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初中英语常用词组辨析

初中英语常用词组辨析
初中英语常用词组辨析

1、Look和See

答:a. look一词单独用时,表示“看!”,通常要放在句首。如:

Look! There is a monkey in the tree.看!树上有一只猴子。

b. look at表示要看详尽的内容,如人或物。如:

Don’t look at me. Look at the blackboard, please.不要看我,请看黑板。

c. see表示看的结果,即“看到;看见”。如:

Can you see the words on the blackboard?你能看见黑板上的字吗?

see也用于“看电影”这个词组中,即:see a film

2、Spendtakepay

pay的主语必须是人: (sb) pay money for sth. / pay sb.for sth.;

spend的主语必须是人: (sb.) spend money/...for/on sth./ in doing sth.在......方面花钱或精力;

take表示做某事花费多少时间,其主语大凡是一件事;有时也可以是人: It takes/ took sb. some time to do sth.强调完成动作所花费的时间。

①It takes sb.some time to do sth.

It took him half an hour to finish his homework.他花了半个小时完成家庭作业。

②sb.spends some time/money on sth./(in) doing sth.

I spent thirty yuan on this book.我三十元买了这本书。

She spent ten minutes (in) getting there.她10分钟到达那儿。

③sb.pays (some money) for sth.

He paid a lot of money for the building.他买房子花了许多钱。

表“花费”的动词中,还有一个,即cost:

cost的主语必须是物或事: (sth.) cost(s) sb. money/life/health/time...;

This coat cost me eighty yuan.这件上衣花了我80元。

3、oninat

1.at介词at表时间、表地点。

(1)at表示时间,用于钟点前,用于时刻前,译为“在......时(刻)“。如:

at a quarter to six六点差一刻。

at noon在中午,at night在夜晚,at midnight在半夜

at breakfast/lunch/supper在吃早饭/午饭/晚饭时

at this time of day在每天这个时候

(2)at表示地点,大凡用于较小的地名(方)前,译为“在......“。如:

at home在家,at the station在车站

(3)at表示处于......状态,译为“从事于......“。如:

at school在上学,at work在工作

【相关链接】at加名词大凡可与现在进行时态互换使用,表示正在进行的动作,试比较:They are atwork./They are working.

2.in

小小介词in,用途却很多。可表时间,表地点,表手段、方法、材料。

(1)in表示时间,用于泛指一天的上午、下午、晚上等;用于某个较长的时间,如年、月、季节等。如:in the morning/afternoon/evening在上(下午)或晚上,in 2003在2003年,in the day/daytime在白天

【相关链接】in还可以表示“从现在起一段时间以后“。如:

They will see you in a week.他们将在一周后去看你。

另外,in和at都可以表示时间,但in表示较长的时间,而at表示时间的某一点。例如:

He got up late in the morning and had a meal at noon.他早上起得晚,所以只吃午餐。

(2)in表示地点、场所,译为“在......里“、“在......中“。如:inthefactory在工厂,intheroom在房间里,in the sun在阳光下,in the middle of...在......的中央

【相关链接】in和at都可表示地点,而in表示的地点比at所表示的地点大。

(3)in表示用语言,用......材料。译为“用......,以......方式“。如:in English 用英语,in ink用墨水

戴着帽子

【相关链接】in表示“穿(戴)着“是介词,指状态,同wear一样。in后接表示服装类的名词或表示颜色的词。如:

Kate is in a red skirt./Kate wears a red skirt.凯特穿着红裙子。

3.on

介词on表示时间、地点、方位等。

(1)on表示时间,用于星期、日期(包括该天的各部分)。如:onSunday/Sundays,onMondaymorning/afternoon/evening等。

on也用于某一日的名词前,用于公共节假日前。如:

On New Year“s Day在元旦,on Children“s Day在儿童节等。

(2)on表示地点、位置,有“在......旁“、“接近“、“靠近“之意。如:

a house on the main road临大街的房子,sit on my right坐在我的右边

(3)on表示状态,译为“处于......情况中,从事于......“等。如:

on duty值日,on holiday度假

(4)on表示“在......上面“,用在表示物体的名词前。如:

on the box在盒子上

【相关链接】on和over都是介词,on表示“在......上面“,指一物体与另一物体表面相接触;over表示“在......上方“,指一物体与另一物体不接触。试比较:

There is a light on the desk.桌子上有盏台灯。(light与desk接触)

There is a light over the desk.桌子上方有一盏灯。(light与desk不接触)

【特别提示】表示“在......上“,介词on与in必须注意习惯用法,否则会出错。不妨比较一番:on the tree/in the tree都译为“......在树上“。前者表示树上本身所长着的叶子、花、果实等;后者表示某物或某人在树上。墙上“,是因为它们在墙的表面上,故用on the wall;门窗、钉子、洞、孔等“在墙上“,是因为它们在墙的里面,故用in the wall。

4、clothes和clothing

clothes泛指服装,包括上、下装,内、外衣

clothing是衣着的总称,无复数形式,如:man““s clothing

5、a bit与a little

a bit和a little

a bit和a little都有“一点、少许”之意。两进用作名词时,不能直接跟名词或代词,而必须用介of连接。如:Well, Mrs Green, may be he has caught a bit of cold.

