2011医学考博完型讲义word03版

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2011医学考博完型、改错、语法课程讲义

第一章：概况

1、教材简介

2、考博要掌握的内容

第二章：真题讲解

1、2001年完形填空

Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century 31 silent reading become commonplace.

One should be 32 , however. of assuming that silent reading came about 33 because reading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual 34 of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character.

The last century 35 a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of potential listeners declined, and 36 there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, 37 came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries. Railway carriages and offices, 38 reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.

Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and 39 whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in 40 way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, 41 its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialized readership 42 .

By the end of the century students were being recommended to 43 attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, 44 not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered 45 the term “reading” implied.

31．A. would B. should C. did D. could

32．A. way B. aware C. sick D. thought

33．A. correctly B. simply C. amply D. directly

34．A. mode B. model C. mould D. mood

35．A. saw B. watched C. experienced D. concluded

36．A. ever B. thus C. even D. for

37．A. however B. as C. so D. since

38．A. which B. whose C. where D. there

39．A. of B. in C. against D. over

40．A. no B. any C. one D. some

41．A. wherever B. whoever C. whatever D. whichever

42．A. on the other B. in the second place C. on the contrary D. in hand 43．A. adapt B. adopt C. consume D. condemn

44．A. whether B. though C. if D. unless

45．A. that B. what C. how D. why

2、标注题型

3、2002年真题

You feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. You 51 of daily activity may change: you find yourself 52 and active in the middle of the night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working. You stay in your room and have little contact with people 53 with those who speak your language. In your mind, you criticize the people around you they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed, concerned with insignificant things, 54 stupid; you complain about them to any friends you have. You become 55 when you can't go into a restaurant and order the type of food you really like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U. S．news and very little about events that are important to you. You are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life 56 home. Above all, you are homesick almost all the time.

If you ever find yourself behaving in ways 57 these, you are probably suffering from culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological 58 that sometimes has physical effects. It affects people who have moved away from an environment where they know how to live 59 a new environment where much is unfamiliar to them—the food, the weather, the language, and especially the 60 rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of.

51．A. way B. pattern C. method D. track

52．A. sleepy B. happy C. awake D. sad

53．A. for B. lest C. besides D. except

54．A. even B. merely C. indeed D. rather

55．A. offended B. uninterested C. frustrated D. isolated

56．A. here B. there C. back D. away

57．A. the same as B. different from C. similar to D. familiar with

58．A. situation B. condition C. reflection D. position

59．A. in B. at C. within D. into

60．A. unwritten B. written C. spoken D. secrete

4、2004年真题

Robert Spring, a 19th century forger, was so good at his profession that he was able to make his living for 15 years by selling false signatures of famous Americans. Spring was born in England in 1813 and 51 in Philadelphia in 1858 to open a bookstore. At first he prospered by selling his small but 52 collection of early U. S．autographs. Discovering his ability at copying handwriting, he began 53 signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin and writing then on the title pages of old books. To lesson the chance of detection, he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale and 54 .

Forgers have a hard time selling their produces. A forger can't approach a 55 buyer must deal with people who don’t have much knowledge in the field. Forgers have many ways to make their work look real. For example, they buy old books to use the 56 paper of the title page, and they can treat paper and ink with chemicals.

In Spring's time, 57 after the Civil War, Britain was still fond of the Southern state, so Spring 58 a respectable maiden lady known as Miss Fanny Jackson, the only daughter of Genera “Stonewall” Jackson. For several years Miss Fanny's 59 problems forced her to sell a great number of letters and manuscripts belonging to her famous father. Spring had to work very hard to satisfy the demand. All this activity did not prevent Spring from dying in poverty, leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries from the 60 .

51．A. arrived B. migrated C. traveled D. moved

52．A. excellent B. genuine C. false D. rare

53．A. originating B. innovating C. designing D. imitating

54．A. subscription B. retention C. circulation D. accumulation

55．A. respectful B. respectable C. respective D. respecting

56．A. rough B. fragile C. aged D. preserved

57．A. right B. simply C. only D. late

58．A. invented B. discovered C. detected D. located

59．A. lawful B. financial C. administrative D. criminal

60．A. fakes B. realities C. originals D. duplicates

5、2005年真题

In Mr. Allen's high school class, all the students have to "get married." However, the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51.These mock ceremonies sometimes become so _52_that the loud laughter drowns out the voice of the "minister." Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.

