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AGM - Audit Committe Charter _website_ _2_

AGM - Audit Committe Charter _website_ _2_
AGM - Audit Committe Charter _website_ _2_

APOLLO GLOBAL MANAGEMENT, LLC

AUDIT COMMITTEE CHARTER

There will be a committee of the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of Apollo Global Management, LLC (the “Company”) that will be called the Audit Committee.

1. Statement of Purpose

The purpose of the Audit Committee (the “Committee”) is to provide assistance to AGM Management, LLC, the manager of the Company (the “Manager”) and the Board, by overseeing the accounting and financial reporting processes of the Company and audits of the Company’s financial statements and to prepare any annual report of the Committee required by applicable Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) disclosure rules. The Committee will also assist the Manager and the Board in overseeing management’s processes and activities relating to the following:

(a)the reliability and integrity of the Company’s accounting policies, financial reporting practices, financial statements and systems of internal control;

(b)the qualifications and independence of the Company’s independent auditor;

(c)the performance of the Company’s internal audit function and independent auditor;

(d)the evaluation and management of the Company’s financial risks; and

(e)the compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and the requirements of any stock exchange or quotation system on which the Company’s securities may be listed.

2. Limitation on Audit Committee’s Role

Notwithstanding the other provisions of this charter, the Committee’s responsibilities are limited to oversight. Management of the Company is responsible for the preparation of the Company’s financial statements and for the fair presentation of the information set forth in the financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). The independent auditor is responsible for auditing the Company’s financial statements and expressing an opinion as to the conformity of those financial statements with GAAP. It is not the responsibility of the Committee to plan or conduct audits, to prepare the Company’s financial statements or to determine or certify that the Company’s financial statements and disclosures are complete and accurate and in accordance with GAAP and applicable laws, rules and regulations.

Further, auditing literature, particularly the Statement of Accounting Standards No. 71, defines the term “review” to include a particular set of required procedures to be undertaken by independent auditors. The members of the Committee are not independent auditors, and the term

“review” as used in this charter is not intended to have that meaning and should not be interpreted to suggest that the Committee members can or should follow the procedures required of auditors performing reviews of financial statements.

Membership

3. Committee

The Committee will initially consist of three (3) or more members of the Board. Upon the listing of the Company’s securities (the “Listing”) on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”), the Committee will consist of one (1) or more independent directors. Within one (1) year of the Listing, the Committee will be fully independent.

The composition of the Committee must satisfy the independence, knowledge, experience and financial expertise requirements of applicable law and rules of the SEC and the NYSE in effect from time to time, including the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (subject to any exceptions allowed by such rules and any waivers granted by such authorities). No Committee member will simultaneously serve on the audit committees of more than three (3) other public companies. The members of the Committee will be appointed by and serve at the discretion of the Manager. If practicable, at least one (1) member of the Committee must qualify as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by the SEC. The Company will disclose in its annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (the “1934 Act”) whether it has at least one (1) member who is an audit committee financial expert. In addition, each member of the Committee will be financially literate, as determined by the Manager, and at least one (1) member of the Committee will have past employment experience in finance or accounting, requisite professional certification in accounting or other comparable experience or background that results in the individual’s financial sophistication, including a current or past position as a chief executive or financial officer or other senior officer with financial oversight responsibilities.

4. Meetings; Executive Sessions; Voting; Minutes

The Committee will meet on a regular basis, but no less frequently than four (4) times per year, and shall hold other meetings as required. Periodically, but no less frequently than once per year, the Committee will meet with each of management, the internal auditors (or other personnel responsible for the internal audit) and the independent auditor in separate executive sessions to discuss any matters that the Committee or these groups believe should be discussed privately. The Committee may also meet with third-party valuation firms engaged by the Company in a separate executive session. Other meetings may be called by, or at the request of, the Manager, any member of the Committee or the Chief Executive Officer of the Company. The Committee may request any officer or employee of the Company or the Company’s outside counsel or independent auditor to attend a meeting of the Committee or to meet with any members of, or consultants to, the Committee. The Committee may meet in person, by telephone or similar communication equipment conference call, provided that all members can hear one another, and such participation shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

The Committee will designate one member of the Committee to serve as the Committee’s chair (the “Chairperson”). Special meetings of the Committee may be called by the Chairperson and will be called promptly upon the request of any two (2) Committee members. The agenda of each meeting will be prepared by the Chairperson or his or her designee and circulated, if practicable, to each member prior to the meeting date.

