论文英汉互译
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译
院（系部）资源环境学院
专业名称地质工程
年级班级 2007-02
学生姓名于换涛
指导老师马光
二0一一年六月一日
Bainiuchang super-large silver-polymetallic ore deposit
related to granitic magmatism in Mengzi, Yunnan
LIU Ji-shun(刘继顺)1, ZHANG Hong-pei(张洪培)1, 2, OUYANG Yu-fei(欧阳玉
飞)1, ZHANG Cai-hua(张彩华)2
(1. School of Geoscience and Environmental Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;
2. Mengzi Minning and Metallurgy Co. Ltd., Mengzi County, Yunnan 661100, China)
Abstract: Bainiuchang silver-polymetallic ore deposit is located in the southeast Yunnan tin-polymetallic metallogenic belt. The probable reserves and inferred resources of the deposit are of 6470 t Ag and 1.10 Mt Pb and 1.72 Mt Zn and 86 kt Sn. Orebodies of the deposit occur in clastic-carbonate rocks of Tianpeng Formation and Longha Formation of the middle Cambrian System above the Bainiuchang concealed granite of the late Yanshan period. The concealed granite has the characteristics of tin-bearing granites.
Abundance of the mineralization elements Sn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ag and Sb is high in the granitic rocks. Sulphur isotope data of the metal sulphides indicate that most sulphur is derived from the magmas. The ores are similar in rare earth element(REE) patterns to the granitic rocks. The granitic magma activity results in ore-bearing structures. Rocks of the Middle Cambrian System above the concealed intrusion suffer from skarnization, hornfelsing, marbleization, siliconizing and carbonatization. The mineralization elements Sn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ag and Sb successively appear from the top of the granite to surrounding rocks. These evidences indicate that the granitic magmatism is the principal mineralization factor. The opinion that the south Bainiuchang ore field and the north Awei ore block are tin and copper potential exploration areas was put forward and was verified by drilling tests.
Key words: Bainiuchang; super-large silver-polymetallic deposit; granite; granitic-porphyry; tin ore
1 Introduction
Bainiuchang silver-polymetallic ore deposit in Mengzi County is one of the super-large deposits[1]discovered in Yunnan in 1980s. It is located in the southeast Yunnan tin-polymetallic metallogenic belt.There are three granitic intrusions, named Gejiu, Bozhushan and Dulong Laijunshan granites, which are almost equidistant outcropping in the southeast of Yunnan. The granites and the surrounding strata host three super-large tin (silver) polymetallic ore deposits. The Gejiu deposit mainly hosts Sn and Pb, and Dulong deposit mainly occurs Sn and Zn ore. The submitted probable reserves and inferred resources of the Bainiuchang deposit located at 7 km northwest Bozhushan ganite give priority to Ag-Pb-Zn. There are mainly two views to interpret the genesis of the Bainiuchang deposit at present. Some geologists regard the Bainiuchang deposit as an exhalative sedimentary mineral deposit[2?4]. Others think that the deposit is formed by exhalative sedimentary superimposed by the granitic magamatism of the Yanshan period[5?6]. Few people emphasize the importance of the granite. The tin prospecting potential for the deposit has been greatly underestimated. However, after preliminary research on the Bainiuchang deposit, it is discovered that the deposit is distinctly controlled by granites, and many evidences are conflicting with the exhalative sedimentary origin[7].
In this paper, the genetic relationship between granitic rocks and the deposit was studied, and the feasibility of tin prospecting was reviewed.
2 Geologic characteristics of Bainiuchang deposit
2.1 Geological setting
Bainiushan-Bozhushan area, which is the important part of Sn polymetallic ore belt in the southeast of Yunnan, lies in the southeast folded belt, west-extended section of South China fold system[8?10]. The exposed formation consists of Paleozoic Cambrian clastic rocks with carbonate, Lower Ordovician carbonate with clastic rocks, Devonian carbonate with clastic rocks, Carbonic carbonate and Permian carbonate-clastic rocks with basic volcanic rocks. No much Mesozoic group
occurs in the district only with Triassic clastic rocks with carbonate formation (shown in Fig.1)
The main format of regional tectonics belongs to fold-fault system composed of a series of fold, compressive and compress-shear faults, on the north-east structural line. Regionally magma acted intensively. The eruption of basic magma in Hercynian period and the acidic magmatic intrusion in the late Yanshan period have formed upper Permian Ermaishan basalt in the east and Bozhushan granite in the southeast. The concealed
granite, granite-porphyry, ，monzonite vein and some sporadically distributing dolerite are also discovered in the Bainiuchang orefield. The major mineralization elements in the area include W, Sn, Fe, As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag and Sb, which occur around the Bozhushan granite and in the exocontact of the Bainiuchang concealed granite.
2.2 Deposit geology
The strata in Bainiuchang orefield are clastic rock-carbonite rock construction of lower Devonian and lower-middle Cambrian. The sedimentary sequence from top to bottom is as follows:
1) Lower devonian consists of clastic rocks-carbonate rocks of Bajiaojing formation(D1b), Pojiao formation (D1p), and Posongchong formation (D1ps).
2) Middle Cambrian consists of Longha formation(? 2l), Tianpeng formation (? 2t) and Dayakou formation(? 2d). Longha formation is mainly composed of a set of dolomite formed coastal supralittoral zone under lagoon environment. Tianpeng formation is composed of the rock association of limestone and siltite formed under the coastal tidal flat environment. Dayakou formation is composed of silty limestone.
3) Lower Cambrian consists o f Dazhai formation(?1d) and Chongzhuang formation (?1ch). Dazhai formation is mainly composed of silty porphyry and limestone formed in the upper part of neritic continental shelf, the central and lower section of coastal zone.
Chongzhuang formation is composed of fine gravel thin silty slate and carbonaceous silty formed under neritic contimental shelf environment.
The ore-bearing strata mainly focus on the intermediate zone between the upper section of Tianpeng formation and the lower section of Longha formation.
The format of the field structure belongs to fold-fault system, mainly on the NWW-trending structural line, the NE- and NS-trending folds and faults interpenetrate in the main line, which is inconsistent with the NE-trending regional tectonics.Yuanbaoshan
synclinorium, Awei anticline, Bainiuchang syncline and Chuanxindong anticline make up of the western section of Bainiuchang-Luchachong brachy-anticlinorium,which is obviously superimposed over the NE-trending Bainiuchang-Malutang anticline.