The teacher, Mr. Allen, believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business. He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that _53_ take place after marriage. He believes that the need for these psychological and financial _54_ should be understood before people marry.

Mr. Allen doesn't only introduce his students to major problems _55_ in marriage such as illness or unemployment. He also exposes them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.

He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and _56_ that can strain a marriage to the breaking point. He even _57_ his students with the problems of divorce and the fact that divorced men must pay child support money for their children and sometimes pay monthly alimony to their wives.

It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. _58_ they took the course, they had not worried much about the problems of marriage. However, both students and parents feel that Mr. Allen's course is valuable and have _59_ the course publicly. Their statements and letters supporting the class have _60_ the school to offer the course again.

51. A. duplications B. imitations C. assumptions D. fantasies

52. A. noisy B. artificial C. graceful D. real

53. A. might B. would C. must D. need

54. A. issues B. adjustments C. matters D. expectancies

55. A. to face B. facing C. having faced D. faced

56. A. tribulations B. errors C. triumphs D. verdicts

57. A. informs B. concerns C. familiarizes D. associated

58. A. Until B. Before C. After D. As

59. A. taken B. suggested C. endorsed D. reproached

60. A. confirmed B. convinced C. compromised D. conceived

6、2006年真题

Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.

Culture shock is precipitated by the 51 that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.

Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we 52 ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to 53 invitations, when to take statements seriously and 54.

These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are 55 a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.

All of us depend 56 our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry 57 conscious awareness.

Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are 58. He or she is like a fish out of water.

No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props have been knocked 59 you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.

People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad becau se they make me feel bad.” When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the 60 country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.

51. A. complaint B. anxiety C. grief D. conflict

52. A. convert B. associate C. orient D. familiarize

53. A. refuse B. welcome C. deliver D. withdraw

54. A. why not B. what not C. when not D. where not

55. A. as much B. as much C. as much D. as if

56. A. on B. with C. as D. for

57. A. on the level of B. in accordance with

C. by means of

D. in view of

58. A. adjusted B. modified C. rejected D. removed

59. from behind B. from under C. out of D. away from

60. A. guest B. target C. host D. master

7、2003年真题

There were red faces at one of Britain's biggest banks recently. They had accepted a telephone order to buy $100,000 worth of shares from a fifteen-year-old schoolboy （they thought he was twenty-one）.The shares fell in value and the schoolboy was unable to 51 ．The band lost $20,000 on the 52 that it cannot get back because, for one thing, this young speculator does not have the money and, for another, 53 under eighteen, he is not legally liable for his debts. If the shares had risen in value by the same amount that they fell, he

would have pocketed $20,000 54 ．

Not bad for a fifteen-year-old. If certainly is better than 55 the morning full newspaper. In another recent case, a boy of fourteen found, in his grandfather's house, a suitcase full of foreign banknotes. The clean, crisp, banknotes looked very 56 but they were now not used in their country of origin or anywhere else. This young boy 57 straight to the nearest bank with his pockets filed with notes.

The cashiers did not realize that the country in 58 had reduced the value of its currency by 90%．They exchanged the notes at their face value at the current exchange rate. In three days, before he was found out, he took $200,000 from nine different banks．59 , he had already spent more than half of this on taxi-rides, restaurant meals, concert tickets and presents for his many new girlfriends（at least he was generous!）before the police caught up with him. Because he is also under eighteen the banks have 60 a lot of money, and several cashiers have lost their jobs.

51．A. pay off B. pay up C. pay for D. pay out

52．A. principle B. criterion C. custom D. deal

53．A. to be B. having been C. being D. is

54．A. profit B. advantage C. benefit D. commission

55．A. sending B. transmitting C. delivering D. dispatching

56．A. convincing B. valuable C. unusual D. priceless

57．A. came B. pulled C. headed D. pushed

58．A. problem B. question C. talk D. saying

59．A. Interestingly B. Unfortunately C. Particularly D. Amazingly 60．A. kissed goodbye B. got rid of C. lived up to D. made up for

8、1999年真题

The problem of caring for the weak and sick members of the society has existed from the very earliest times. But the idea is a new one in the history of man.