There’s a little (=bit of) time left.还剩一点儿时间。

She knows a bit (=little) of English.她懂一点儿英语。

a bit和a little也可用作副词,后面跟形容词或副词。如:

The jacket is a bit (=little) large.这件夹克有点大。

That’s a bit expensive. Can I try them on, please?

He ran a little faster than me.他跑得比我快一点。

little还可用作形容词,表示“小的”、“几乎没有”。如:a little girl(一个小姑娘)、a little water(有一点水)注意:not a little和not a bit的意思完全例外,前者是“许多、很”,后者是“一点儿也不”、“毫不”。试对比:It’s not a bit cold.天一点儿也不冷。

It’s not a little cold.天很冷。

6、everyday和every day

Everyday是形容词,意思是“日常用的”;every day“每天”是句词短语作状语。例如:

You must pay attention to your____English.

A.every day’s

B.everyday

C.everyday’s

D.every day

7、have to和must

首先,两者都可译为“应该”或“必须”,都是情态助动词,这是它们的共同之处;但在用法上有以下严重区别:

例如:

Do I have to say the words?

我必须说这些话吗?

You must work hard at English.

你必须努力学习英语。

⑵must只有一种形式,而have to有人称、数和时态的形式变化。

例如:

She has to go to school earlier.

她应当早一点儿上学。(大凡现在时,单数第三人称)

I““ll have to write to him this evening.

今晚我必须给他写信。(大凡将来时)

He had to look after his sister yesterday.

8、look,look at,see

都是“看”的意思。look是不及物动词,大凡单独使用,look at是及物动词,后可接所看的事物,东西,see也是及物动词,后可接所看的人,电影等。如:

Look.The bus is coming.

Please look at the blackboard.

I saw a film yesterday.(saw是see的过去式)

9、nearbeside

near表示相对的“近”,实际距离可能还很远。例如:

Suzhou is near Shanghai.

There is a post office near our school.

beside表示“靠近”,实际距离不可能很远,例如:

He was sitting beside her.

10、pastpass

pass, past这两个词不是同义词,也不是近义词,但初学者简易用错。pass 是动词,而past是介词,有时用作形容词或名词。当pass用作动词和past用作介词时,它们都有“过去”和“经过”的意思,这里主要讨论它们这Three months passed and then one morning, Sam found his wallet outside his front door.

三个月过去了,后来有一天上午,山姆在自己前门的外面发现了自己的钱包。

After they passed the forest, they came to a river.

他们穿过那个树林后,便来到一条河边。

I go past the post-office every day.我每天都从邮局经过。

It“s two minutes past twelve.现在是十二点过两分。

注:past用作形容词,是“过去的”意思,用作名词是“过去”的意思

The past year was full of troubles.过去的一年填塞着困难。

We knew nothing of his past.关于他的过去情况我们一无所知。

11、diedeaddealth

die死亡(vi.)(died是die的过去时形式),如:

He died yesterday.

death n.1.死亡;逝世

The death of her mother was sudden.她母亲的死很突然。

2.死因

The accident was the death of him.他因意外事故而死。

dead adj.

1.死亡的;无生命的

My father has been dead for ten years.我父亲已经去世十年了。

2.无感觉的;无生气的;麻木的

If your fingers get very cold, they feel dead.