The NW- and NWW-trending faults include F2, F3,F4, F5, F6, F7, F8. Among them, F4, F5, F6, F7andF8are all high-angle normal faults, converging at F3.F3, a lower-angle denudational fault[11], generally striking by 200°?230° and dipping 10°?35°, is the host
space of the main orebody V1. The upper part serves as boundary between Tianpeng formation and Longha formation. The lower section penetrates into the strata of Tianpeng formation.
The tension belt occurs in county rocks above the Bainiuchang concealed granite in the south of Awei-Duimenshan and also develops in the marble, skarn,hornstone and altered dolomite in the contact zone. The thickness of the tension belt ranges from 200 to 400 m. The cracks have tensional character distributing closely and filling with sulfide vein. The surface of cracks is uneven, zigzag and irregular. The fissure dips by 60°?90°,with multiple directions of dip.
The deposit is divided into five ore blocks, i.e.Baiyang, Duimenshan, Miwei, Chuanxindong and Awei. The main orebody (V1) is bedded and slightly tilting. The body is 4.84 km long, averaged at 5.89 m thick. The max
tilting depth extends 2.5 km. The resources of it take up over 98% of the whole deposit, including 1.10 Mt of Pb resource, 1.72 Mt of Zn, 6 470 t of Ag and 86 kt of Sn. Other orebodies, which lie over or under the V1 orebody,are mainly discovered by single drilling. The scale is very small and the grade is lower. The main orebody V1 is controlled by F3 fault, trending by 192°?239°, dipping by 15°?30°. Seen from the section, it slowly changes wave-like.
The main ore structures range from disseminated structure, massive structure, veinlet-vein structure and banded structure to brecciform structure. The ore textures include colloform texture, granular texture, metasomatic texture, exsolution texture, poikilitic texture, corrugation structure, mortar texture and mylonitic texture. About 53 ore minerals were found in the deposit, mainly including pyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite,arsenopyrite, sphalerite-marmatite, galena, boulangerite and cassiterite. The silver minerals are freibergite,phyargyrite, and miargyrite. The crystallization sequence
for these minerals from early to late is as follows:cassiterite-quartz association, arsenopyrite-pyrite-pyrrhotite association and chalcopyrite-marmatite-quartz association, pyrite-galena-sphalerite-pyrrhotite-quartz-calcite association (with stannite and chlorite),
pyrite-marcasite-galena-sphalerite-calcite paragenetic association, stibnite-quartz-calcite association, and ferrodolomite and manganese dolomite association.
The ores are chemically rich in Si, Fe and S, and poor in K, P, Mn and Ti. They also enrich Pb, Zn, Ag, Sn,As, Cu, Ga, In and Gd. The V1 orebody contains 1.56% of Pb, 2.46% of Zn, 92 g/t of Ag and 0.12% of Sn.
3 Petrology of granitic rocks
3.1 Distribution of granitic rocks
The Bainiuchang orefield lies on the trend line of the Bozhushan granite. In the exploration stage, the concealed granite was respectively discovered at 1 345 m
level and 1 396 m level in ZK126-10 and ZK130-11 drill hole in the south of Awei ore block. Recently, the concealed granite is discovered in another six drill holes at the depth of 1 250?1 420 m in the south of the orefield and the north of Awei ore block. So, the controlled Bainiuchang concealed granite NWW-trending, is over 2 100 m long, over 1 000 m wide. On surface, the granite-porphyry veins expose in Yutang-Chaigoupo and
Yuanbaoshan-Duimenshan; the large-scale granite-porphyry veins and monzonite veins occur in the deep section of Chuanxintong and Duimenshan ore blocks. The existing project record shows that both the granite rock mass and granite-porphyry veins strike closely NW trending, north-uplift and south-falling, just as F3 fault does.
3.2 Petrology and geochemistry characteristics
3.2.1 Concealed granite
The concealed granite intrudes the strata of the carbonate rocks and clastic rocks of Tianpeng formation(? 2t) and lower strata. The granite is composed of biotite adamellite, with fine granular-coarse granitic texture.The major rock-forming minerals consist of 30%?45%of K-feldspar (including orthoclase and perthite),25%?30% of plagioclase, 20%?35% of quartz, 5%?10%of biotite. The accessory minerals include apatite, zircon and tourmaline. The rocks host many metallic minerals such as scheelite, cassiterite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, marmatite, pyrrhotite and pyrite.
The rocks have strong alkalic characteristics, rich in Na and K. The content of K2O amounts to 5.28% , and that of Na2O takes up 2.90% on average,w(K2O)/w(Na2O) ＞1(shown in Table 1)[10]. A/NCK=0.93?1.07, so, it belongs to Al-supersaturation
series—normal series. The initial value of m(Sr87)/m(Sr86) equals 0.7144. The total amounts of REE of the rocks are higher than that of normal granites, and the former is
rich in LREE and shows obviously Eu-negative anomaly (shown in Table 2 and
Fig.2). The genetic type of the granite belongs to S-type tin-bearing granite[12?14]. The
Rb-Sr isochron age of the granite is 80.17 Ma[10],suggesting that the granite formed during the late Yanshan period.
In sum, all Bainiuchang granite, Gejiu granite[15]and Dulong Laojunshan granite[16] are formed in the same period, and have the same characteristics on petrology and rock geochemistry approximately.
3.2.2 Granite-Porphyry
Those rocks are light-ruby, grey or grayish brown, having porphyritic texture. The phenocryst is composed of 1%?10% of quartz, 2%?10% of K-feldspar and 1%?3% of biotite. The matrix is fine-granular granitic texture. The matrix minerals consist of K-feldspar, quartz, biotite and litte apatite and zircon. The major metallic minerals include pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena and cassiterite. These metallic minerals usually make up metallic sulphide ore veins
The rocks are chemically enriched in K and depleted in Na. Those rocks belong to Al-supersaturation.
The rocks suffer from alteration intensively. The feldspar phenocrysts are kaolinised and the matrixes are replaced by sericite, chlorite and carbonate.
3.2.3 Monzonite
The monzonites are only discovered in the section of Duimenshan from Line63 to Line102. Those rocks occur as veins. The normal thickness ranges from 1.28 to
7.17 m. They have monzonitic texture or porphyritic-like texture. The major minerals include plagioclase,K-feldspar, biotite and chlorite. Intensive alterations such as chloritization, carbonation and metallic sulphide mineralization, also occur in these rocks.
4 Ore-controlling of granitic intrusions
4.1 Source of ore-forming materials
The major ore minerals in orebodies such as pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena,
arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and cassiterite are also discovered in granite and
granite-porphyry. The granite-porphyry has strong mineralization and locally forms industrial orebodies. The average content of the ore-forming elements Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Sn, As and Sb (shown in Table 2) in the granite is 3.49?100 times higher than that of normal granites (from Vinogradov, 1962). The average content of Sn is 46.05×10?6, and 15.35 times that of normal granites. The average content of Sn of tin-bearing granites[17] in
China ranges from 20 ×10?6 to 213 ×10?6. So, Bainiuchang granite may be one of tin-bearing granites.
