学术英语课后答案 unit4

Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review

I. Teaching Objectives

In this unit, you will learn how to:

1.write a self-contained literature review

2.write a literature review as a part of an essay

3.cite sources by correct quotation and paragraphs

4.give the appropriate documentation to the source you use

5.avoid different kinds of plagiarism

6.identify common knowledge

7.acquire paraphrasing skills

8.enhance language skills related with reading and listening material presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures

1 Writing a literature review

Task 1

1 The four articles were published right after the Fukushima disaster in Japan and all addressed the topic of potential risks of nuclear radiation.

2 Radiation is not so terrible as expected and human beings are exposed to different sources of radiation every day. Whether it will endanger human health or not depends on the duration and strength of radiation exposure.

3 Amber Cornelio holds a different attitude from the other three authors. He believes that radiation exposure will certainly raise the risk of getting cancer and government officials downplay its potential danger to justify its use of nuclear power.

4 Answers may vary.

5 It seems that Text 11, 12, 14 provide more scientific facts about nuclear radiation than Text 13 which is more emotionally charged by using many rhetorical questions and phrases like “I am simply floored”, “let officials be oblivious”, “not to be outdone”, “Do not tell us about that”. Hence it appears less reliable and trustworthy.

Task 2

Compared with uranium which the production of conventional nuclear power needs, there is more lithium in the sea water which can support 30 million years’ fusion fuel.

Task 3

1 Review the previous related studies

2 State the previous s tudies’ limitation

3 Announce the direction for further studies

2 Writing a self-contained literature review

Task 1

1 Stigmatization, a kind of social rejection, is big challenge to the mentally ill. They are rejected by people because of the label they carry or that their behaviors indicate that they belong to a certain labeled group.

2 To report the past studies of the topic. Studies have proved that stigmatization of the mentally ill is caused by the public’s belief in myths about the dangerousnes s of the mentally ill and exposing those myths can reduce stigmatization.

3 Three articles.

4 Pescosolido & Tuch (2000) thought that a common respond to the mentally ill are rejection and fear of violence. Another article concluded that rejection and fear are caused by less contact with mentally ill. Alexander and Link (2003) found that any type of contact with mentally ill individuals reduced perceptions of dangerousness of the target.

5 1) What are major causes for the rejection and fear, and can they be reduced?

2) This finding is verified by Alexander and Link (2003).

Task 2

Text 11

Title: Risks of Nuclear Power

Author(s): Bernard L. Cohen

Source: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b82566.html,.

Summary: Radiation from nuclear power is feared to have the potential of causing a cancer or some genetic diseases. This fear, however, is dismissed by Cohen after he compares artificial radiation and the radiation that occurs naturally in our environment, analyzing their respective impact on human health. Cohen separately discusses the different sources of nuclear power risks and arrives at the following conclusions: 1) the probability of real reactor accidents, with the safety system of defense in depth, are extremely small; 2) radioactive waste, if properly handled, causes negligible damage; 3) other radiation problems, such as accidents in transportation or radon exposures in mining, are also not so threatening as they seem to be. In summary he believes that radiation due to nuclear power will cause much fewer cancers and deaths than coal burning. (130 words)

Text 12

Title: How Radiation Threatens Health

Author(s): Nina Bai

Source: Scientific American

Summary: Nina Bai addresses the widespread concerns over the health effects of radiation exposure in the wake of Fukushima nuclear crisis. She discusses three determinative factors: the

level, type and duration of radiation exposure. First, radiation sickness usually occurs when there is excessive dose of exposure, though the limits of radiation level differ for the general public, radiation workers, and patients going through medical radiation. Second, of the four types of ionizing radiation, gamma, X-ray, alpha, and beta, the latter two, albeit being lower energy, are more likely to cause health damage. Third, a very high single dose of radiation can be more harmful than the same dosage accumulated over time. Finally, Bai draws on the lesson of Chernobyl, and concludes radiation exposure within reasonable limit is not so fearful and it is good to exercise caution. (136 words)

Text 13

Title: Should Nuclear Radiation Found in Domestic Milk Come as a Surprise?

Author(s): Amber Cornelio

Source: http://www. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b82566.html,

Summary: Amber Cornelio (2011) maintains that radiation from Japan’s Fukushima disaster h as threatened the daily life of ordinary Americans. He challenges the government’s view that radioactive materials detected in domestic milk, vegetables and rainwater will pose no public health concern. He suspects that the government is downplaying the potential dangers of radiation to justify its use of nuclear power. He believes the government has failed to do the job of protecting people. In the end, he urges the government to be more responsible and stop building power plants on a faulty line. He warns that covering up the facts is not the key to avoid similar disasters in the future. (108 words) 66

Text 14

Title:Radiation and Health: The Aftershocks of Japan’s Nuclear Disaster

Author(s): Susan Blumenthal

Source: http://www. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b82566.html,

Summary: Susan Blumenthal (2011) aims to inform people of nuclear radiation with scientific facts. She starts the essay with a reference to the worldwide spread of fear in the wake of Fukushima disaster and then explains what radiation is. The explanation is followed by a report of different types of radioactive materials released into the air. She goes on to tell that an exposure to those materials will increase the risks of some major diseases. However, she concedes radiation is not so menacing as was assumed and humans are exposed to naturally occurring radiation every day. Whether radiation is harmful to health or not depends on two contexts: the duration and strength of the exposure. She warns that exposure to high doses of radiation can lead to acute health problems. Long-term low dose exposure to radiation is equally fatal. (137words)

Task 3

The release of substantial amounts of radiation into the atmosphere from Fukushima nuclear plant has triggered widespread concerns over the use of nuclear power and the health effects of radiation exposure. Since the Chernobyl disaster, especially the Fukushima nuclear crisis, many scientists and scholars have attempted to estimate the effect of nuclear radiation on human health. Cohen (2011) believes the fear that nuclear radiation will cause a cancer or other genetic diseases is unnecessary. He made a detailed analysis of the effects of accidents in nuclear power plants,

accidents in transporting radioactive materials and escape of radioactive wastes from confinement systems on human health by comparing the effects of coal burning. Cohen arrived at the following conclusions: nuclear radiation, if properly handled, causes negligible damage and much fewer deaths than coal burning. Cohen’s idea is shared by Bai (2011). Bai discussed three determinative factors: the level, type and duration of radiation exposure. She found that radiation sickness usually occurs only when there is excessive dose of exposure. Second, of the four types of ionizing radiation, gamma, X-ray, alpha, and beta, the latter two are more likely to cause health damage. Third, a very high single dose of radiation can be more harmful than the same dosage accumulated over time. Bai concluded that radiation exposure within reasonable limit is not so fearful and it is good to exercise caution. Blumenthal (2011) did similar research. She examined different types of radioactive materials released into the air. She found that an exposure to those materials would increase the risks of some major diseases. However, the radiation is not somenacing as was assumed as humans are exposed to naturally occurring radiation every day. She believes that whether radiation is harmful to health or not depends on two contexts: the duration and strength of the exposure. Only exposure to high doses of radiation or long-term low dose exposure could lead to acute health problems.