Where action is required or permitted to be taken by the Committee, a majority of Committee members present at any Committee meeting at which there is a quorum shall be the act of the Committee. The Committee may also act by unanimous written consent.

Minutes of each meeting will be kept with the regular corporate records.

5. Functions and Responsibilities

(a)In furtherance of the purposes set forth above, the Committee will perform the functions and responsibilities described hereafter and will have all powers of the Board necessary or desirable to perform such functions and responsibilities. Notwithstanding the enumeration of specific functions and responsibilities herein, the Committee believes that its policies and procedures should remain flexible, in order to best respond to changing circumstances and conditions in fulfilling its responsibilities to the Company and its shareholders.

(b)The Committee will have the sole and direct authority to appoint, compensate, retain, evaluate, oversee, terminate and replace the independent auditor. The Committee will be directly responsible for oversight of the work of the independent auditor (including resolution of disagreements between management and the independent auditor regarding financial reporting) for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or related work or performing other audit, review or attest services for the Company. The Committee has the authority to approve all audit engagement fees and terms, with the costs of all engagements to be borne by the Company. The independent auditor will report directly to, and be ultimately accountable to, the Committee.

(c)All auditing services, internal control-related services, and non-audit services permitted (including the fees and terms thereof) to be performed for the Company by its independent auditor must be approved by the Manager and the Committee in advance. Such pre-approval may be given as part of the Committee’s approval of the scope of the engagement of the independent auditor or on an engagement-by-engagement basis or pursuant to pre-established policies. The Committee may form and delegate authority to subcommittees consisting of one (1) or more of its independent members or may delegate authority to one (1) or more independent members to grant pre-approvals of permitted non-audit services, provided that all decisions to grant pre-approvals pursuant to such delegated authority will be reported to the full Committee at its next regularly scheduled meeting. Notwithstanding the foregoing, pre-approval shall not be required for de minimis expenses, as defined and determined by the SEC and the 1934 Act. The Company shall disclose in its Annual Reports on Form 10-K and its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q any approval of non-audit services during the period covered by the applicable report.

(d)The Committee will have the authority to retain, in its sole discretion, independent or outside legal counsel, accounting or other advisors and experts as the Committee determines necessary or appropriate in carrying out Committee’s duties. The Company will provide for appropriate funding, as determined by the Committee, for the payment of compensation (i) to the independent auditor for the purpose of rendering or issuing an audit report or related work or performing other audit, review or attest services, (ii) to any advisors employed by the Committee, and (iii) for ordinary administrative expenses of the Committee that are necessary or appropriate in carrying out its duties.

(e)The Committee will make regular reports to the Board and the Manager on its activities and its conclusions with respect to the independent auditor and make appropriate recommendations to the Board and the Manager. In pursuing its work, subject to legal and regulatory obligations, the Committee will consult and coordinate its activities with the Manager.

(f)The Committee will annually review its own performance, review and reassess the adequacy of this charter at least annually, recommend any proposed changes to the Board and the Manager, and publish this charter to the extent required by applicable law or the rules of the NYSE.

(g)In addition, to assist the Manager, the Committee will:

(i)Financial Statement and Disclosure Matters

(1)Review and discuss with management and the independent auditor the Company’s annual audited financial statements and the independent auditor’s report thereon, including disclosures made in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and recommend to the Manager whether the audited financial statements should be included in the Company’s Form 10-K.