The δS34 of ores, distributing like a tower in the frequency bar chart (shown in Fig.3), is limited to a scope from ?4.00‰ to +6.00‰ and the δS34 of pyrite (3.16‰) is higher than that of galena (2.06‰), which is higher than that of sphalerite (1.62‰), suggesting that S in sulphide originates from the deep magma.
The REE pattern of ores is similar to that of the concealed granite and the granite-porphyry (shown in Fig.3). The lines on the REE pattern figure sharply incline right. Both those ores and rocks show obviously Eu-negative anomaly, indicating that the ores may be cognate with granite and granite-porphyry.
4.2 Spacial zoning of alteration and mineralization
From the center (taking the concealed granite as the alteration center) to the outside strata composed of the clastic rock-carbonatite, the alteration was divided into contact metamorphic zone, silication zone and carbonation zone. The contact metamorphic zone, at the normal thickness of about 300 m, has obvious skarnization, hornfelsing and marbleization.
The mineralization of Cu, Sn, Pb, Zn, and Ag occurred in the contact metamorphic zone, among those metals, the dominated minerals are Cu and Sn. The silication zone and carbonation zone lie to the outside of the contact metamorphic zone, having Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag and Sb mineralization. From the contact zone to clastic rock-carbonatite strata, the following mineralized elements occur in
sequence(Sn→Cu→Zn→Pb→Ag→Sb).
V1 is a Zn-Pb-Ag–Sn composite orebody. The proved copper orebody lies under V1, on the top margin of which lies the independent silver orebody. The independent Sb orebody lies in the exocontact of V1. As far as V1is concerned, the value of ω(Zn)/ω(Zn +Pb) in the upper section is lower than 0.60 (ω(Zn)/ω(Zn +Pb)＜0.60), on the other hand, ω(Zn)/ω(Zn +Pb) in the lying section is higher than 0.60. For instance, ω(Zn)/ω(Zn +Pb) in the upper Baiyang section is 0.58 and than in the lower section is 0.68;ω(Zn)/ω(Zn+Pb) in Duimenshan section equals 0.54, however in V3 ore body,which lies just under V1, (ω(Zn)/ω(Zn+Pb)=0.77)reaches 0.77. Closer to the concealed granite,Zn-Pb-Ag-Sn composite orebody has more zinc hosts.
4.3 Ore-forming temperature and pressure
The ore-forming temperature of Bainiuchang ranges from 52℃to 520 ℃, and gradually decreases from Awei through Chuanxindong, Baiyang, Miwei, and Maoshandong.
There exists a pressure gradient around the concealed granite[10]. The diagenetic pressure of the concealed granite is focused at 150?250 MPa. The ore-forming pressure in the contact metamorphic zone is 160?280 MPa. The pressure forming the V1 orebody
ranges from 43 to 160 MPa above the contact metamorphic zone. However, the antimony-forming pressure is lower, limited to 42?70 MPa in Ma oshandong far from the concealed granite.
4.4 Relationship between granitic intrusive and ore-bearing structure
The ore-bearing fault (F3) is formed by magmatic intrusion and Bainiuchang-Luchachong brachy-anticlinorium in the district responding to the magmatic emplacement and uplift[11]. The attitude of the ore-bearing fault (F3) is concordant with that of the granite-porphyry veins and the top surface of the Bainiuchang concealed granite. A part of mineralizing fluid fills the tension belt, which consists of dense fissures above the concealed granite, to form veinlet ores.
Mentioned above evidences indicate that the deposit is closely related to the granite. Based on characteristics of the deposit, it may be classified to the skarn type[18]. As most other skarn deposits, the zonation pattern of the deposit is a guide to mineral deposit exploration[13, 19].
5 Prospecting and test result
Based on the research results on the relationship between Bainiuchang deposit and granitic rocks, and the alteration and mineralization zoning, it was proposed that the enriched and thick Zn-Pb-Ag composite orebodies could be discovered along granite-porphyry veins, the independent Zn or Cu orebodies could be found under the Zn-Pb-Ag composite orebodies, and the independent tin ore Cu orebodies may occur in the contact between the concealed granite intrusion and sedimentary rocks. In 2005, the south Bainiuchang orefield and the north Awei were circled as prospecting targets for tin, copper and zinc orebodies. After carrying out hybrid-source magnetotellurics electrical conductive imaging system measuring in the two areas, drill holes were designed to test obtained anomalies. In result, great development for ore prospecting was made in the two areas. A tin ore-body (22.85 m thick grading 1.331% Sn, accompanying with 0.15% WO3) and two copper ore-bodies (one 12 m thick with 0.60% Cu, another 11 m thick with 0.63% Cu) are found in the area (Ⅰ). In the area (Ⅱ), a independent tin ore-body (9.90 m thick with 0.718% Sn) and a biggish zinc tin ore-body (11.4 m thick with 6.23% Zn) are discovered. The concealed granite is found at the bottom of each of drill holes.
6 Conclusions
1) The Bainiuchang concealed granite is over 2 000 m long and 1 000 m wide. It is formed in late Yanshan period. From the petrology and geochemistry characteristics, it belongs to the tin-bearing granite.
2) The Bainiuchang deposit is closely related to the granitic rocks in space and genesis. The granitic magmatism provides material source and physical-chemical conditions for the mineralization, and controls the spacial distribution of the deposit.
3) Besides the silver-lead-zinc orebodies, there are prospecting potentials of independent tin and copper orebodies in the Bainiuchang ore field.
4) Bainiuchang is a large-super Pb-Zn-Ag composite deposit. At the same time, it indicates a better prospect for hunting large-scale tin deposit and copper deposit for tin and copper ore prospecting.