Contrary to the three scholars, however, Cornelio (2011) maintained that radiation from Japan’s Fukushima disaster threatened the daily life o f ordinary Americans. He challenges the government’s view that radioactive materials detected in domestic milk, vegetables and rainwater will pose no public health concern. He suspects that the government is downplaying the potential dangers of radiation to justify its use of nuclear power. Hence he urges the government to be more responsible and stop building power plants on a faulty line.

3 Writing a literature review as a part of an essay

Task 1

1 Content-based instruction (CBI) is an alternative approach to teaching English. In such an approach, language teaching is integrated within discipline-specific content courses. The major goal is to equip students with academic literacy skills across the curriculum. CBI has gained wide acceptance in U.S. undergraduate institutions.

2 Numerous research studies demonstrate consistently that content-based second language teaching promotes both language acquisition and academic success.

3 More than 10 articles.

4 The literature on CBI has focused mainly on its most immediate effects, i.e., the outcomes of one or two semesters in which content-based instruction was provided. Studies on the sustained or long-term benefits of content-based language instruction are scarce.

5 The writer plans to study how will C BI impact students’ future performance both in terms of academic courses and English proficiency.

Task 2

Nuclear Radiation and Its Long-Term Health Effect

There is a constant controversy as to the application of nuclear power and risks from nuclear radiation ever since the Chernobyl disaster. Especially the release of substantial amounts of

radiation into the atmosphere from Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2010 has triggered the widespread fear and concerns over risks of radiation leaks, radiation exposure, and their impact on people’s health. The commonsensical and intuitive response of the public is that nuclear radiation is most likely to cause a cancer or genetic diseases. Many researchers, however, assured the public that there is no substantial danger as assumed, and nuclear power is not as fearful or menacing as it seems to be. Cohen (2011), Blumenthal (2011) and Bai (2011), for example, cited numerical evidence and resorted to scientific facts to illustrate that a certain level of nuclear radiation risks won’t pose real danger if handled properly with the current technology available or by following the prescribed rules. They do admit the possibility of radiation initiating certain kinds of diseases, though. Only exposure to high doses of radiation or long-term low dose exposure could lead to acute health problems (Bai 2011). Nevertheless, not everyone agrees. Cornelio (2011), on the other hand, holds that nuclear radiation is most likely to threaten people’s health by contaminating milk, vegetables, and rainwater.

The literature on the relationship between radiation and health largely focused on the manageability of nuclear risks and played down the damage that nuclear radiation is likely to cause. The researches generally took a detour as to whether there is any solid evidence to bear out the long-term health impact of nuclear radiation. There needs to be more well-grounded studies on the correlation between radiation and health, and on the possible long-term health effects in order to address the concerns of the general public. Besides, we also need to answer questions like “Why is there a disparity between the commonsensical feeling of the public and the explication offered by experts concerning nuclear radiation and health?”, “Are scientists biased and use the facts and statistics to their favor?” and “Is there a long-term negative health impact if one takes moderate doses of nuclear contaminated food over a long period?”

Task 3

Answers may vary.

Task 4

Answers may vary.

4 Citation

Task 1

Order Name and date Quotation Paraphrase

1 Newell and Simon (1972)√

2 Feigenbaum and Feldman (1963) √

3 Polya (1945)√

4 Minsky (1968)√

Task 2

Technology plays an ever important role in the making discoveries. Throughout scientific history, many discoveries have been made because of the application of more sophisticated devises and equipment. For example, Galileo’s great discovery was attributed to the improv ement

of machinery for making telescopes. And thanks to the Deep See Explorer II, life forms are now known to exist in the deeper parts of the Pacific Ocean despite the great pressure, a fact which defies the previous opinion that there was no life at the extreme depth. (Jones, 2001:125)

Task 3

Human activities are chiefly responsible for climate change. Despite the dispute as to whether global warming is caused by human activities (McGuire, 2001), carbon dioxide has been proved the major factor for climate change. Carbon dioxide will form a thick gas layer as it is constantly building up in the atmosphere. The gas layer is the killer of the ozone layer—the layer which protects the Earth from harmful radiation, thus causing global warming. It is documented that carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted in a number of ways, among which the burning of fossil fuel can obviously release a great amount of CO2 into the atmosphere (Dalleva, 2007). Another way is deforestation, such as the conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. According to Border (2011) 15 to 20% of total carbon dioxide emissions is attributed to land use changes.

5 Documentation

6 Avoiding plagiarism

Task 1

Answers may vary.

Task 2

1 The sun rises in the east. (CK)

2 Paris is the capital of France. (CK)

3 Fudan is one of the best universities in China. (not CK)

4 Shanghai students speak better English than Sichuan Students because of less accent. (not CK)

5 Chinese college students are mostly scientific illiterate. (not CK)

6 There are 1.3 billion residents in China in 2011. (CK)

7 One can never judge a person by his appearance. (CK)

Task 3

1: a) lacks both the inside acknowledgement and the reference.

2: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.

3: a) fails to use the quotation mark when it uses the exact words of the original.

4: a) lacks both the inside acknowledgement and the reference.

5: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.

6: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.

7: a) doesn’t use the quotation mark when it uses the exact words of the original.

8: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.

7 Paraphrasing

Task 1

1: a)

2: b)

Task 2

3 Instructivists hold that the “real world”, external to individuals, can be represented as knowledge and determines what will be understood by individuals. This view has been shifting to a constructivist view over the past decade (Merri?nboer, 1997).

4 Two components must be present in an instructional design theory. The first component (methods) describes how human learning will be supported, and the second component (situation) describes when certain methods ought to be used (Reigeluth, 1999).

5 According to Heimlich (1992), man has always had an interest in the environment both as a source of raw materials and as a refuge for the human spirit. Nowadays, the two main e nvironmental interests are based on the concept of “a better quality of life”, as well as the need to replenish the sources of raw materials. In comparison with the pre-1960s, much greater interest in the environment is currently being expressed.

6 According to Gredler (2001), the same factors apply to developing complex skills in a classroom setting as to developing complex skills in any setting. A response must be induced, then reinforced as it gets closer to the desired behavior. Reinforcers have to be scheduled carefully, and cues have to be withdrawn gradually so that the new behaviors can be transferred and maintained.