你的手指如果冷得过分,它们会失去知觉。

3.不再使用的

a dead language

已经死亡了的文字

4.失灵的;用完的;不发挥作用的

The television“s been dead since the storm.暴风雨过后那台电视机就坏了。large侧重表示三维量值,强调体积,修饰人时指个子大。此外它也可以表示范围,能力(capacity)和数量(amount或quantity)方面的大

Do you want the large size, or the small size?你是要大号的还是要小号的?

big也可以表示体积大,但例外于large。比方,a large box只说明箱子大,但未必重,而a big box不仅体积大而且含义此箱子很重。此外,big还含义给人以深刻的印象,有时含有“严重”的意思。因此可以用big来修饰problem,但不能用large,a big person未必large,相反a large person未必big

On the last day I made a big decision.在最后一天,我作了一项巨大的决定。

He is working for a big firm.他现在为一家大商行工作。

13、in和into

in意为“在…内”,是表示静态的介词,into意为“进…里”,是表示动态的复合介词。例如:

She is walking in the room.她正在房间里踱来踱去。

She walked into the room.她走进了房间。

在put, throw, break, lay, fall等动词之后,既可以用in,也可以用into,这时in也表示动态,常含有into的意思。

例如:

He put all the books in/into the bag.他把所有的书都放进书包里。

In可以作副词,into不可。例如:Come in!进来!

14、past pass across cross

pass动词,“经过;穿过;通过;度过;传递”,在句中通常作谓语。例如:

This information will never pass my lips.我决不泄漏这个消息。

Please pass me the ruler.请把尺子递给我。

past是pass的过去分词。用于构成完成时态。

past介词,“(指时间、地点、数量、程度等)过;(指范围、限度、能力等)超过”。例如:

at half past seven在七点半

Our bus drove past the Great Hall of the People.

我们乘的公共汽车开过人民大会堂。

across介词,“横过;穿过;在……的另一边”,指从一边到另一边,在句中作状语。例如:

Let’s help push the cart across the bridge.我们帮着把车子推过桥吧。副词,“横过;穿过;从一边到另一边;交叉;横;阔”。例如:

The river is 400 metres across.河宽有四百米。

cross动词,“越过;穿过;渡过;使交叉/相交;”在句中可以作谓语。例如:

The red army crossed the snow mountains and the marshy grasslands.

红军爬雪山,过草地。(及物动词,后面跟宾语)

You may cross to the other side of the street by subway.

你可以从地道过街。(不及物动词,后面要跟宾语必须加介词to。)

名词,“十字形;”例如:the Red Cross红十字会

15、or和and

or和and都有“和,还有,跟…”之义,但and用于肯定句中,而or用在选择疑问句或否定句中,如:Tom and John are both my friends.

Shall we meet this afternoon or tomorrow?

or常译作“或者”,另外还有“否则”之义,而and没有,如:

Hurry up,or you“ll be late.(否则)

16、street way road route

road意为“路”,“道路”,指供车辆或行人通过的大道,两侧大凡没有房子。如:The car is running along the road.汽车沿(着这条道)路行驶。

Street意为“街道”,指城镇、乡村任何两旁有房子的路。“在街上”可以说on the street,也可以说in the street,前者是美国英语,后者是英国英语。说“在…第几号”要用介词at,如:There are many shops in the street.街上有许多商店。

Way意为“道路”,指street, road或任何可以通行的路,含义较抽象。口语中问路时常用way。way还可指路程距离。如:

I asked the way to the station.我打听去车站的路。

It was a long way from here.路(程)很远。

route的含义是“路线”,通常是迂回的,可以包括数条道路或街道,有时甚至包括小路、小巷。使用范围也较广。

如:登山运动员所攀登的路线,实际上不是路;其它方面,如公共汽车所行经的“路线”,邮递员发送邮件的“路线”等

This bus route covers a large number of streets.这路公共汽车行经许多街道。

17、“as well as““as well““and“

as well,同too, also,其反义词为either,用于肯定句句尾,表“也,又;同样;(既…)又;(不仅…)而且:He is a scientist, but he is a poet as well.他是科学家,而且又是诗人。

as well as用于肯定句中,起连接作用,同not only…but also,反义词为neither…nor…,表“既…又…;不仅…而且…”;也:He gave me clothes as well as food.他既给我食物,又给我衣服。(as well as重在强调其前面的人或事物)

and与二者的区别较大,and虽也是连词,但表“和,与,同时”,表示并列或对称的关系,用来连接词、短语或句子:father and son父子;He and I are friends.他和我是朋友。

18、talkspeaktell

tell“告诉,请传达某事给某人”(常有双宾语,人和话语,tell sb. sth.)

如:Tell him to wait.叫他等着。

speak留意“讲话这一动作本身,既可指系统的长篇讲话,又可指简单的开口发音,但不一定有人在听所说的话”,如:The baby is learning to speak.那个婴儿在学说话。

talk侧重“与人交谈时的连贯说话”,如:

I“m talking to a friend.我正与朋友谈话。

此句意为:我可以和安说话吗?speak to sb.与…说话(侧重动作);talk to sb.与…谈话(侧重双方交谈)19、go on to do和go on doing

go on to do指做完了一件事,再去做另一件事,而go on doing sth.指一直在做同一件事,如:

1、After he finished reading the text, he went on to do his homework.