云南蒙自与花岗岩浆作用有关的白牛厂超大型银多金属矿床
刘继顺1，张洪培1,2，欧阳玉飞1，张彩华2
（1. 中南大学地学与环境工程学院，长沙 410083，中国
2.蒙自矿冶有限责任公司，蒙自县，云南661100，中国）
摘要：白牛厂超大型银多金属矿床位于云南锡多金属成矿带的东南部。远景储量和推断的资源量为银6470t，铅1.10Mt,锌1.72Mt，锡86kt。该矿床的矿体赋存于晚燕山期白牛厂隐伏花岗岩上覆田蓬组和龙哈组碎屑碳酸盐岩地层中。该隐伏花岗岩岩体有富锡花岗岩的特点。许多成矿元素锡、铜、锌、铅、银、锑等在花岗岩体中含量很高。金属硫化物硫同位素数据显示大部分硫元素来自于岩浆。这个矿床的轻稀土元素模式与花岗岩体相似。花岗岩浆的活动导致孕矿构造的形成。隐伏花岗岩体上覆中寒武统岩层经过了矽卡岩化、角岩化、大理岩化、硅化和碳酸盐化作用。从花岗岩体顶部到围岩，成矿元素锡、铜、锌、铅、银和锑依次出现。这些证据说明花岗岩的岩浆作用是首要的成矿因素。有人提出南部白牛厂矿田和北部的Awei矿段是锡和铜矿产的远景区的观点，而且已经被钻孔证实。
关键字：白牛厂，超大型银多金属成矿带，花岗岩，花岗斑岩，锡矿床
1 概述
蒙自白牛厂银多金属矿床是上世纪八十年代在云南发现的超大型矿床之一。它位于云南锡多金属成矿带的东南部。在该区域，有个旧、薄竹山、都龙—来君山三个花岗岩体，等间距出露在云南东南部。这三个花岗岩体和围岩控制着三个超大型Sn（Ag）多金属矿床。个旧矿床主要富含Sn和Pb，都龙矿床主要富含Sn和Zn。白牛厂矿床位于薄竹山西北7km处，主要富含银、铅、锌，提交了远景储量和推断资源量。目前对于白牛厂矿床的成因主要有两种观点。一些地质学家认为白牛厂为喷流沉积形成的。另外一些地质学家则认为该矿床是喷流沉积形成的，后又叠加了燕山期花岗质岩浆作用。但很少有人强调花岗岩体的重要作用，而且该地区Sn矿床的勘探远景在很大程度上被忽略。然而笔者对白牛厂矿床进行初步研究以后发现该矿床明显受花岗岩体控制，而且许多证据与喷流沉积起源相矛盾。
在这篇文章中，研究了花岗岩体与矿床的关系，并对锡矿床勘探远景进行了评价。
2.白牛厂矿床地质特征
2.1地质环境
白牛厂—薄竹山是云南东南部Sn多金属成矿带的重要组成部分，它位于中国南部褶皱系东南褶皱带西向延伸部分。本区出露的地层有古生代寒武纪碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩，早奥陶世碎屑岩，泥盆纪碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩，石炭纪碳酸盐岩，二叠纪石灰质碎屑岩夹基性火山岩。另外，中生代三叠纪碎屑岩夹碳酸盐地层在局部地区有所出露。
主要的区域构造隶属于北东构造—由一系列褶皱、压性压扭断层组成的断层褶皱系统。区域岩浆活动强烈，海西期基性喷出岩和燕山晚期酸性侵入岩分别形成了东部峨眉山玄武岩层和东南薄竹山花岗岩体。在白牛厂矿田范围内也零星出露有隐伏的花岗岩体、花岗斑岩、二长岩脉和辉绿岩脉等。该区的主要成矿元素为W、Sn、Fe、As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ag、Sb等，主要赋存于薄竹山花岗岩体及白牛厂隐伏花岗岩体的外接触带部位。
2.2矿床地质
在白牛厂矿田出露地层为早泥盆世、早中寒武世地层。沉积序列从顶部到底部如下：
1）早泥盆统由八角井组（D
1b），坡脚组（D
1
p），坡松冲组（D
1
ps）碎屑岩、
碳酸盐岩建造组成。
2)中寒武统由龙哈组(?
2l)，田蓬组(?
2
t)和大鸭口组(?
2
d)组成。龙哈组
主要由一套滨海泻湖环境下沉积的白云岩组成。田蓬组由滨海潮坪环境下沉积的灰岩和粉砂岩互层组成。大鸭口组由泥晶灰岩组成。
3)早寒武统由大寨组(?
1d)和冲庄组(?
1
cz)组成。大寨组主要由浅海大陆架
形成的泥晶斑岩和灰岩组成，位于滨海相中段和下段。冲庄组由在浅海大陆壳沉积环境下沉积形成的泥质板岩、炭质板岩组成。
含矿地层主要集中在海陆过渡相田蓬组上段和龙哈组下段。
矿床构造格局与北东向区域构造格局不一致，属于褶皱断层系统，主要为
北西西向构造，北东向和南北向褶皱和断层相互交错。
元宝山复背斜，阿维背斜,白牛厂向斜，穿心洞背斜，组成了白牛厂路差冲西部的短轴复背斜，这一复背斜明显的叠加在北东向白牛厂马露堂背斜上。
北西向、北西西向断层包括F
2, ,F
4
, F
5
, F
6
, F
7
, F
8。
其中，F
4
, F
5
, F
6
, F
7
和
F 8为高角度正断层，交汇在断层F
3
处。F
3
断层为一低角度逆冲断层，走向
200°?230°，倾角10°?35°，是V
1
矿体的主要容矿构造。断层的上盘是田蓬
组和龙哈组的界限。断层的下盘插入到田蓬组地层的内部。
张性带发育在阿维—对门山南部白牛厂隐伏花岗岩的上覆围岩之中，并延伸到花岗岩接触带中的大理岩、矽卡岩、角岩和蚀变白云岩中。张性带厚度200米到400米。张性裂隙分布密集并且有硫化物细脉充填。表面裂隙不均匀、呈之字型无规律分布。裂隙倾角为60°?90°，沿多个方向向下延伸。
白牛厂矿床分为五个矿段，分别是白杨、对门山、米维、穿心洞和阿维。
主要的矿体(V
1
)呈微倾斜层状。矿体走向延伸4.84km，平均厚度5.89米。最大倾向延伸2.5km。该矿体所含资源量超过了整个矿床的98%，包括1.10 Mt Pb,
1.72 Mt Zn, 6 470 t Ag 和 86 kt Sn。位于V
1
矿体上部或者下部的其他矿体
主为单孔见矿，规模很小且品位比较低。主要矿体V
1被断层F
3
控制，倾向
192°?239°，倾角15°?30°。从剖面图上可见，矿体产状呈波浪式缓慢变化。
主要的矿石构造从浸染状、块状、细脉状、条带状到角砾状均有。矿石的结构主要包括胶状结构、粒状结构、交代结构、固溶体离溶结构、嵌晶结构、条纹结构、泥晶结构、糜棱结构。
在该矿床中发现53种金属矿物，主要包括黄铁矿、白铁矿、磁黄铁矿、毒砂、闪锌矿—铁闪锌矿、方铅矿、硫锑铅矿、和锡石。含银矿物有银黝铜矿、深红银矿和辉锑银矿。这些矿物的结晶顺序从早到晚如下：锡石—石英建造，毒砂—黄铁矿—磁黄铁矿建造，黄铜矿—铁闪锌矿—石英建造，黄铁矿—方铅矿—闪锌矿—磁黄铁矿—石英—方解石建造（含少量黄锡矿和绿泥石），黄铁矿—白铁矿—方铅矿—闪锌矿—方解石共生建造，辉锑矿—石英—方解石建造，铁白云石—锰白云石建造。
矿石在化学成分上富Si、Fe，S，贫K、P、Mn、Ti。另外Pb、Zn、Ag、Sn、
As、Cu、Ga、In、Gd含量也很高。V
1
矿体Pb品位 1.56%, Zn 品位2.46%, Ag 品
位92 g/t ，Sn 品位0.12%。
3 花岗岩体的岩石学特征
3.1 花岗岩体的分布
白牛厂矿田位于薄竹山花岗岩体的走向线上。在勘探阶段，阿维矿段南部ZK126-10钻孔1345米水平和ZK130-11钻孔1396米水平分别见隐伏的花岗岩体。目前，在矿田南部和阿维矿段北部的另外六个钻孔在1 250?1 420 m深度范围内见花岗岩体。所以，北西西向白牛厂隐伏花岗岩体控制的长度为走向延伸超过2100米，宽度超过1000米。在地表，鱼塘—柴沟坡和元宝山—对门山发现花岗斑岩脉体，大规模的花岗斑岩脉体和二长岩脉体则多出现在深部的穿心洞和对门山矿段。已存在的工程证明花岗岩体和花岗斑岩岩脉近北西向延伸，北高南
低，被F
3
断层控制。
3.2 岩石地球化学特征
3.2.1 隐伏花岗岩体
隐伏的花岗岩体侵入到田蓬组碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩以及下伏地层中。黑云二长花岗岩具粒状花岗结构，主要的造岩矿物包括30%?45%钾长石（包括正长石和条纹长石）、25%?30%的斜长石、20%?35%的石英、5%?10%的黑云母。副矿物主要为磷灰石、锆石、电气石。矿石还含有多种金属矿物，包括白钨矿、锡石、黄铜矿、毒砂、方铅矿、铁闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿。