Task 3

1. Use a synonym of a word or phrase

1) They can intrude deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby cause a cancer.

2) If radioactive material is absorbed into the body, however, it is actually the lower energy alpha and beta radiation that becomes the more dangerous.

3) I am simply shocked that officials are understating nuclear radiation levels in the United States as a result of the Fukushima disaster!

4) Let officials be forgetful, the rest of us saw it approaching.

5) On March 11, 2011, a dimension 9.0 earthquake attacked Japan, causing a destructive tsunami that tore through the coastal regions and leveled the villages in its path.

2. Change the order of information

1) How the spent fuel is dealt with determines the effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants.

2) It is difficult to measure the effects of long-term, low-dose radiation.

3) One indication of the terrible situation in Japan is that no sensible man wants to visit there again for the next 80 to 100 years.

4) Understandably, panic among masses is what the authorities try to avoid.

5) Burns or other symptoms of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) vary from person to person

depending on the strength of radiation and the level of exposure.

3. Change from the active to the passive or vice versa

1) Our cancer risk should be eventually increased by 0.002% (one part in 50,000), thus our life expectancy reduced by less than one hour due to the radiation brought by nuclear technology. 2) 180,000 people have been evacuated by the Japanese government from within a 20 kilometer radius of the Fukushima Daiichi complex.

3) Farmers in Japan were asked to keep cows and cattle in barns by Government officials as radioactive contamination of milk spread from Fukushima prefecture, north of Tokyo.

4) A sheet of paper can often block Alpha and beta particle radiation as it is lower energy.

5) A broad range of acute health problems will arise only among the individuals who are exposed to high doses of radiation such as reactor worker.

4. Change the positive into the negative and vice versa

1) Since our body cells fail to distinguish between natural radiation and radiation from the nuclear industry.

2) No number of noticeable deaths from coal burning was larger than in an air pollution incident where there were 3,500 extra deaths in one week.

3) Should any increase in radiation due to a nuclear disaster instead of naturally occurring, be of concern?

4) The dairy industry will not stop working closely with federal and state government agencies to ensure that we maintain a safe milk supply.

5) Almost no one will experience a broad range of acute health problems due to their exposure to high doses of radiation except for the individuals close to the source of radiation such as reactor workers.

5. Change personal nouns into impersonal nouns and vice versa

1) The attack of sex cells can cause genetic diseases in progeny.

2) Unawareness of the danger led parents to serve contaminated milk to their children.

3) Our perplexity results from the increases in diseases, obesity and erratic behavior among our malnutritioned populace.

4) Then again, officials tend to downplay everything, so that panic doesn’t occur among the masses.

5) A person who is exposed to low dose but long-term radiation will develop chronic health condition including cancer.

6. Change complex sentences into simple sentences and vice versa

1) There is little likelihood, if any, for the failure of each system in this series of back-ups exists.

2) We should not be worried at all.

3) The increase in cancer risk is too small to determine unless many exposed subjects are studies.

4) Any exposure will lead to certain damage and safety problem.

5) Despite a lot of news distraction, we still notice the dire current situation.

8 Enhancing your academic language

Reading: Text 11

1 Match the words with their definitions.

1 i

2 f

3 g

4 c

5 h

6 a

7 b

8 e

9 d 10 j

2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1 breach

2 shallow

3 implement

4 survivor(s)

5 hypothetical

6 initiate

7 potential

8 despite

9 neutralize 10 contact 11 transport 12 volume 13 penetrate 14 confirm 15 strategy 16 estimate 17 noticeable 18 generation 19 avert 20 medical 21 disperse 22 integrity 23 compensate

3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.

is associated with nuclear energy（和原子能有联系）

depends somewhat on（某种程度上取决于）

take care of（来对付）

radiation leakage takes place（辐射泄漏发生）

arises from long-time exposure of radiation（由于长时间暴露在辐射下）

4 Translate the following sentences from Text 11 into Chinese.

1 辐射自然存在于我们的环境当中，一般人每秒钟都遭受着自然中15000个粒子的辐射，而一次普通的医疗X 光检查则带有1000亿个粒子的辐射。

2 这些与人体接触的物质主要有：发电厂常规运行时的少量释放物、核电站事故和放射性材料运输事故、以及从隔离系统中泄漏的放射性废料。

3 在利用现有技术预防遗传性疾病方面还有很多可以做；如果利用核工业纳税款的1%来进一步实施这项技术，那么由核工业造成的每一种疾病中都将有80例遗传疾病得到防止。

4 高剂量的辐射会摧毁身体机能并在60天内导致死亡，但这种“明显的”死亡仅限2%的核反应堆熔毁事故中，在0.2%的熔毁事故中会超过100天，而在1/100,000的熔毁事故中会超过3500天。

5 对于氡效应详尽的预测是一家运行一年的核电站最终将避免几百人死亡，而一家同等的煤电厂将最终导致30人死亡。

Reading: Text 12

1 Match the words with their definitions.

1 e

2 a

3 i

4 h

5 j

6 c

7 b

8 d

9 f 10 g

2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1 collide with

2 brave

3 deleterious

4 gauge

5 aftermath

6 duration

7 tissues 8 dramatically 9 scenario 10 cosmic 11 normal 12 generate

13 evacuated 14 underwent 15 sustain 16 fission 17 reposition 18 abide

19 emergency 20 in the wake of 21 stoke 22 wreck 23 prevalence

24 long-term 25 err 26 caution

3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold. Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.

When it comes to（当涉及）

has again raised concerns over（再一次引起对……的担忧）

weigh their risks and benefits（权衡其危险和优点）

in the wake of（紧随而来的）

4 Translate the following sentences from Text 12 into Chinese.

1 尽管放射性的蒸汽已经被释放以降低被毁坏的络合物反应堆的压力，而且三次爆炸中还额外的辐射泄露，辐射水平的最高点仍旧没有维持不变。

2 这一类型的辐射有足够的能量来电离原子（通常通过毁坏电子而产生正电），从而给予这些原子化学潜能，使之与生物组织中的原子和分子发生对人体有害的反应。

3 这是因为大部分的伽玛射线和X 光射线会直接穿透身体，不与身体的组织发生作用（就原子层面而言，身体基本上是中空的空间）而直接穿透身体，但无法穿透组织的α射线和β射线则会通过与身体原子的碰撞扩展其能量，从而可能导致更多的损坏。

4 电离辐射导致的DNA 破坏可能会导致癌症的发生，尤其是对高频率细胞分裂的组织，比如消化道、生殖细胞和骨髓。

5 冈萨雷斯认为，在切尔贝诺利工作的一些应急工人受到了几百雷姆的辐射。因为酷热的缘故，许多人基本上是“赤裸”地工作，被污染的粉末就这样通过他们的皮肤被身体吸收了。

Reading: Text 13

1 Match the words with their definitions.

1 f

2 d

3 g

4 h

5 i

6 e

7 j

8 a

9 c 10 b

2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1 panic

2 malnutritioned

3 poultry

4 monitor

5 synthetic

6 floor

7 concentrations

8 blatantly

9 dire 10 ensure

11 populace 12 livestock 13 perplexed 14 represent 15 deem

16 bliss 17 detectable 18 devoure 19 distract 20 pose

21 sample 22 adverse 23 hermetically 29 elevated 30 forthcoming

3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.