2、From 6 to 9 this morning, Tom went on writing a short passage.

第一句:读完课文,又去做作业。(两件事)

第二句,从6点到9点,一直在写小短文。(一直在干同一件事)

20、比较级形容词或副词+ than。

例如:

You are taller than I.你比我高。

They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。

注意:

1)要避免重复使用比较级。

(错)He is more cleverer than his brother.

(对)He is more clever than his brother.

(对)He is clever than his brother.

2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。

(错)China is larger than any country in Asia.

(对)China is larger than any other countries in Asia.

3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。

The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.

It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

4)要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。

比较:Which is larger, Canada or Australia?

She is taller than her two sisters.

She is the taller of the two sisters.

七比五多二。所以用“多(more)”。多了两个所以要在前面加“two”。

21、have been,have gone

have / has been (to)表示“曾经去过”某地

have / has gone (to)表示某人“已经去了”某地

试比较:

①He has been to Beijing.他曾去过北京。(人已回来,可能在这儿)、

②He has gon e to Beijing.他已经去了北京。(人已走,不在这儿

22、otheranotherothersthe other

1)other(两个中的)另一个,另一些,其他的。在句中作主语、宾语、定语。相当于名词时,有复数形式others.还有所有格形式other““s和

others““.other之前常用定冠词the.

I have two cats;one is black and the other is white.

我有两只猫,一黑,一白。

This seat is free, the other seat is taken.

These books are hers, and the other ones are mine.

She always thinks of other people and never thinks of herself.

I have two pencils; one is red; and the other is blue.

There are only two books left. But Idon’tlike this one. Will you please show me the other?

Some are listening to the radio, others are watching TV.

There are thirty students in our class. Twenty are girls. The other students are boys.

Some of the pencils are red. The others are green.

(2)another

意思是与某一个例外的另一个,又一个。是由不定冠词an和other合并构成,因此,它只能代替或修饰可数的单数名词,前面不再用冠词。例如:

This book is too difficult for me. Will you please give me another one?

He got three books; One is dictionary, another is a play, the third is a grammar.

(3) others

和some对比使用时,是“有些”的意思而不是做“其他”

讲,如:Some cleaned the windows, others mopped the floor.有的擦窗户,有的擦地板。

Some of us like singing and dancing,others go in for sports.

我们中有些喜欢唱歌跳舞,而另一些人则喜爱运动。

(4) the others

是“其余的”意思,表示在一个范围内的其他全部,如: This dictionary is better than the others.这本字典比别[其余]的好。

He came in time, but the others were late.

他按时来了,可是其他的人迟到了。

23、So do I .与So I do

对别人的话作出反应,可以用So do I .也可以用So I do . so作为一个替代词可代表上文的一个分句或分句的一部分,以表示同意对方的说法,这样用时so 大凡位于句首,但两个句子的意思却完全例外。So do I .表示“我也是这样“,用以表示同意;而句型“so+代词+助动词“表示“……确实如此“(带有惊讶的意味)。试比较:“I like fish .““So do I .“

“我喜欢吃鱼。““我也喜欢吃鱼。“

“You like fish .““So I do .“

“你喜欢吃鱼。““正是如此。“

“It““s her turn .““So it is .“

“该轮到她了。““确是这样。“

“He is very strict with himself .““So he is .“

“他对自己非常严格。““是如此。“

“You have to start early .““So I do .“

“你得早点出发。““确是这样。“

“She““s made a mistake about me .““So she has .“

“她误会我了。““她的确误会你了。“

“Li Ping speaks English very well .““So he does .“

“李平英语讲得很好。““他确实讲得可以。“

so的这种用法只用于肯定句中。否定句中用neither或nor,结构相似,意为“也不“。

例如:“I won““t have any more .““Nor will I .“(或“Neither will I .“)

“我不再要了““我也不要了。“

neither和nor都可以用在句子和简略答语的开头,表示also not(也不是)。两个词后面跟倒装语序(与疑问句相同)。在这样的结构中,neither的意思与nor并无真正的例外,在正式文体中nor用得较少。请看例句:“I can““t swim .““Neither can I .“

“我不会游泳。““我也不会。“

不能说I also can““t .或I can““t too .

“Jack didn““t like the play .““Nor did we .“

“杰克不喜欢这出戏。““我们也不喜欢。“

可以用not…either(用正常语序)替代neither或nor .

“I can““t swim .““He can““t either .“ “我不会游泳。““他也不会。“

I don““t like him and I don““t like her either .