岩石碱性很强，富含Na和K。K
2O平均含量达5.28%，Na
2
O 平均含量达2.90%，
w(K2O)/w(Na2O) ＞ 1。A/NCK=0.93?1.07，所以属于过铝饱和—正常铝系列。m(Sr87)/m(Sr86)初始为0.7144。岩石的稀土总量比普通的花岗岩含量高，富轻稀土，并且铕具有明显的负异常。花岗岩成因类型为含锡S型花岗岩。Rb-Sr同位素表明花岗岩年龄为80.17 Ma，形成于燕山晚期。
总之，所有白牛厂花岗岩体、个旧花岗岩体、都龙老君山花岗岩体形成于同一时期，有近似的岩石学、岩石地球化学特点。
3.2.2 花岗斑岩
该岩石为浅肉红色、灰色、浅灰褐色，具斑状结构。斑晶由1%?10% 的石英、
2%?10% 的钾长石、1%?3% 黑云母组成。基质具有细粒花岗结构。基质由钾长石、石英、黑云母以及少量的磷灰石、锆石等矿物组成。主要的金属矿物为黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、锡石等。这些金属矿物通常组成金属硫化物矿脉。
该岩石在化学成分上富K贫Na。属于Al过饱和岩石。
岩石遭受强烈改造。长石斑晶已被高岭石化，晶体格架被绢云母、绿泥石、碳酸盐所交代。
3.2.3 二长岩
二长岩仅在对门山63线和102线之间出露，呈脉状，厚度一般为1.28米—7.17米，具二长结构、似斑状结构，主要的矿物有斜长石、钾长石、黑云母和绿泥石。发育的强烈蚀变有绿泥石化、碳酸盐化，另外也发生金属硫化物矿化。
4 花岗岩体对矿床的控制
4.1 成矿物质来源
矿体中的主要矿石矿物如黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、毒砂、黄铜矿、锡石等在花岗岩和花岗斑岩中也有发现。花岗斑岩中有很强的矿化，在局部形成工业矿体。在花岗岩中Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Sn, As ,Sb等成矿元素平均含量比普通花岗岩高3.49?100倍(据Vinogradov, 1962)。Sn的平均含量为46.05×10?6，是普通花岗岩的15.35倍。中国含Sn花岗岩中Sn的平均含量为20 × 10?6—213 × 10?6.所以白牛厂花岗岩可能为一含锡花岗岩体。
各种矿石中δS34含量范围为?4.00‰ —+6.00‰，黄铁矿中δS34含量(3.16‰)比方铅矿(2.06‰)中高，而方铅矿中的δS34含量又比闪锌矿(1.62‰)中高，表明硫化物中的硫来自深部岩浆。
矿石的稀土元素模式与隐伏的花岗岩和花岗斑岩相似。稀土模式含量变化曲线向右急剧变化。矿石和岩石都明显显示铕的负异常，表明矿石可能与花岗岩和花岗斑岩同源。
4.2 蚀变和矿化的分带
从花岗岩蚀变中心到外围的地层由碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩组成，蚀变带可分为接触变质带、硅化带、碳酸盐化带。接触变质带厚度约为300米，发生明显的矽卡岩化、角岩化、大理岩化。
Cu, Sn, Pb, Zn, Ag的矿化主要出现在接触变质带，主要是Cu和Sn的矿化。硅化带和碳酸盐化带位于接触变质带的外围，有Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag ,Sb的矿化。从接触变质带到碎屑碳酸盐岩地层各矿化元素依次为
Sn→Cu→Zn→Pb→Ag→Sb。
V 1矿体是一个Zn-Pb-Ag–Sn复合型矿体，查明的铜矿体位于V
1
矿体下部，
在V
1顶部边缘有独立的银矿体，而铅矿体位于V
1
矿体外接触带部位。对于V
1
矿
体，其上部矿段ω(Zn)/ω(Zn +Pb)＜0.60，而下部该值大于0.60。例如，白
牛厂上部矿段该值为0.58，下部为0.68；对门山矿段该值为0.54，而位于V
1
矿体下部的V
3
矿体该值达到0.77。靠近隐伏花岗岩体，Zn-Pb-Ag-Sn复合矿体锌的含量增加。
4.3矿体形成温度和压力
白牛厂矿床形成温度变化范围为52℃—520℃,从阿维开始沿穿心洞、白杨、米维、冒山洞方向逐渐降低。
围绕着隐伏花岗岩体存在一个压力梯度。该岩体的成岩压力为150 MPa?250
MPa。在接触变质带上部的V
1
矿体形成压力为43 MPa—160 MPa。然而冒山洞Sb 矿石的形成压力比隐伏花岗岩体低得多，大致为42 MPa?70 MPa。
4.4 控矿构造与花岗岩侵入体之间的关系
控矿构造F
3
断层是由于岩浆的侵入而形成，在该地区白牛厂—路查冲短轴
复背斜与岩浆上侵占位有关。控矿构造F
3
的产状与花岗斑岩脉体和白牛厂隐伏花岗岩体的上表面一致。一部分含矿流体充填在张裂带中，在花岗岩体上部呈密集细脉状组成脉状矿体。
以上论述表明该矿床与花岗岩体关系密切。根据矿床的特点，可确定该矿床为矽卡岩型矿床。像大多数矽卡岩型矿床一样，矿床的分带性可以指导矿床的进一步勘探。
5.找矿及找矿结果
根据对白牛厂矿床与花岗岩体之间关系以及蚀变和矿化分区的研究，得出富且厚的Zn-Pb-Ag复合型矿体与花岗斑岩岩脉伴生，单独的Zn和Cu矿体则位于上述复合型矿体的下部，单独的Sn和Cu矿体则可能出现在隐伏花岗岩与沉
积围岩的接触带部位。
在2005年，白牛厂矿田的南部、阿维矿体的北部被圈作为Sn、Cu、Zn的找矿靶区。在对上述两个区域进行混合电磁导率测量以后，布钻对异常进行了验证。结果，这两个地区的找矿工作有了很大进展。在Ⅰ区共发现了一个Sn矿体（22.85m厚，品位1.331%，伴生品位为0.15% 的WO
）和两个Cu矿体（一个
3
12m厚，品位为0.60%，另一个11m厚，品位为0.63%）。在Ⅱ区发现了一个Sn 矿体（9，90m厚，品位为0.718%）和一个厚大的zn矿体（11.4m厚，品位为6.23%）。在每个钻孔的底部都发现了该隐伏花岗岩体。
6.结论
1）白牛厂隐伏花岗岩体2000多米长1000多米宽，形成于燕山晚期。从岩石学和地球化学特征上分析属于富锡花岗岩。
2）白牛厂矿床与花岗岩在空间上和成因上关系密切。花岗质岩浆为矿化提供了成矿物质、物理化学条件，控制了矿床的空间分布特征。
3）在白牛厂矿田，除了Ag-Zn矿体，单独的Sn和Cu矿体也很有找矿远景。
4）白牛厂为一个超大型Pb-Zn-Ag复合型矿床。同时对于寻找大规模的Sn 矿床和Cu-Sn矿床也很具有找矿前景。
翻译类论文题目
翻译类： 1.On Formal Correspondence of C/E Translation in Terms of Hypotaxis &. Parataxis从形合和意合看汉英翻译中的形式对应 2.How to Decode and Translate the Ambiguous Structures歧义结构的解码与翻译 3.Pragmatics and Advertisement Translation, with Special Emphasis on E/C Cultural Differences英汉文化差异与广告的语用翻译 4.Context and Business Discourse in English and Chinese 5.On the Peculiar ways of Expression in Dicken’s Novels试论狄更斯小说独特的 艺术手法 6.Female Images in the Sun Also Rises 论《太阳又升起了》小说中女性形象 7.Standarization of English: The Necessity and Feasility in an Age of Globaliztion 全球化时代英语标准化的必要性和可能性 