It should come as a surprise（令人吃惊的是）

tend to downplay the risk（对其危害轻抹淡写）

deem PM2.5 harmless（认为PM2.5没有危害性）

pose a serious risk to humans（对人造成严重危害）

it would be better to think twice before（最好多加以思考然后）

4 Translate the following sentences from Text 13 into Chinese.

1为了不让公众恐慌，这一次官员们又将辐射轻描淡写。事实上周围许多事物已经给我们带来有害影响：添了氟化物的水、化学杀虫剂、不必要的强制疫苗、使用激素、用人工饲料喂养牲畜和家禽和转基因农产品等。

2 任何正常人在未来的80 到100 年都不再想去日本，这一事实足以表明那里的形势有多么严峻。

3 日常生活中辐射无处不在，已检测出的辐射与我们每天接触到的相比，数量微乎其微。

4 不会造成危害的、安全的一个辐射量界限是不存在的。只要是辐射都会破坏人体细胞。

5 当我们的兄弟姐妹正在遭受苦难时，哪怕他们离我们很远，我们又怎么能无动于衷呢？

Reading: Text 14

1 Match the words with their definitions.

1 i

2 b

3 f

4 e

5 h

6 j

7 d

8 c

9 g 10 a

2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1 symptoms

2 core

3 menacing

4 sterility

5 compromise

6 cumulative

7 dose 8 ingest 9 penetrate 10 premature 11 hovering 12 disrupt

13 conception(s) 14 magnitude 15 spark

16 acute 17 facilities 18 transmitted

3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold. Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.

Estimate of the number of people（估计人数）

ranges from 20 million to 30 million（从两千万到三千万）

As it poses a threat to human（由于对人类造成很大的威胁）

bring the disease under control（控制住这个疾病）

get a sense of the nature（了解其性质）

fears about（对……恐惧）

continue to spread（继续在蔓延）

each will have various effects on（对……产生不同影响）

4 Translate the following sentences from Text 14 into Chinese.

1 2011年3 月11日日本发生了9级大地震，地震引起的海啸给沿海地区造成毁灭性的破坏，海啸过后，村庄被夷为平地。

2 碘131的半衰期为8天，意味着8天过后其放射性减弱为之前的一半，从而使其放射性效74 果存在的时间相对较短。

3 人们经常受到的辐射是在一些常见的医学检查过程中造成的。要知道3 毫西弗的量有多大，不妨考虑以下几种情况：拍一次普通的乳房X 光照片接受的辐射量为0.13 毫西弗；胸透的辐射量为0.1毫西弗；一次常规牙齿X 光片的辐射量是0.04到0.15毫西弗。

4 迄今为止，一些参与核电站抢险、力争控制核泄露形势的工作人员都受到了高度辐射，其中几位在进入含有高浓度辐射的电站水池作业后已入院治疗。

5 受到高度辐射会给健康带来各种严重问题，通常只有那些接近辐射源的人员，如核反应堆工人，才会有这些问题。短时间内的高度辐射可能带来的一个严重后果是急性辐射症状或辐射病。

III. Lecture Listening

Listening: Lecture 14

1 It is transferred from natural resources which can only be found in handful areas and is very limited.

2 Fusion is reliable for its zero carbon emission and for its quick speed of generating power.

3 The tritium doesn’t exist in nature; We can make it from lithium which is in the sea.

4 It needs a high temperature to put two kinds of hydrogen atoms together to produce high energy.

5 It is a big machine which can produce fusion nuclear through fusion reaction.

Lecture 14 The future of fusion

The key question is “When are we going to get fusion?” It’s really been a long time since we’ve known about fusion. We’ve known about fusion s ince 1920, when Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington and the British Association for the Advancement of Science conjectured that that’s why the sun shines.

I’ve always been very worried about resource. I don’t know about you, but you know when my mother gave me food, I always sorted the ones I disliked from the ones I liked. And I ate the disliked ones first, because the ones you like, you want to save. And as a child you were always worried about resource. And once it was sort of explained to me how fast we were using up the world’s resources, I got very upset, about as upset as I did when I realized that the earth will only last about five billion years before it’s swallowed by the sun. Big events in my life, a strange child (Laughter)

Energy, at the moment, is dominated by resource. The countries that make a lot of money out of energy have something underneath them. Coal-powered industrial revolution in this country—oil, gas, sorry. (Laughter) Gas, I’m probably the only person who really enjoys it when mister Putin turns off the gas cap, because my budget goes up. (Laughter)

We’re really dominated now by those things that we’re using up faster and faster and faster. And as we try to lift billions of people out of poverty in the Third World, in the developing world, we’re using energy faster and faster. And those resources are going away. And the way we’ll make energy in the future is not from resource, it’s really from knowledge. If you look 50 years into the future, the way we probably will be making energy is probably one of these three, with some wind, with some other things, but these are going to be the base load energy drivers.

Solar can do it, and we certainly have to develop solar. But we have a lot of knowledge to gain before we can make solar the base load energy supply for the world. Fission. Our government is gonna put in six new nuclear power stations. They’re going to put in six new nuclear power stations, and probably more after that. Everybody is. Because they know that that’s one sure way to do carbon-free energy.

But if you wanted to know what the perfect energy source is, the perfect energy source is one

that doesn’t take up much space, has a virtually inexhaustible supply, is safe, doesn’t put any carbon into the atmosphere, doesn’t leave any long-lived radioactive waste: It’s fusion. But there is a catch. Of course there is always a catch in these cases. Fusion is very hard to do. We’ve been trying for 50 years.

Okay. What is fusion? Here comes the nuclear physics. And sorry about that, but this is what turns me on. (Laughter) I was a strange child. Nuclear energy comes for a simple reason. The most stable nucleus is iron, right in the middle of the periodic table. It’s a medium-sized nucleus. And you want to go towards iron if you want to get energy. So, uranium, which is very big, wants to split. But small atoms want to join together, small nuclei want to join together to make bigger ones to go towards iron.

