases they produce.

Luckily，researchers at the University of Technology (UT) in Lima, Peru heard about their problem and found a wonderful solution. They made a lamp that can be powered by plants and soil, both of which can be easily found in the Amazonian rainforest where the village lies. The lamp takes energy from a plant growing in a wooden box and uses it to light up an LED light bulb.

While that may sound amazing and even impossible, the science behind the idea is quite simple. As plants create their food(using the sun's energy, water and chemicals from the soil), they also produce waste which they return to the soil. Tiny animals in the soil eat this waste and they produce electrons —the building blocks of electrical energy. The UT team put special sticks inside the soil to capture the energy and keep it in the lamp's batteries for later use. The researchers say a single charge can power a 50-watt LED light for two hours — enough time for local villagers to get their evening work done.

The university gave ten Plant Lamps to the villagers of Nuevo Saposoa in October 2015. So far, they have been a huge success! Elmer Ramirez, the UT professor who invented the lamp believes the Plant Lamp could help improve the lives of many people, especially small rainforest communities, 42% of whom have no electricity.

( )1. What are the problems of oil lamps according to Paragraph 1?

A. They are difficult to use and create pollution.

B. They are expensive to buy and easily damaged.

C. They are difficult to repair and produce little light.

D. They are expensive to use and can be bad for health.

( )2. The electricity made by the Plant Lamp comes from________．

A. plant food

B. plant waste

C. the soil's heat

D. the sun's energy

( )3. What is true about the Plant Lamp?

A. It can be made by local people.

B. It is much easier to use than oil lamps.

C. It can produce all the electricity the village needs.

D. The things it needs to make electricity are easy to find.

()4. The Plant Lamp's inventor believes it could be most helpful for________．

A. rainforest communities

B. cars

C. poor people in cities

D. farmers

( )5. What is the purpose of the passage?

A. To report on a new invention.

B. To explain a new scientific theory.

C. To describe how electricity is made.

D. To discuss the problems of poor villages.

专项训练十二科普知识与现代科技

Passage 1 【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了100年后的生活。

1.D【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：作者在第一段使用网络的例子来表明。由第一段中“They

said that 25 years ago, people could not imagine how the Internet and smartphones would change our lives.”可知，人们不敢想象科学技术能改变人们的生活。故选D。

2.C【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：在高速发展的3D打印机的帮助下，在2116年得到一个沙发的方式是。由第二段第三句“People will have highly developed 3-D printers that will let you download(下载) a design for furniture or a food recipe and then ‘print’ the sofa, table or pizza at home.”可知，人们下载一个设计，然后用高速发展的3D 打印机打印出来。故选C。

3.D【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：根据这篇文章，消失的预言是。由文章第二段最后一句“A prediction that is missing is whether people will still need to study English.”可知，一个消失的预言是人们是否仍需要学习英语。故选D。

4.A【解析】主旨大意题。题干意为：这篇文章主要是关于。由文章第一句话“A new rep ort shows what life might be like in 100 years from now.”可知，文章主要讲述了100年后的生活。故选A。

5. B【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：这篇文章很可能来自。文章主要讲述了100年后的生活。所以这篇文章很可能来自报纸。故选B。

Passage 2【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了一种叫做Facemail的新科技产品，能以一种颇为迷人的男性、女性或丑角的形象向电子邮件的接收者读邮件。

1.C【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：事实上，谁是Rachel？根据文章第一段“In fact, she was reading to me an e-mail from my brother John.”和第二段“Rachel could be there because of a new technology called Facemail.”可知Rachel能够读来自弟弟的邮件，她之所以能出现，是由于一种新科技。所以Rachel不是真人。故选C。

2.B【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：Facemail的主要优势是什么？根据第二段“Facemail lets you send e-mails in a funny way. By using it, your e-mails can be read to the receiver by an attractive person or by a clown.”可知，用这种Facemail发送的电子邮件能够将其内容拟人化，并带有发送者所赋的表情，这样就使阅读邮件的过程变得很有趣，令人感觉很舒适，从而具有吸引力。故选B。

3.B【解析】短语猜测题。题干意为：划线短语“closes the sale”意思可能是什么？文章第三段讲了Facemail在商务上的应用，通过“现在的电子商务不是那么受欢迎”与假设的情境“迈克尔·乔丹喊着你的名字与你打招呼、接待你，你会很高兴”之间的对照，可以推断出closes the sale意为“达成交易”。故选B。

4.B【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：根据文章以下哪项是正确的？根据第三段中关于电子商务的介绍可知作者提出了一种假设：假如你进入耐克公司的网站，看到迈克尔·乔丹喊着你的名字与你打招呼、接待你并亲自与你进行交易，你不会很高兴吗？可断定B项正确。故选B。

5.C【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：作者对Facemail是什么态度？通过对文章的理解，我们可知作者对Facemail是持肯定和赞赏态度的，从第一段中“It was cool, right？”以及第三段中的假设情境使电子商业变得有趣都可得到提示。故选C。

Passage 3【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了一种智能家庭摄像机的功能，并举了发生在一个用户家的事例来说明这种摄像机的神奇之处。

1.C【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：这种新型智能摄像机与许多家庭中的不同是因为它能。根据第二段首句“But a new camera made by a French company can recognize(辨别出) faces.”可知这种摄像机的不同之处在于它能识别脸部。故选C。

2.A【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：在Damien的公寓内，人们不能。根据最后一段第一句“I saw a person I did not know with his shoes on, which is not allowed in my apartment(公寓)．”可知在Damien的公寓内不允许穿鞋，故选A。