8.On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese 再谈汉英公示语翻译----以 2010年亚运会主办城市广州为例 9.Brief Appreciation on “Venice Merchant” 10.The Mannered Language of English 11.On the Properties of Idiomatic Expressions in English 12.The Differences and Samilarities Between Structural Ambiguity in English and Chinese 13.Time Conception in Different Cultures 14.On American Religion 15.On Title Translation of English Film and Disc 16.The Characteristics and the Rhetorical Roles of English Reduplicatives Neiteratives https://www.wendangku.net/doc/50690853.html,parisons of Multiplicity in Chinese and English and Its Translation 18.A Study of Hmorous Utterances Form the Perspective 19.The Current State and Prospects for English Teaching 20.The usage of “And” 21.A Survey on Culture and Social Life in USA 22.Inheretance and Development of National Language and Culture 23.Implicitness and Explicitness in Translation 24.谈英语谚语的翻译 25.谈英语幽默的翻译 26.地方名胜古迹汉译英 27.翻译中常见错误分析 28.中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响 29.会话含义的推导与翻译 30.词汇的文化内涵与翻译 31.语境在翻译中的作用 32.商标词翻译 33.广告语言的翻译 34.论英汉互译中的语义等值问题 35.英汉文化差异对翻译的影响 36.英汉谚语的理解和翻译
英语翻译论文开题报告精编版
英语翻译论文开题报告 精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】
英语翻译论文开题报告 时间:2015-03- 12Bell.?Translation?and?Translating:?Theory?and?Practice.?Beijing:?Forei gn?Language?Teaching?and?Research?Press,?2006. 崔长青,?张碧竹.?翻译的要素[M].?苏州:?苏州大学出版社,?2007. 李琏.?英式显性词性转换与英语写作[J].?新疆教育学学 报,?2003,?19(1):?85-89. 李连生.?英汉互译中的词性转换[J].?武汉交通管理干部学院学 报,?1996,?(1):102-107. 项伙珍.?谈翻译中的转性译法[J].?长江职工大学学报,?2000,?17(3):?46-48. 叶海燕.?翻译中的词性转换及换形[J].?安徽工业大学学报(社会科学 版),?2005,?22(3):60-61. (责任编辑：1025) 三、对英文翻译中词类转换的引入 从语言的角度来分析，对一门语言中的词性以及在语句中的成分进行分析，?从转喻理论的相关知识出发，来探讨英汉语言翻译中词类转换的概念和知识，并就其异同和特性进行对比，不仅是当前国内外学者研究的重点问题，也是大学英语教学中始终关注的热点。?为?此?，从英文翻译的实践中，?通过例证或典型问题的互译，从语言结构及表达习惯上进行探讨英文翻译中的转换方法，以增强语言翻译的可读性和准确性，并从中探讨出词类转换的规律，帮助更多的学生从中获得有益的指
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
论文英文翻译
毕业设计（论文） 英文文献翻译 电力系统 电力系统介绍 随着电力工业的增长，与用于生成和处理当今大规模电能消费的电力生产、传输、分配系统相关的经济、工程问题也随之增多。这些系统构成了一个完整的电力系统。 应该着重提到的是生成电能的工业，它与众不同之处在于其产品应按顾客要求即需即用。生成电的能源以煤、石油，或水库和湖泊中水的形式储存起来，以备将来所有需。但这并不会降低用户对发电机容量的需求。 显然，对电力系统而言服务的连续性至关重要。没有哪种服务能完全避免可能出现的失误，而系统的成本明显依赖于其稳定性。因此，必须在稳定性与成本之间找到平衡点，而最终的选择应是负载大小、特点、可能出现中断的原因、用户要求等的综合体现。然而，网络可靠性的增加是通过应用一定数量的生成单元和在发电站港湾各分区间以及在国内、国际电网传输线路中使用自动断路器得以实现的。事实上大型系统包括众多的发电站和由高容量传输线路连接的负载。这样，在不中断总体服务的前提下可以停止单个发电单元或一套输电线路的运作。
当今生成和传输电力最普遍的系统是三相系统。相对于其他交流系统而言，它具有简便、节能的优点。尤其是在特定导体间电压、传输功率、传输距离和线耗的情况下，三相系统所需铜或铝仅为单相系统的75%。三相系统另一个重要优点是三相电机比单相电机效率更高。大规模电力生产的能源有： 1.从常规燃料（煤、石油或天然气）、城市废料燃烧或核燃料应用中得到的 蒸汽； 2.水； 3.石油中的柴油动力。 其他可能的能源有太阳能、风能、潮汐能等，但没有一种超越了试点发电站阶段。 在大型蒸汽发电站中，蒸汽中的热能通过涡轮轮转换为功。涡轮必须包括安装在轴承上并封闭于汽缸中的轴或转子。转子由汽缸四周喷嘴喷射出的蒸汽流带动而平衡地转动。蒸汽流撞击轴上的叶片。中央电站采用冷凝涡轮，即蒸汽在离开涡轮后会通过一冷凝器。冷凝器通过其导管中大量冷水的循环来达到冷凝的效果，从而提高蒸汽的膨胀率、后继效率及涡轮的输出功率。而涡轮则直接与大型发电机相连。 涡轮中的蒸汽具有能动性。蒸汽进入涡轮时压力较高、体积较小，而离开时却压力较低、体积较大。 蒸汽是由锅炉中的热水生成的。普通的锅炉有燃烧燃料的炉膛燃烧时产生的热被传导至金属炉壁来生成与炉体内压力相等的蒸汽。在核电站中，蒸汽的生成是在反应堆的帮助下完成的。反应堆中受控制的铀或盥的裂变可提供使水激化所必需的热量，即反应堆代替了常规电站的蒸汽机。 水电站是利用蕴藏在消遣的能来发电的。为了将这种能转换为功，我们使用了水轮机。现代水轮机可分为两类：脉冲式和压力式（又称反应式）。前者用于重要设备，佩尔顿轮是唯一的类型；对于后者而言，弗朗西斯涡轮或其改进型被广泛采用。 在脉冲式涡轮中，整个水头在到达叶轮前都被转化为动能，因为水是通过喷嘴提供给叶轮的；而在压力式或反应式涡轮中，水通过其四周一系列引导叶版先直接导入叶片再提供给叶轮（或转子）。离开引导叶片的水有压力，并且以一部分动能、一部分压力的形式来提供能量。 对于低于10,000千伏安的发电站而言柴油机是出色的原动机。其优点是燃料成本低、预热时间短以及标准损耗低。此外，其所需冷却水量极少。柴油发电通常选择用于满足少量电力需求，如市政当局、宾馆及工厂等；医院通常备有独立的柴油发电机，以备紧急情况时使用。 通过电线来传输电能是电力系统中的一个重大问题。而从下面研修目的目的架设输电线路又是必要的： 1.将电力从水电站输送到可能很远的负载中心； 2.从蒸汽站到相对较近负载中心电力的批量供应； 3.出于内部连接目的将电能在紧急情况下从一系统转换至另一系统。 传输电压主要由经济因素决定。实际上，当距离、功率、功耗固定时，输电线路中导体的重量与传输电压成反比。因此，出于经济方面的考虑，长距离传输时电压一定要高。当然，电压超高绝缘成本也就超高，要找到最佳电压必须通过减小导体横截面积来取得绝缘成本与经济节省之间的平衡。 高压传输通常使用配以悬挂式绝缘设备的高架结构。称为路标铁塔用于负载