And you can get energy out this way. And indeed that’s exactly what stars d o. In the middle of stars, you’re joining hydrogen together to make helium and then helium together to make carbon, to make oxygen, all the things that you’re made of are made in the middle of stars. But it’s a hard process to do because, as you know, the middle of a star is quite hot, almost by definition. And there is one reaction that’s probably the easiest fusion reaction to do. It’s between two isotopes of hydrogen, two kinds of hydrogen: deuterium, which is heavy hydrogen, which you can get from seawater, and tritium which is super-heavy hydrogen.

These two nuclei, when they’re far apart, are charged. And you push them together and they repel. But when you get them close enough, something called the strong force starts to act and pulls them together. So, most of the time they repel. You get them closer and closer and closer and then at some point the strong force grips them together. For a moment they become helium 5, because they’ve got five particles inside them.

So, that’s that process there. D euterium and tritium goes together makes helium 5. Helium splits out, and a neutron comes out and lots of energy comes out. If you can get something to about 150 million degrees, things will be rattling around so fast that every time they collide in just the right configuration, this will happen, and it will release energy. And that energy is what powers fusion. And it’s this reaction that we want to do.

There is one trickiness about this reaction. Well, there is a trickiness you have to make it 150 mill ion degrees, but there is a trickiness about the reaction yet. It’s pretty hot. (Laughter) The trickiness about the reaction is that tritium doesn’t exist in nature. You have to make it from something else. And you make if from lithium. That reaction at th e bottom, that’s lithium 6, plus a neutron, will give you more helium, plus tritium. And that’s the way you make your tritium. But fortunately, if you can do this fusion reaction, you’ve got a neutron, so you can make that happen. Now, why the hell would we bother to do this? This is basically why we would bother to do it. If you just plot how much fuel we’ve got left, in units of present world consumption. And as you go across there you see a few tens of years of oil—the blue line, by the way, is the lowest estimate of existing resources. And the yellow line is the most optimistic estimate.

And as you go across there you will see that we’ve got a few tens of years, and perhaps 100 years of fossil fuels left. And God knows we don’t really want to burn all of it, because it will make an awful lot of carbon in the air. And then we get to uranium. And with current reactor technology we really don’t have very much uranium. And we will have to extract uranium from sea water, which is the yellow line, to make conventional nuclear power stations actually do very much for us. This is a bit shocking, because in fact our government is relying on that for us to meet Kyoto, and do all those kind of things.

To go any further you would have to have breeder technology. And breeder technology is fast breeders. And that’s pretty dangerous. The big thing, on the right, is the lithium we have in the world. And lithium is in sea water. That’s the yellow line. And we have 30 million years worth of fusion fuel in sea water. Everybody can get it. That’s why we want to do fusion. Is it cost-competitive? We make estimates of what we think it would cost to actually make a fusion power plant. And we get within about the same price as current electricity.

So, how would we make it? We have to hold something at 150 million degrees. And, in fact, we’ve done this. We hold it with a magnetic field. And inside it, right in the middle of this toroidal shape, doughnut shape, right in the middle is 150 million degrees. It boils away in the middle at 150 million degrees. And in fact we can make fusion happen. And just down the road, this is JET. It’s the only machine in the world that’s actually done fusion.

When people say fusion is 30 years away, and always will be, I say, “Yeah, but we’ve actually done it.” Right? We can do fusion. In the center of this device we made 16 megawatts of fusion power in 1997. And in 2013 we’re gonna fire it up again and break all those records. But that’s not really fusion power. That’s just making some fusion happen. We’ve got to take that, we’ve got to make that into a fusion reactor. Because we want 30 million years worth of fusion power for the earth. This is the device we’re building now.

It gets very expensive to do this research. It turns out yo u can’t do fusion on a table top despite all that cold fusion nonsense. Right? You can’t. You have to do it in a very big device. More than half the world’s population is involved in building this device in southern France, which is a nice place to put an experiment. (Laughter) Seven nations are involved in building this. It’s gonna cost us 10 billion. And we’ll produce half a gigawatt of fusion power. But that’s not electricity yet. We have to get to this. We have to get to a power plant. We have to start putting electricity on the grid in this very complex technology. And I’d really like it to happen a lot faster than it is. But at the moment, all we can imagine is sometime in the 2030s.

I wish this were different. We really need it now. We’re gonna hav e a problem with power in the next five years in this country. Right? So 2030 looks like an infinity away. But we can’t abandon it now; we have to push forward, get fusion to happen. I wish we had more money, I wish we had more resources. But this is what we’re aiming at, sometime in the 2030s—real electric power from fusion. Thank you very much.

Listening: Lecture 15

1 He felt angry when seeing refugees lack clean drinking water during natural disasters.

2 Because the lifesaver pores are just 15nm, which are smaller than all bacteria and virus.

3 It’s a man-made process by using national infrastructure and pipe work. It’s too expensive.

4 Instead of shipping water and using man-made processes, we may use a source nearby with lifesaver bottles.

5 To halve the number of people who have little access to safe drinking water.

6 Lifesaver Bottle Turns Filthy Water Drinkable.

Lecture 15 Getting safe water

Good morning everybody. I’d like to talk about a couple of things today. The first thing is water. Now I see you’ve all been enjoying the water that’s been provided for you here at the conference, over the past couple of days. And I’m sure you’ll feel that it’s from a safe source.

But what if it wasn’t? What if it was from a source like thi s? Then statistics would actually say that half of you would now be suffering with diarrhea. I’ve talked a lot in the past about statistics, and the provision of safe drinking water for all. But they just don’t seem to get through. And I think I’ve worked out why. It’s because, using current thinking, the scale of the problem just seems too huge to contemplate solving. So we just switch off: us, governments and aid agencies. Well, today, I’d like to show you that through thinking differently, the problem ha s been solved. By the way, since I’ve been speaking, another 13,000 people around the world are suffering now with diarrhea. And four children have just died.

I invented Lifesaver bottle because I got angry. I, like most of you, was sitting down the day after Christmas in 2004, when I was watching the devastating news of the Asian tsunami as it rolled in, playing out on TV. The days and weeks that followed, people fleeing to the hills, being forced to drink contaminated water or face death. That really stuck with me. Then, a few months later, Hurricane Katrina slammed into the side of America. “Okay,” I thought, “here’s a First World country, let’s see what they can do.” Day one: nothing. Day two: nothing. Do you know it took five days to get water to the Superdome? People were shooting each other on the streets for TV sets and water. That’s when I decided I had to do something.

Now I spent a lot of time in my garage over the next weeks and months, and also in my kitchen—much to the dismay of my wife. However, after a few failed prototypes, I finally came up with this, the Lifesaver bottle.