The Greek, for instance, had 31 public institutions for the sick. Some of their doctors maintained surgeries where they could carry on their work, but they were very small, and only one patient could be treated 32 . The Romans, in time of war, established infirmaries, 33 were used to treat sick and injured soldiers. Later on, infirmaries were founded in the larger cities and were 34 out of public funds.

35, the Roman influence was responsible for the establishment of hospitals. 36 Christianity grew, the care of the sick became the duty of the Church. During the Middle Ages Monasteries and convents provided most of the hospitals Monks and nuns were the nurses.

The custom of making pilgrimages to religious shrines also helped advance the 37 of hospitals. These pilgrimages were often long, and the travelers had to stop 38 at small inns along the road.

These inns were called hospitalia, or guest houses, from the Latin world hospes, meaning “a guest”. The inns connected with the monasteries 39 themselves to caring for travelers who were ill or lame or weary. In this way the name “hospital” became connected with 40 for the afflicted.

Since living conditions during the Middle Ages were not very comfortable or hygienic, the hospitals of those days were 41 clean or orderly. In fact, many 42 hospital would put two or more patients in the same bed!

During the seventeenth century, there was a general 43 living conditions. People began to feel

that it wa s the duty of the state to care for its ailing citizens. But it wasn’t 44 the eighteenth century that public hospitals became general in the larger towns of England. Soon, the idea of public hospitals began to 45 and they appeared all over Europe.

31. A. a few B. no C. many D. few

32. A. at a time B. at no time C. once and again D. once for all

33. A. they B. that C. in which D. which

34. A. supplied B. recruited C. built D. supported

35. A. In the same way B. In a big way

C. In a way

D. In the way

36. A. Since B. Although C. If D. As

37. A. history B. idea C. condition D. equipment

38. A. overnight B. for sleeping C. once D. in time

39. A. devoting B. that devoted C. casing D. friendship

40. A. housing B. hospitality C. casing D. friendship

41. A. far from being B. far to being

C. so far as to be

D. so much from being

42. A. a B. other C. of the D. such

43. A. agreement on B. awareness of

C. improvement in

D. interest in

44. A. in B. by C. up to D. until

45. A. occur B. spread C. conceive D. strike

第三章：定语从句1

1、定语从句（1）

8个关系代词和3个关系副词

2、定语从句练习 2002年试题/Unit1（1）

As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, 37 came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries. Railway carriages and offices, 38 reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.

38．A. which B. whose C. where D. there

15. This is the shop__ I often speak to you.

A. where

B. which

C. of which

D. in which

16. This is the shop__ I often buy food stuff.

A. where

B. which

C. of which

D. in which

11. The reason__ he died was lack of medical care.

A. which B for that C as D why

10. There can’t be any life on Venus, ___ the temperature is as high as 900F

A which

B when C. where D there

1. The professor and her achievement __ you told me about are admired by us all.

A.who

B. which

C. that

D. whom

31. I have kept up a friendship with a girl who I was at school __twenty years ago.

A. about

B. since

C. till

D. with

3、定语从句（2）

Unit 1 定语从句练习

3. Such people __ know Tom thought he was a trustworthy man.

A. that

B. which

C. as

D. what

Passage 1

Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 3 ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical.

As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 ，with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing .

4、定语从句练习Passage13/Unit1(2)

Families have also 13 changes these years．more families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 .

15．A. than B．that C．which D．as

7. A microscope can reveal vastly __ detail than is visible to the naked eye.

A. than

B. than more

C. more than

D. more

6. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than __ in the public today.

A. exists

B. exist

C. existing

D. existed

5、定语从句练习 Unit 1（2）

20. The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree ___ the students’ potentiality is developed.

A. of which

B. with which

C. in which

D. to which

23. They will move into the new house next Friday, ____ it will be completely furnished.

A. by the time

B. by which time

C. by that time

D. by this time

39. He’s written a book ___ the name I’ve completely forgotten.

A. whose

B. which

C. of which

D. that

第四章：通过真题分析六大题型

1、并列、排比关系 Passage 13

Many theories concerning the cause of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through

3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in

4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status，

5 as a rejection of middle-class values.