英语翻译翻译方向论文题目
English Novel Title Translation: A Skopostheorie Perspective 英语小说标题的翻译:一个Skopostheorie透视图 The Translation of Fuzziness in the Dialogue of Fortress Besieged from the Perspective of Relevance Theory翻译的模糊性的对话《围城》从关联理论的角度 On Domestication Strategy in Advertisement Slogan Translation 在归化策略在广告口号的翻译 Reproduction of “Three Beauties” in the Translation of the Poems in The Journey to the West 繁殖的“三美”翻译的诗歌在西游记 A Comparative Study of Interjection Translation in Teahouse from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence一个比较研究,在茶馆的感叹词翻译功能对等的角度 Public Signs Translation from the Perspective of Functionalist Theory --Taking Shaoyang City as an Example公共标志的翻译的角度,从实用主义的理论——以邵阳城市作为一个例子 The Application of Skopostheory in the Business Advertisement Translation Skopostheory的应用在商业广告翻译 Relevance Theory Applied in the Translation of Neologism 关联理论应用于翻译的新词 Domestication and Foreignization in the Translation of Tourist Texts 归化和异化在翻译旅游文本 A Comparative Study of the Two English Versions of Lun Y u by James Legge and Ku Hongming from Translator's Subjectivity一个比较研究的两个英文版本的Lun Yu詹姆斯Legge和Ku Hongming从译者的主体性 On the Translation and Functions of Metaphor in Advertisements 在翻译和函数中隐喻的广告 C-E Translation of Film Titles from the Perspective of Adaptation Theory 汉英翻译的电影片名的角度,从适应理论 Pun Advertisements Translation From the Perspective of Adaptation Theory 广告双关语翻译的角度,从适应理论 Analysis of the Translation Strategies of the Culture-loading Words in the English Version of Journey to the West分析的翻译策略在英语文化加载字版的西游记 On Business Letter Translation under the Guidance of Conversational Implicature Theory 在商务信函翻译的指导下,会话含义理论 On the Translation of Puns in English Advertising 在翻译双关语在英语广告 Advertising Translation in the View of Skopos Theory 广告翻译目的论的观点 A study on Trademark Translation from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics 商标翻译的研究从接受美学的角度
英文论文翻译
汲水门大桥有限元模型的分析 By Q. W. Zhang, T. Y. P. Chang,and C. C. Chang 摘要：本文提出的有限元模型修正的汲水门大桥的实施，是位于香港的430米主跨双层斜拉桥。通过三维有限元预测和现场振动测试，对该桥的动力特性进行了研究，。在本文中，建立的有限元模型的更新，是基于实测的动态特性。一个全面的灵敏度研究证明各种结构参数（包括连接和边界条件）的影响是在其所关注的模式进行，根据一组的结构参数，然后选择调整。有限元模型的更新在一个迭代的方式以减少之间的预测和测量频率的差异。最后更新的有限元模型，使汲水门大桥能在良好的协议与所测量的固有频率状态，并可以进行更精确的动态响应预测。 简介： 汲水门大桥（图1），位于大屿山及香港湾岛之间，是世界上最长的斜拉桥，是公路交通和铁路交通两用桥梁。为确保其结构的完整性和操作安全性，桥梁已经配备了一个相当复杂的监测系统，包括仪器参数如加速度传感器，位移传感器，液位传感器，温度传感器，应变计，风速仪（Lau and Wong 1997）。由Chang 等人通过有限元预测和现场振动测量对该桥的动力特性进行了研究（2001）。三维有限元（FE）模型，它是基于非线性弹性梁元件构建的塔和甲板上的桁架单元，电缆，和弹性或刚性连接的连接和边界约束[图1（d）]。桥面，包括钢/混凝土框架结构在大跨度和梯形箱梁的中心部分的剩余部分，是使用一个单一的脊柱通过剪切中心桥面的。由于截面的非整体性，通过一个虚拟的等效单片材料来表示复合甲板。这是通过等效的整体桥面的质量和刚度性能检核的复合甲板了。由Chang证明（1998），对截面模量的计算细节可以通过改变报告发现。电缆，另一方面，使用的是线性弹性桁架单元模拟。非线性效应由于电缆张力和下垂的电缆进行线性化，采用弹性刚度等效模量的概念考虑。有限元模型包括464个梁单元，176个桁架单元，和615个节点，总共有1536个自由度。 一般的有限元建模，给出了该桥的物理和模态特性进行详细的描述，而现场振动测试则是作为（理想化的）有限元模型评估基础信息的重要来源。有限元计算结果与现场振动试验表明在自然频率合理的相关性和桥的振型。然而，在预测
英语论文翻译
心理辅导缺失数据管理的最佳实践 加布里埃尔·l·Schlomer施瑞鲍曼和诺尔卡 亚利桑那大学 这篇文章敦促咨询心理学研究人员识别和报告丢失的数据 处理,因为消费者的研究不能准确地解释发现不知道数量 缺失的数据和模式或策略被用来处理这些数据。缺失的数据模式 综述了,和一些常见的策略来处理他们。作者 提供一个例子,数据模拟和评估3处理缺失数据的方法: 意味着替代,多个归罪,完整的信息极大似然。结果表明, 意味着替代是一个贫穷的方法处理缺失数据,而多个归责和完整 信息极大似然推荐这种方法。作者建议 ,研究人员充分考虑并报告缺失数据的数量和模式和策略 在心理咨询研究和处理这些数据,编辑建议研究人员 期望。 关键词:缺失数据、最佳实践、咨询心理学、多个归罪,完整的信息 最大似然 缺失的数据出现在大多数研究行为科学 (翘起的,2005;埃里森,2005;Orme &里斯,1991;Pigott,2001; 史蒂文斯,1996;Streiner,1996),APA特遣部队在统计推断(威尔金森&特遣部队在统计推断,