Okay, now for the science bit. Before Lifesaver, the best hand filters were only capable of filtering down to about 200 nanometers. The smallest bacteria is about 200 nanometers. So a 200-nanometer bacteria is going to get through a 200-nanometer hole. The smallest virus, on the other hand, is about 25 nanometers. So that’s definitely gonna get through those 200 nanometer holes. Lifesaver pores are 15 nanometers. So nothing is getting through.

Okay, I’m gonna give you a bit of a demonstration. Would you like to see that? I spent all the time setting this up, so I guess I should. We’re in the fine city of Oxford. So—someone’s done that up. Fine city of Oxford, so w hat I’ve done is I’ve gone and got some water from the River Cherwell, and the River Thames, that flow through here. And this is the water. But I got to thinking, you know, if we were in the middle of a flood zone in Bangladesh, the water wouldn’t look lik e this. So I’ve gone and got some stuff to add into it. And this is from my pond. (Sniffs, coughs) Have a smell of that, Mister cameraman.

Okay. (Laughs) Right. We’re just gonna pour that in there. (Audience: Ugh!) Okay. We’ve got some runoff from a sew age plant farm. So I’m just going to put that in there. Put that in there. There we go. And some other bits and pieces, chuck that in there. And I’ve got a gift here from a friend of mine’s rabbit. So we’re just gonna put that in there as well. (Laughter) Okay. Now, T he Lifesaver bottle works really simply. You just scoop the water up. Today I’m gonna use a jug just to show you all. Let’s get a bit of that poo in there. That’s not dirty enough. Let’s just stir that up a little bit. Okay, so I’m gonna take this really filthy water, and put it in here. Do you want a drink yet? Okay. There we go. Replace the top. Give it a few pumps. Okay? That’s all that’s necessary. Now as soon as I pop the teat, sterile drinking water is going to come out. I’ve got to be quick. Okay, ready? There we go. Mind the electrics. That is safe, sterile drinking water. (Applause) Cheers. There you go Chris. What’s it taste of? Chris Anderson: Delicious.

Okay. Let’s see Chris’s program throughout the rest of the show. Okay? (Laughter) Okay. Lifesaver bottle is used by thousands of people around the world. It’ll last for 6,000 liters. And

when it’s expired, using failsafe technology, the system will shut off, protecting the user. Pop the cartridge out. Pop a new one in. It’s good for a nother 6,000 liters.

So let’s look at the applications. Traditionally, in a crisis, what do we do? We ship water. Then, after a few weeks, we set up camps. And people are forced to come into the camps to get their safe drinking water. What happens when 20,000 people congregate in a camp? Diseases spread. More resources are required. The problem just becomes self-perpetuating. But by thinking differently, and shipping these, people can stay put. They can make their own sterile drinking water, and start to get on with rebuilding their homes and their lives.

Now, it doesn’t require a natural disaster for this to work. Using the old thinking, of national infrastructure and pipe work, is too expensive. When you run the numbers on a calculator, you run out of noughts. So here is the “thinking different” bit. Instead of shipping water, and using man-made processes to do it, let’s use Mother Nature. She’s got a fantastic system. She picks the water up from there, desalinates it, for free, transports it over there, and dumps it onto the mountains, rivers, and streams. And where do people live? Near water. All we’ve got to do is make it sterile. How do we do that?

Well, we could use the Lifesaver bottle. Or we could use one of these. The same technology,

in a jerry can. This will process 25,000 liters of water; that’s good enough for a family of four, for three years. And how much does it cost? About half a cent a day to run. (Applause) Thank you. So, by thinking differently, and processing water at the point of use, mothers and children no longer have to walk four hours a day to collect their water. They can get it from a source nearby. So with just eight billion dollars, we can hit the millennium goal’s target of halving the number of people without access to safe drinking water. To put that into context, the U.K. government spends about 12 billion pounds a year on foreign aid. But why stop there? With 20 billion dollars, everyone can have access to safe drinking water. So the three-and-a-half billion people that suffer every year as a result, and the two million kids that die every year, will live. Thank you.

Listening: Lecture 16

1 There’re a lot of valuable raw materials in them.

2 Because all kinds of plastic have the similar density and similar electrical and magnetic properties, which make plastics difficult to be separated.

3 None of these techniques result in any amount of recycling in a significant way. Besides, they’re dangerous.

4 It lowers capital costs, saves enormous energy and its products are more sustainable. In other word, the invention makes the use of plastics more sustainable environmentally and economically.

5 It sorts plastics not only by type but by grade.

Lecture 16 We can recycle plastic

I’m a garbage man. And you might fin d it interesting that I became a garbage man, because I absolutely hate waste. I hope, within the next 10 minutes, to change the way you think about a lot of the stuff in your life. And I’d like to start at the very beginning. Think back when you were just a kid. How did look at the stuff in your life? Perhaps it was like these toddler rules: It’s my stuff if I saw it first. The entire pile is my stuff if I’m building something. The more stuff that’s mine, the better. And of course, it’s your stuff if it’s broken. (Laughter)

Well after spending about 20 years in the recycling industry, it’s become pretty clear to me that we don’t necessarily leave these toddler rules behind as we develop into adults. And let me tell you why I have that perspective. Because each and every day at our recycling plants around the world we handle about one million pounds of people’s discarded stuff. Now a million pounds a day sounds like a lot of stuff, but it’s a tiny drop of the durable goods that are disposed each and every year around the world—well less than one percent. In fact, the United Nations estimates that there’s about 85 billion pounds a year of electronics waste that gets discarded around the world each and every year—and that’s one of the most rapidly gr owing parts of our waste stream. And if you throw in other durable goods like automobiles and so forth, that number well more than doubles. And of course, the more developed the country, the bigger these mountains.

Now when you see these mountains, most people think of garbage. We see above-ground mines. And the reason we see mines is because there’s a lot of valuable raw materials that went into making all of this stuff in the first place. And it’s becoming increasingly important that we figure out how to extract these raw materials from these extremely complicated waste streams. Because as we’ve heard all week at TED, the world’s getting to be a smaller place with more people in it who want more and more stuff. And of course, they want the toys and the tools that many of us take for granted.

And what goes into making those toys and tools that we use every single day? It’s mostly many types of plastics and many types of metals. And the metals, we typically get from ore that we mine in ever widening mines and ever deep mines around the world. And the plastics, we get from oil, which we go to more remote locations and drill ever deeper wells to extract. And these practices have significant economic and environmental implications that we’re already startin g to see today.