2．A. before B．unless C．until D．because

4．A. return B．reply C．reference D. response

第五章：定语从句2

1、定语从句（3）

But引导定语从句

2、What引导从句

3、What引导从句2001年试题

By the end of the century students were being recommended to 43 attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, 44 not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered 45 the term “reading” implied.

45．A. that B. what C. how D. why

4、定语从句（4）

5. This is the best book ___ on the subject.

A. which there is

B. that there is

C. which is

D. what is

2. I don’t suppose anything happens ___ he doesn’t foresee.

A. that

B. which

C. what

D. as

第六章：六种题型的巩固与提高

1、题型简单介绍

第七章：非谓语动词

1、三大非谓语动词（1）

I was angry for ___ being late.

2、三大非谓语动词（2）

12. After seeing the movie, ____.

A. the book was read by him.

B. the book mad him want to read it.

C. the reading of the book interested him.

D. he wanted to read the book

14. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ____ to the outside world.

A. being lost

B. having lost

C. losing

D. lost

15. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ____ insufficiently popular with all members.

A. being considered

B. considering

C. to be considered

D. having considered

3、三大非谓语动词（3）

3. A new technique ___, the yield of this factory rose last year.

A. being worked out

B. to be worked out

C. working out

D. having been worked out

8. ____, she went back to her room.

A. There was no cause for alarm

B. There being no cause for alarm

C. There be no cause for alarm

D. There has been no cause for alarm

1. Since British Railways introduced its new inter-city expresses, many businessman have taken ___ by train.

A. in travelling

B. to travel

C. to travelling

D. on travel

2. I don’t think you will have any difficulty ___ a driving license.

A. for getting

B. to get

C. having got

D. getting

3. Sam is getting ___ to go to a party, but is having trouble ___ on what clothes to wear.

A. to dress… deciding

B. to be dressed… to decide

C. dressed….deciding

D. dressing… deciding

4. I will overlook ___ so rude to my sister this time but don’t let it happen again.

A. you to be

B. your being

C. you to have been

D. you having been

5. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ___ in a short period of time.

A. being created

B. to have been created

C. having been created

D. to be created

6. Shortly after his retirement, the former president ___ gardening and hunting.

A. took to

B. took on

C. took in

D. took after

7. Technology will play a key role in ___ future life-styles.

A. to shape

B. shaping

C. shaped of

D. shaped

9. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children ____.

A. were not able to help laughter

B. could not help but laughing

C. could not help laughing

D. could not help to laugh

E. could not help but laugh

10. It is better to die on one’s feet than ____.

A. living on one’s knees

B. live on one’s knees

C. on one’s knees

D. to live on one’s knees

11. The students expected there ___ more reviewing classes before the final exams.

A. is

B. Being

C. have been

D. to be

13. For there ___ successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.

A. is

B. to be

C. will be

D. being

15. ____ to inanimate objects, such as machines, is a form of animism.

A. When attributing emotion

B. Attributing emotion

C. Emotion is attributed

D. If emotion is attributed

20. John was relying on there ___ another opportunity.

A. was

B. being

C. had been

D. would

第八章：虚拟语气

第一节：虚拟语气（1）

1、if条件句虚拟语气，如果……就……

2、if 主将从现，主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时来代替将来时

3、祈使句+and+表将来时态的句子——主将从现得变体形式

5. ___ today, he would get there by Monday.

A. If he left

B. Was he to leave

C. Were he to leave

D. If he leaves

6. The business is risky. But ___, we would be rich.

A. should we succeed

B. would we succeed

C. might we succeed

D. could we succeed

16. ___ the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it

is.

A. Had it not been for

B. Were it not for

C. Had it not been

D. Should it not be

38. ___ for your help, we’d never have been able to get over the difficulties.