1999)建议研究人员报告失踪的模式 数据和统计技术用来解决问题 这些数据创建。虽然适当的报告和处理 缺失的数据对于理解至关重要的结果,这个元素 从报告的研究数据分析通常省略(彭, 哈维尔,宾利,&伊曼,2006;桑德斯et al .,2006)。与 增加计算内存和处理速度、复杂 现在可以通过对缺失数据的分析研究人员 没有昂贵的专用软件。然而,许多 研究人员不知道报告的重要性和管理缺失的数据,和编辑基本上没有坚持 作者提供这些基本信息。 最佳实践与研究要求两个缺失的数据 项目的基本信息,应该在每一个报道 研究:(一)缺失数据的范围和性质和(b) 程序用于管理缺失的数据,包括使用方法选择的基本原理。 在本文中,我们首先检查 最近完成的《咨询 Psychologyto确定作者在这个杂志上有解决这两个项目。然后我们提出建议改善缺失数据报告的期刊文章。最后,我们 提供一个对几种常见的管理方法
论文中英文翻译
An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and Humorous Effects in Friend s 合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应 Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor. 幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象，这是多方面的，复杂和无孔不入的。所以，在任何时候，在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。 The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor. 显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前，人们对幽默开始研究，然而，这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务，理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科，包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外，幽默有不同的原因和目的，人们可能希望有点大男子主义，随机应变，似乎是聪明，解决问题，使一个临界点，加强治疗，或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。 Within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. Meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. One of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the
毕业论文英语翻译及原文
A RESEARCH ON DATA PROCESSING MODEL OF GPS DAM DEFORMATION MONITORING NETWORK Abstract: Considering the particularity of the GPS dam deformation monitoring network, a data processing model based on the station orthogonal coordinate system for three-dimension GPS dam deformation monitoring network, was put forward. Also, a mathematical model of using the clustering analysis method in fuzzy mathematics to test the relative stability of quasi-stable points(or datum marks) was successfully brought forward. The adjustment method during the course of data processing was quasi-stable adjustment. At last, a software system of three-dimension GPS dam deformation monitoring network was designed and opened up with the help of Visual Basic Language. With three periods o'bservation data from the GPS deformation monitoring network of a dam, an adjustment calculation was done by the software.The calculation result shows that the mathematical models can be more suitable for the data processing in GPS dam deformation monitoring network. Key words: GPS, Dam deformation monitoring, Quasi-stable adjustment, Clustering analysis 1.Introduction WGS-84 coordinate system is generally used in GPS. But local or independent coordinate systems are usually chosen in dam deformation monitoring networks for their small areas. During the course of past data processing, the adjustment under WGS-84 coordinate system for
英语专业毕业论文翻译类论文
英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry 题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用 学生姓名孔令霞 学号 BC09150201 指导教师祁晓菲助教 年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班 专业英语 系别外国语言文学系
黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要
索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译
Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation
论文外文翻译
Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that
英语专业翻译类论文参考文献
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