The good news is we are starting to recover materials from our end-of-life stuff and starting to recycle our end-of-life stuff, particularly in regions of the world like here in Europe that have recycling policies in place that require that this stuff be recycled in a responsible manner. Most of what’s extracted from our end-of-life stuff, if it makes it to a recycler, are the metals. To put that in perspective—and I’m using steel as a proxy here for metals, because it’s the most common metal—if your stuff makes it to a recycler, probably over 90 percent of the metals are going to be recovered and reused for another purpose. Plastics are a whole other story: Well less than 10 percent are recovered. In fact, it’s more like five percent. Most of it’s incinerated or landfilled.

Now most people think that’s because plastics are a throw-away material, have very little value. But actually, plastics are several times more valuable than steel. And there’s more plasticsproduced and consumed around the world on a volume basis every year than steel. So why is such a plentiful and valuable material not recovered at anywhere near the rate of the less valuable material? Well, it’s predominantly because metals are very easy to recycle from other materials and from one another. They have very different densities. They have different electrical and magnetic properties. And they even have different colors. So it’s very easy for either humans or machines to separate these metals from one another and from other materials. Plastics have overlapping densities over a very narrow range. They have either identical or very similar electrical and magnetic properties. And any plastic can be any color, as you probably well know. So the traditional way s of separating materials just simply don’t work for plastics.

Another consequence of metals being so easy to recycle by humans is that a lot of our stuff from the developed world—and sadly to say, particularly from the United States, where we don’t have any recycling policies in place like here in Europe—finds its way to developing countries for low-cost recycling. People, for as little as a dollar a day, pick through our stuff. They extract what they can, which is mostly the metals—circuit boards and so forth—and they leave behind mostly what they can’t recover, which is, again, mostly the plastics. Or they burn the plastics to get to the metals in burn houses like you see here. And they extract the metals by hand. Now while this might be the low-economic-cost solution, this is certainly not the low-environmental or human health-and-safety solution. I call this environmental arbitrage. And it’s not fair, it’s not safe and it’s not sustainable.

Now because the plastics are so plentiful—and by the way, those other methods don’t lead to the recovery of plastics, obviously—but people do try to recover the plastics. This is just one example. This is a photo I took standing on the rooftops of one of the largest slums in the world in Mumbai, India. They store the plastics on the roofs. They bring them below those roofs into small workshops like these, and people try very hard to separate the plastics, by color, by shape, by feel, by any technique they can. And sometimes they’ll resort to what’s known as the “burn and sniff” technique where they’ll burn the plastic and smell the fumes to try to determine the type of plastic. None of these techniques result in any amount of recycling in any significant way. And by the way, please don’t try this technique at home.

So what are we to do about this space-age material, at least what we used to call a space-age material, these plastics? Well, I certainly believe that it’s far too valuable and far too abundant to keep putting back in the ground or certainly send up in smoke. So about 20 years ago, I literally started in my garage tinkering around, trying to figure out how to separate these very similar materials from each other, and eventually enlisted a lot of my friends, in the mining world actually, and in the plastics world, and we started going around to mining laboratories around the world. Because after all, we’re doing above-ground mining. And we eventually broke the code. This is the last frontier of recycling. It’s the last major material to be recovered in any significant amount on the earth. And we finally figured out how to do it. And in the process, we started recreating how the plastics industry makes plastics.

The traditional way to make plastics is with oil or petrochemicals. You break down the molecules, you recombine them in very specific ways, to make all the wonderful plastics that we enjoy each and every day. We said, there’s got to be a more sustainable way to make plastics. And not just sustainable from an environmental standpoint, sustainable from an economic standpoint as well. Well, a good place to start is with waste. It certainly doesn’t cost as much as oil, and it’s plentiful, as I hope that you’ve been able to see fr om the photographs. And because we’re not breaking down the plastic into molecules and recombining them, we’re using a mining approach to extract the materials.

We have significantly lower capital costs in our plant equipment. We have enormous energy sa vings. I don’t know how many other projects on the planet right now can save 80 to 90 percent of the energy compared to making something the traditional way. And instead of plopping down several hundred million dollars to build a chemical plant that will only make one type of plastic for its entire life, our plants can make any type of plastic we feed them. And we make a drop-in replacement for that plastic that’s made from petrochemicals. Our customers get to enjoy huge CO2 savings. They get to close the loop with their products. And they get to make more

sustainable products.

In the short time period I have, I want to show you a little bit of a sense about how we do this. It starts with metal recyclers who shred our stuff into very small bits. They recover the metals and leave behind what’s called shredder residue—it’s their waste—a very complex mixture of materials, but predominantly plastics. We take out he things that aren’t plastics, such as the metals they missed, carpeting, foam, rubber, wood, glass, paper, you name it. Even an occasional dead animal, unfortunately. And it goes in the first part of our process here, which is more like traditional recycling. We’re sieving the material, we’re using magnets, we’re using air classification. It looks like the Willy Wonka factory at this point.

At the end of this process, we have a mixed plastic composite: many different types of plastics and many different grades of plastics. This goes into the more sophisticated part of our process, and the really hard work, multi-step separation process begins. We grind the plastic down to about the size of your small fingernail. We use a very highly automated process to sort those plastics, not only by type, but by grade. And out the end of that part of the process come little flakes of plastic: one type, one grade. We then use optical sorting to color sort this material. We blend it in 50,000 lb. blending silos. We push that material to extruders where we melt it, push it through small die holes, make spaghetti-like plastic strands. And we chop those strands into what are called pellets. And this becomes the currency of the plastics industry. This is the same material that you would get from oil. And today, we’re producing it from your old stuff, and it’s going r ight back into your new stuff. (Applause)

So now, instead of your stuff ending up on a hillside in a developing country or literally going up in smoke, you can find your old stuff back on top of your desk in new products, in your office, or back at work in your home. And these are just a few examples of companies that are buying our plastic, replacing virgin plastic, to make their new products.

So I hope I’ve changed the way you look at at least some of the stuff in your life. We took our clues from mother nature. Mother nature wastes very little, reuses practically everything. And I hope that you stop looking at yourself as a consumer—that’s a label I’ve always hated my entire life—and think of yourself as just using resources in one form, until they can be transformed to another form for another use later in time. And finally, I hope you agree with me to change that last toddler rule just a little bit to: “If it’s broken, it’s my stuff.” (Laughter) Thank you for your time.

