【机械专业文献翻译】刀具的设计

Cutting tool design

Name：zhengxianzhe Student ID ：200801011017 Class：Mechanical 08-1 Class

Physics of metal-cutting provide the theoretical framework by which we must examine all other elements of cutting tool design. We have workpiece materials from a very soft, buttery consistency to very hard and shear resistant. Each of the workpiece materials must be handled by itself; the amount of broad information that is applicable to each workpiece material is reduced as the distinctions between workpiece characteristics increase. Not only is there a vast diversity of workpiece materials, but there is also a variety of shapes of tools and tool compositions.

The tool designer must match the many variables to provide the best possible cutting geometry. There was a day when trial and error was normal for this decision, but today, with the ever-increasing variety of tools, trial and error is far too expensive.

The designer must develop expertise in applying date and making comparisons on the basis of the experience of others. For example: tool manufactures and material salesmen will have figures their companies have developed. The figures are meant to be guidelines; however, a careful examination of the literature available will provide an excellent place from which to start, and be must cheaper than trial and error.

Material removal by machining involves interaction of five elements: the cutting tool, the toolholding and guiding device, the workholder, the workpiece, and the machine. The cutting tool may have a single cutting edge or may have many cutting edges. It may be designed for linear or rotary motion. The geometry of the cutting tool depends upon its intended function. The toolholding device may or may not be used for guiding or locating. Toolholder selection is governed by tool design and intended function.

The physical composition of the workpiece greatly influences the selection of the machining method, the tool composition and geometry, the rate of material removal. The intended shape of the workpiece influences the selection of the machining method

and the choice of linear or rotary tool travel. The composition and geometry of the workpiece to a great extent determines the workholder requirements. Workholder selection also depends upon forces produced by the tool on the workpiece. Tool guidance may be incorporated into the workholding function.

Successful design of tools for the material removal processes requires, above all, a complete understanding of cutting tool function and geometry. This knowledge will enable the designer to specify the correct tool for a given task. The tool, in turn, will govern the selection of toolholding and guidance methods. Tool forces govern selection of the workholding device.

Although the process involves interaction of the five elements, everything begins with and is based on what happens at the point of contact between the workpiece and cutting tool.

The primary method of imparting form and dimension to a workpiece is the removal of material by the use of edged cutting tools. An oversize mass is literally carved to its intended shape. The removal of material from a workpiece is termed generation of form by machining, or simply machining.

Form and dimension may also be achieved by a number of alternative processes such as hot or cold extrusion, sand casting, die casting, and precision casting. Sheet metal can be formed or drawn by the application of pressure. In addition to machining, metal removal can be accomplished by chemical or electrical methods. A great variety of workpiece may be produced without resorting to a machining operation. Economic considerations, however, usually dictate form generation by machining either as the complete process or in conjunction with another process.

Cutting tools are designed with sharp edges to minimize rubbing contact between the tool and workpiece. Variations in the shapes of the cutting tool influence tool life, surface finish of the workpiece, and the amount of force required to shear a chip from the parent metal. The various angles on a tool compose what is often termed tool geometry. The tool signature or nomenclature is a sequence of alpha and numeric characters representing the various angles, signification dimensions, special features, and the size of the nose radius. This method of identification has been standardized by the American National Standards Institute for carbide and for high speed steel.

刀具的设计

金属切割的物理学提供了理论框架，我们必须借助于这个框架检查切割刀具设计的其他所有要素。我们的工件原材料从非常软，像黄油一样黏稠的到非常硬的有抗剪力都有。每一种工件原材料必须单独处理。庞大的信息量里面，适用于每一种工件材料的在减少，因为工件之间的性能特点的差别在增加。不仅是因为原材料广阔的多样性，也是因为有刀具有众多的形状和组成结构。

刀具的设计者必须配合许多的可变因素来提供最好的切割形状。以前，试验和错误对这个结论来说是很正常的，而现在，随着刀具的多样性前所未有的增长，试验和错误是在太昂贵了。

设计者必须开发应用数据和在其它经验的基础上做比较的专业技能。比如说：刀具制造者和材料的销售商将有他们公司开发过的数据资料。这些数据就是指导原则；一个细致的文献资料的调查者将提供一个出色的出发点，这比试验和错误要便宜得多。

材料的切削与5个因素有关：刀具，刀具的夹具和导向装置，工件的夹具，工件和加工机器。刀具可能只有一个刀刃或者可能有多个刀刃。它可以设计成直线运动或旋转运动。刀具的形状取决于它需要的功能。刀具的夹具可能会也可能不会用来导向或者定位。刀具把的选择取决于刀具设计和需要的功能。

工件的物理结构对加工方式的选择，刀具的组成和形状，材料的去除率影响很大。工件需要的形状影响着加工方式的选择，及刀具是直线运动或旋转运动。工件的组成和形状在很大程度上决定了工件夹具的需求。工件家具的选择也取决于刀具在工件上产生的压力。刀具的导向可以与工件的夹具功能合二为一。

为材料的去除工艺而成功设计的刀具，首先需求的是对工具功能和形状的彻底了解。这个理解将使设计者为指定的工作定出正确的刀具。而这个刀具，也将决定刀具的夹具和导向方法的选择。刀具的压力决定了工件夹具的选择。

虽然这个工艺与5个因素有关，但所有的都开始于，也建立在工件和刀具之间的接触点上所发生的情况。

对一个工件最基本的说明其形式和尺寸的方法就是告知通过刀刃对材料的除去量。一个超大型的体积可以被准确的加工为它需要的形状。从工件上切除材料被称为机加工成型阶段，或者简称为加工。

形式和尺寸也可以通过其它一些可选工艺来达到，比如热挤出或冷挤出加工，沙模铸造，拉模铸造，或精密铸造。薄的金属可以通过使用压力来成形或拉长。除了机加工以外，金属的去除还可以通过化学或者电学的方法来达到。很多种类的工件可能不用选择机加工操作就可以做出来。然而从经济上考虑，通常指定为机加工形式，或者机加工作为最后的工序，或者与其它工艺结合使用。

刀具被设计为有锋利的刀刃，来使刀具和工件之间的摩擦接触最小。刀具在形状上的变化影响着刀具的寿命，成型工件的表面状况，和从基材上切下碎屑所需的力。刀具上构成的不同角度通常被称为刀具的几何参数。其几何名称或专门用语是用一系列的α和数字字符来代表不同的角度，重要的尺寸，特殊的特征及刀尖半径尺寸的大小。这种识别方法已经被美国国家标准协会标准化了，适用于碳钢和高速钢。

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