3.B【解析】文章结构题。题干意为：如果我们把这篇短文分成三部分，下面哪一项是最好的？阅读短文可知这篇短文第一段介绍了传统摄像机的功能，第二段介绍了一种新型智能摄像机，第三、四、五段介绍了发生在Damien家的一件事，因此按照这个结构来划分段落最好。故选B。

4.D【解析】标题归纳题。题干意为：这篇短文最好的标题可能是“”。阅读短文可知这篇短文主要介绍了一种智能家庭摄像机。故选D。

Passage 4【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了出生在杭州的80后小伙王孟秋发明的无人相机的一些特点及发展前景。

1.B【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：无人相机可以。根据第三段第一句“It can fly and stay in mid-air...”可知这款相机可以在半空中飞行并停留。故选B。

2.B【解析】词义猜测题。题干意为：划线单词“track”的意思是。根据第三段第一句中的“...fly and stay in mid-air...”及“...and even follow you to make sure it gets the perfect picture.”可以猜测出track的意思为“追踪”。故选B。

3.A【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：根据文章内容，为什么无人相机携带方便且安全？根据第七段第二句“It's very light and small.”可知因为无人相机轻便、小巧而便于携带。故选A。

4. D【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：下面哪一项没有被提到？通读全文可知A项在第四段“It can he controlled by using a smartphone(智能手机)．”被提及；B项在第八段第二句“...Hover Camera can be bought later this year”被提及；C项第九段第二句“But a spokesman says the company hopes to sell it for less than $ 600.”被提及，只有D项未被提及。故选D。

5.C【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：根据文章，王孟秋是一个年轻人。通读全文可知，王孟秋发明了无人相机，说明他是一个有创新意识的人。故选C。

Passage 5【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了建筑师大卫·菲舍尔想建造一个80层环保型移动建筑的独特设想。

1.A【解析】主旨大意题。题干意为：这篇短文主要谈论了。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了建筑师大卫·菲舍尔对于未来大楼的设想，故选A。

2.B【解析】词义猜测题。题干意为：划线单词“80-story”是指建筑有80。根据第二段第

三、四句“Each floor will move around slowly. The floors will move at different speeds.”可知“80-story”指的是“80层”。故选B。

3.C【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：菲舍尔的大楼可以自己产生能源，因为这座大楼。根据第三段第六、七句“In Fisher's building, each floor will have its own roof. The roofs each have solar panels(太阳能板)．”及第九、十句“Also, machines between each floor of the building will catch the wind. They will turn the wind into energy.”可知，菲舍尔设计的大楼能产生能量是因为大楼每层都有太阳能板，且建筑物楼层间的机器可以从移动的楼层中获取风能。故选C。

4.B【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：菲舍尔的大楼无法从获得能源。由第三段第七、八句“The roofs each have solar panels(太阳能板). This means a lot more solar energy.”可知能从太阳中获得能源；由第三段第九、十句“Also, machines between each floor of the building will catch the wind. They will turn the wind into energy.”可知能从风中获得能源。文中未提及菲舍尔设计的大楼能从水中获取能量。故选B。

5.C【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：作者为什么说“在人类登上太空前，人们也这样讲”？由最后一段第二句中的“However”可知，该句与前一句之间为转折关系，表明作者的态度是支持的。故选C。

Passage 6【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是一种更加环保的灶具—— Sol－4。

1.A【解析】主旨大意题。题干意为：这篇短文主要是关于。根据短文的描述可知主要是介绍太阳灶Sol－4的用处，故选A。

2.D【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：“Sol－4”主要被用来。根据第二段第一、二句“One way to reduce the number of deaths is through cooking equipment powered by the sun. Crosby Menzies, a solar power expert in a South African company, described his latest solar cooker called the ‘Sol－4.’”可知选D。

3.C【解析】词义猜测题。题干意为：划线单词“individuals”的意思是什么？根据第四段第二、三句“And people can prepare meals without having to...be less likely to have breathing illnesses from harmful smoke. ”可知吸入有害烟尘得呼吸疾病的可能性小，说的对象是人，故选C。

4.D【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：下列关于“Sol－4”的说法哪一项是正确的？根据第二段中“It is four square meters of mirrors...”可知A项错误；根据倒数第二段的第一句“At present, the cooker only works when the sun is shining.”可知B项错误；根据第三段中“Then the light heats the pan with solar energy.”可知是用太阳能来加热这个锅，故C项错误；根据全文我们知道介绍的是Sol－4 是一种更加环保的灶具，故选D。

5.B【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：从短文中，我们可以推断。根据最后一段最后一句“It pla ns to raise money through donations to provide poor people with solar cooking equipment.”可知这个非政府组织计划通过集资捐款为穷人提供太阳能烹饪设备，将来更多的非洲人会用太阳灶。故选B。

Passage 7【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了一项新的发明，它能够让没有供电的雨林地区的人们利用丰富的植物资源制造一种新的“植物电灯”。

1.D【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：根据第一段，油灯的问题是什么的？从第一段最后一句可知，油灯不仅贵，而且会产生有害气体。故选D。

2.B【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：植物灯的电来自哪里？从第三段中的“Tiny animals in the soil eat this waste and they produce electrons-the building blocks of electrical energy.”可知土壤里的微生物吃掉了植物产生的废物并生成了电子，因此这种植物灯所产生的电来源于植物所产生的废物。故选B。

3.D【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：有关植物灯的叙述哪一项是正确的？根据第二段中的“They made a lamp that can be powered by plants and soil, both of which can be easily found...”可知选D。

4. A【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：植物灯的发明者认为其对最有用？从文中最后一句可知A正确。故选A。

5. A【解析】主旨大意题。题干意为：写这篇文章的目的是什么？纵观全文，可知是在介绍一种新的发明。故选A。

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