我不喜欢他,也不喜欢她。

24、everyone, anybody, somebody, all

--Are_______ there now?

--Yes.

A.everyoneB.anybodyC.somebodyD.all

1all都,指三者以上。

all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。All goes well.一切进展得很好。

All are here.所有人都在者。

all通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:

不说all the book,而说the whole book。

但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如all day,all night,all the year;但习惯上不说all hour,all century。

all还可以与一些分外的单数名词连用,如all China,all the city,all my life,all the way

2everybody,everyone表示“每个人“,everything表示“每一件事,东西“.

Everybody(Everyone) should try his best.

Everything in the box is dangerous.

3somebody,someone,anybody,anyone均表示“某人“,something,anything都表示“某事物

“.somebody,someone,something大凡用于肯定句;anybody,anyone,anything大凡用于否定句和疑问句:

There““s someone(somebody) in the room.

There isn““t anyone(anybody) in the room.

He found something in the big hole.

He didn““t find anything in the big hole.

Is there anything in the big hole?

4somebody,someone,something有时用在疑问句中,含有肯定的意思.

Is there someone in the room? (希望房间里有人)

Would you like something to eat? (希望对方吃点东西)

5anybody,anyone,anything用在肯定句中,表示“任何人,任何东西“.

Anyone likes beautifull things.

这道题目主要根据are表示主语是复数,所有人都在那吗?是的。may情态动词,用于肯定句,表示许可,目的以及可能性,也用于疑问句,表示请求,询问,怀疑,夷犹等。在疑问句中,常用can , could , might来代替may,其中could与might比may更有(更加)怀疑,夷犹,不确定。

肯定句中,may表示许可时,更严格,留意一点。

而may be则是情态动词may与系动词be的组合,这也是may的一个用法,may后边接动词的时,要用原形,当然这也是情态动词的大凡性质。

maybe是副词,“也许,可能”,“大概”,用法很简单,常用于句子开头,有时后边紧接着加一逗号,与后面的句子分开。表示一种可能性?可能发生某事(可能是这样),或可能不发生某事(可能不是某种情况)。

例句:

1. You may come in now . (许可)

2. I give her some money so that she may buy some books .(目的)

3. May I go now ?(询问)

4. He has been ill for 3 days . He may be fine now .

5. He has been ill for 3 days . Maybe , he is fine now .

6. Maybe he will come , maybe hewon’t.

7.?Is it true ?

?Maybe , I am not sure .

26、sometimesometimessometimesometimessome time some times

sometime sometimes的区别。

(1)some time表示“一段时间”。

例:She stayed here for some time .

(2)sometime指“不确定的时间”

例:He will come back sometime next week .

Our house was built sometime around 1905.

(3)sometimes“有时”“间或”“偶尔”

例:He sometimes writes to me .

(4)times表“次数”“倍数”“时代、时期”,很少用some来修饰。

27、get ready to do sth.和be ready to do sth.

get ready to do sth.和be ready to do sth.的意思是“准备做某事“。前者强调行为;后者强调状态。两者后面可接介词for,for后面接名词。如:

We are ready for the English test.

We are got ready for the dictation.

28、good与well

做好讲时,good为形容词修饰名词,well通常是副词修饰动词、形容词和副词,只有well当(身体好;顺利)为形容词。例如;

1. He was a good teacher.

2. She spoke well.

3. I am well again, thank you.

我的身体又好了,谢谢你。

29、work hard和hard-working

请问老师work hard和hard-working的区别?谢谢您!

work hard是动词短语

He works hard.

hard-working相当于形容词,用来修饰名词,例如:

Chinese people is a hard-working people.

30、little,a little,few,a few

few、a few、little、a little的区别和联系:few / a few用来修饰可数名词,few表示否定意义,没有,几乎没有;

a few表示有肯定意思,有几个。例如:He has few friends here, he feels lonely.他这里没朋友,他感觉寂寞。

There are a few eggs in the basket.篮子里有几个鸡蛋。little / a little用来修饰不可数名词,little表示否定意思,没有,几乎没有。a little表示肯定意思,有一点儿。

例如:

There is little ink in my bottle, can you gire me a little ink?

我的瓶子里没有墨水了,你能给我点儿墨水吗?

31、question和problem

problem与question都作“问题“解,但problem的问题,亦即“难题“需要著于解决;question的问题则需要“回答“;problem通常与动词pose,present(作“构成“解),solve,tackle,settle(作“解决“解)等连用;question常与动词

answer,ask,raise等连用。例如:

What““s the problem?

到底是什么问题。(或你们在争论什么?)

What““s the question?

你问的是什么问题?

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