A. Had it not been

B. Had it not

C. If it were not

D. If we had not been

39. The storm delayed us. ___ the storm we would have been in time.

A. For

B. Were it not for

C. Had it not been for

D. But

第二节：虚拟语气（2）

8. One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ___ to its burning temperature.

A. is heated

B. will be heated

C. be heated

D. would be heated

9. It is advisable that a general announcement ___ to the teaching staff.

A. will be made

B. should make

C. be made

D. have been made

17. The board deemed it urgent that these files ___ right away.

A. had to be printed

B. should have been printed

C. must be printed

D. should be printed

28. These facts suggested that women ___ in opportunity for physical exercise by cultural taboos.

A. should been limited

B. had been limited

C. be limited

D. have been limited

25. I second Mr. Wang’s motion that a special committee ___ to examine the problem.

A. be established

B. established

C. was to establish

D. was established

17. The board deemed it urgent that these files ___ right away.

A. had to be printed

B. should have been printed

C. must be printed

D. should be printed

第三节：虚拟语气（3）

31. I would very much like to have gone to see the movie, but I ___ a ticket.

A. shall not have

B. haven’t had

C. don’t have

D. didn’t have

26. He was fully occupied yesterday, otherwise he ___ to the sales conference.

A. would come

B. would have come

C. came

D. had come

24. Sally can’t have been in Paris, or ___.

A. I met

B. I’d met

C. I’ll meet him

D. I’d have met

33. “I wish you ___ the play last night.” “It’s a shame that I ___”.

A. had attended/ didn’t

B. attended / didn’t

C. had attended/ hadn’t

D. could attend / haven’t

36. It is a imperative on us ___.

A. to be tolerant of him

B. that we should be tolerant of him

C. to tolerant of him

D. to tolerant him

10. If only we ___ a phone! I’m tired of queuing outside the public phone box.

A. had

B. had had

C. would have

D. have had

第九章：主谓一致

1、主谓一致

1. She as well as the other students ___ how to install this electric equipment.

A. has learned

B. are learning

C. have learned

D. are to learn

2. Beef cattle ___ of all livestock for economic growth in certain geographic regions.

A. the most are important

B. are the most important

C. is the most important

D. that are most important

5. The police ___ the prisoner’s statements by questioning several witnesses.

A. are verifying

B. is verifying

C. are verified

D. is verified

8. In the last few years, intensive design and development effort ___ to the introduction of electronic exchanges.

A. have been applied

B. has been applied

C. is been applied

D. would be applied

3. ___ in the desert is mainly due to the limited supply of desert water.

A. Plants are widely spaced

B. The spacing of plants is wide

C. Plants to be spaced widely

D. The wide spacing of plants

6. She says more than one ___ dismissed from this company.

A. have been

B. should be

C. has been

D. had been

第十章：倒装

1、倒装

1. Not only ___ to determine the depth of the ocean floor, but it is also used to locate oil.

A. to use seismology

B. is seismology used

C. seismology is used

D. using seismology

6. Not only ___ all the positive charge of an atom, it is the site of the weight of every atom.

A. does the nucleus hold

B. the nucleus holding

C. the nucleus does hold

D. holds the nucleus

4. Only recently ___ possible to separate the components of fragrant substances and to determine their chemical composition.

A. it becomes

B. having become

C. has it become

D. which becomes

18. Only with a complete grasp of all the cues of social intercourse ___ disappear.

A. this strain will

B. will this strain

C. this strain should

D. should this strain

3. ___ to speak when the audience interrupted him.

A. Hardly had he begun

B. No sooner had he begun

C. Not until he begun

D. Scarcely did he begin

17. On no account ___ borrow money from friends, and still less ___ dependent on the favors of rich relatives.

A. I would…I would be

B. would I…I would b e

C. would I…would I be

D. I would…would I be

13. ___ the 18th century did man realize that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind.

A. Not until

B. It was not until

C. Until

D. It was until

14. ___ that the pilot couldn’t fly through it.

A. So the storm was severe

B. So severe was the storm

C. The storm so severe was

D. Such was the storm severe

第十一章：总结和归纳

1、历年真题的总结、归纳和分析（1）

Families have also 13 changes these years．more families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 .

13．A. survived B．noticed C．undertaken D．experienced 14．A. contrarily B．consequently C．similarly D．simultaneously 15．A. than B．that C．which D．as

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9．A. affect B．reduce C．check D．reflect

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Culture shock is precipitated by the 51 that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.

51. A. complaint B. anxiety C. grief D. conflict

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