综合学术英语教程练习答案

Unit Two Task1Familiarizing Yourself with Classif ication 1.Skim the f ollowing passage f or the answ ers to the questions below. 1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes. 2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), the production of CO( the increase of population, the demolition of trees, etc.) 3) COis a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. 4) Classif ication helps us to determine and understand the relationship of the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is made on the basis of a clear definition. 5) In order to make a clear and logic classification, one needs to follow a principle of classification and go on with a system consistently. For example, the categories of classification should be mutually exclusive and no overlapping is allowed. Reading1Causes for Global Warming Task2Understanding Lectures through Classification Listening1 1.Listening to the lectur e and write down wha tev er y ou believ e is impor tant, especially the classif ica tions of key terms. Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b82566.html,e y our notes.Decide if the sta tements below ar e true(T)or false(F).Then justify y our answ ers,in the space pr ovided,b y giving evidence fr om the talk. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F 3.Listen again,paying a ttention to the f ollowing classif ica tions and then complete the tables below. Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivation Idea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict 4.Listen again and piece y our notes together into a shor t summar y.Then r etell the lectur e to y our par tner.

研究生英语综合教程(课后习题答案)

Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)

研究生学术综合英语课文翻译unit1-4

第一单元? 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。? ???? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。? 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。? 如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。? 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。? 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。??????? 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。? ???????在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些，但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形，这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果，例子应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是：演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌，并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造，因此，对于演说者来说，一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴，并且要确保统计方法正确，数据来源可靠。?

(完整word版)学术综合英语课后答案解析

Unit 1 C 1.The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2.In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3.An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4.By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5.The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6.When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in your speech.

最新基础综合英语课后习题翻译Unit1-6-邱东林版

李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma, otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit 2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen.

(完整版)学术英语综合课后答案季佩英.doc

Unit 1 Language building-up Task 1/Specialized vocabulary 1.饲料经销商；饲料批发商 2.为他自己的收益而工作 3.技能与劳动力 4.制造塑料 5.私人交易 6.包装并定价 7.无形之手 1.priced https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b82566.html,bor 3.transactions 4.gain https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b82566.html,bor; manufactured 6.invisible hand 7.distributor Task 2/Signpost language 1.Today, in millions of homes across the nation, God will be thanked for many gifts, for the feast on the table and the company of loved ones, for health and good fortune in the year gone by, for peace privilege of having been born, or having become — American(Line 2, Para.1). 2. And yet, isn't there something wondrous,—something almost inexplicable in the way your Thanksgiving weekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers? (Line 1, Para. 4) 3. ...Thanksgiving Turkey, there would be one,—or more likely, a few dozen—waiting. (Line 3, Para.6) Task 3/Formal English 1. very many 3. a large group of 5. understand 2. buying or selling 4. more huge 6. troubled Unit 2 Language building Task 1: Part 1: 1)无形之手； 2）自由企业制度 3）股东 4）经济体制 5）开发产品和服务 6）市场力量；市场调节作用

基础综合英语_1-5单元课后翻译

作文翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。 但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。 虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit 3 食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要的

学术综合英语unit1_5课后习题答案解析

Task 2 A contrary to implicit assertion look up adapted Sustain unbiased In the course of metaphor clutter B bolster credible impromptu sparingly anecdote Credentials testimony hypothetical paraphrase juxtaposition Task 3 Translation B.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的思想是相关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常，准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备发言提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点，发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰，易于辨认。 C. 1. The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2. In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3. An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4. By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5. The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6. When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in you speech. 7. When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8. A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers’ ideas clearly and interestingly. 9. You should mot blindly use a word that you are not sure about, and if you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. 10. Your language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful. D. Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of all, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be exp licit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.

学术英语综合课后答案季佩英

Unit 1 Lan guage build in g-up TaSk 1/SpeCiaIiZed VoCabUlary 1. 饲料经销商；饲料批发商 2. 为他自己的收益而工作 3. 技能与劳动力 4. 制造塑料 5. 私人交易 6. 包装并定价 7. 无形之手 1. PriCed 2. labor 3. tran SaCt ions 4. gai n 5. labor; manu factured 6. in ViSibIe hand 7. distributor TaSk 2/Sig npost Ia nguage 1. Today ,in milli OnS of homes across the n ati on, God will be tha nked for many gifts, for the feast On the table and the compa ny Of IoVed On es, for health and good fortune in the year gone by, for PeaCe PriViIege of havi ng bee n born, Or hav ing become —— AmeriCa n(Line 2, Para.1). 2. And yet, isn't there SOmeth ing won drous, —SOmethi ng almost in explicable in the Way your Than ksgivi ng Weeke nd is made POSSibIe by the skill and labor of VaSt nu mbers of total Stra ngers? (Li ne 1, Para. 4) 3. ...Tha nksgivi ng Turkey, there would be one, —or more likely, a few doze n —Wait ing. (Line 3, Para.6) TaSk 3/FormaI En glish 1. Very many 2. buying or selli ng 3. a large group of 4. more huge 5. Un dersta nd 6. troubled Unit 2 Lan guage build ing TaSk 1: Part 1: 1) 无形之手； 2) 自由企业制度 3) 股东 4) 经济体制

研究生基础综合英语unit1-8课后习题汉翻英.

翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament . However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also to ld that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow t hrough because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career -oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me.Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit3食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要

《学术英语》(理科)课后答案(完整版)

Contents Unit 1 – Astronomy (2) Part I: Pre-listening (2) Part II: While Listening (2) Text A: Fun Facts about Astronomy (2) Text B: Shenzhou-10 Mission (3) Part III: After Listening (3) Part IV: Homework (3) Unit 2 – Biology (4) Part I: Pre-listening (4) Part II: While Listening (4) Text A: Secret of Life (4) Text B: Animal Intelligence (5) Part III: After Listening (5) Part IV: Homework (5) Unit 3 – Psychology (6) Part I: Pre-listening (6) Part II: While Listening (6) Text A: Discovering Psychology (6) Text B: Liespotting (7) Part III: After Listening (7) Part IV: Homework (7) Unit 4 – Geography (8) Part I: Pre-listening (8) Part II: While Listening (8) Text A: What Is Geography? (8) Text B: Mount Kailash – Axis of the World (9) Part III: After Listening (9) Part IV: Homework (9) Unit 5 – Economy (sic) (10) Part I: Pre-listening (10) Part II: While Listening (10) Text A: The Blue Economy (10) Text B: A Monkey Economy as Irrational as Ours (11) Part III: After Listening (11) Part IV: Homework (11) Unit 6 – Physics (12) Part I: Pre-listening (12) Part II: While Listening (12) Text A: What Is Physics? (12) Text B: Science of Figure Skating (13) Part III: After Listening (13) Part IV: Homework (13) Unit 7 – Computer Science (14) Part I: Pre-listening (14) Part II: While Listening (14) Text A: Computer Software (14) Text B: Computer Science Advice for Students (15) Part III: After Listening (15) Part IV: Homework (15) Unit 8 – Chemistry (16) Part I: Pre-listening (16) Part II: While Listening (16) Text A: The History of Discovering Elements (16) Text B: The Periodic Table of Elements (17) Part III: After Listening (17) Part IV: Homework (17)