(2)Review and discuss with management and the independent auditor the Company’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting and the independent auditor’s report thereon and attestation thereto, including disclosures made in “Controls and Procedures,” and the annual certifications of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer made pursuant to Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

(3)Review and discuss with management and the independent auditor the Company’s quarterly financial statements, including disclosures made in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” the results of the independent auditor’s review of the quarterly financial statements and other matters that the Committee deems material prior to the public release of such information, such as in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

(4)Review and discuss with management and the independent auditor the certifications of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer made pursuant to Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, including the disclosures made in “Controls and Procedures,” prior to the filing of its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

(5)Review and discuss with management and the independent auditor, as applicable, (A) significant issues regarding accounting principles and financial statement presentations, including any significant changes in the Company’s selection or application of accounting principles, major issues as to the adequacy or effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls, and any special audit procedures adopted in light of significant deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting or material weaknesses therein;

(B) analyses prepared by management or the independent auditor setting forth significant financial reporting issues and judgments made in connection with the preparation of the financial statements, including analyses of the effects of alternative GAAP methods on the financial statements; and (C) the effect of regulatory and accounting initiatives, as well as off-balance sheet structures, on the financial statements of the Company.

(6)Hold meetings on a quarterly basis to review and discuss timely reports from the independent auditor on (A) all critical accounting policies and practices to be used by the Company; (B) all alternative treatments of financial information within GAAP that have been discussed with management, consequences of the use of such alternative disclosures and treatments, and treatments preferred by the independent auditor; and (C) other material written communications between the independent auditor and management, such as any management letter or schedule of unadjusted differences. Such reports may be oral or in writing, but must be provided to the Committee before any auditor’s report is filed with the SEC.

(7)Discuss with management, internal auditors and the independent auditor the Company’s major financial risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such risk exposures.

(8)Discuss with management and the independent auditor the matters required to be discussed by Statement on Auditing Standards No. 61 relating to the conduct of the audit or any review services.

(9)Review disclosures made to the Committee by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer during their certification process for Annual Reports on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, regarding any significant deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting or material weaknesses therein and any fraud involving management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

(ii)Oversight of the Company’s Relationship with the Independent Auditor

(1)(A) Obtain and review a formal written statement from the independent auditor at least annually regarding (i) the audit firm’s internal quality-control procedures, (ii) any material issues raised by the most recent internal quality-control review, or peer review, of the audit firm, or by an inquiry or investigation by governmental or professional authorities within the preceding five (5) years respecting one or more independent audits carried out by the audit firm, (iii) any steps taken to deal with such issues, and (iv) all relationships between the independent auditor and the Company (consistent with Independence Standards Board Standard No. 1, PCAOB Rule 3526, Communication with Audit Committees Concerning Independence); (B) evaluate the qualifications, performance and independence of the

independent auditor, including a review and evaluation of the lead partner of the independent auditor, considering whether the auditor’s internal quality controls are adequate, considering whether the provision of permitted non-audit services is compatible with maintaining the auditor’s independence and engaging in a dialogue with the auditors with respect to any disclosed relationship or services that may impact the objectivity and independence of the independent auditor, taking into account the opinions of management and the Company’s internal auditors; and (C) present its conclusions and consequent recommendations with respect to the independent auditor to the Board and the Manager.

(2)Confirm with the independent auditor that the independent auditor is in compliance with the partner rotation requirements established by applicable law, that the lead audit partner having primary responsibility for the audit and the reviewing audit partner of the independent auditor are rotated at least every five (5) years and that the other audit partners (as defined by the SEC) are rotated at least every seven (7) years.

(3)Set clear policies for the Company’s hiring of employees or former employees of the independent auditor who were engaged on the Company’s account or otherwise participated in any audit of the Company.

(4)Discuss with the independent auditor any accounting or auditing issues with respect to which the Company’s audit team consulted with the independent auditor’s national office, as well as any accounting adjustments that were noted or proposed by the independent auditor but were passed on.

(5)Discuss with the independent auditor any “management” or “internal control” letter issued, or proposed to be issued, by the independent auditor to the Company.

(6)Review with the independent auditor any audit problems or difficulties that the auditor may have encountered and management’s response, including: (A) any restrictions on the scope of activities or access to requested information, and (B) any significant disagreements with management.

(7)Meet with the independent auditor to discuss the responsibilities, budget, planning, staffing, proposed scope and approach of the annual audit.

(iii)Oversight of the Company’s Internal Audit Function

(1)Ensure that the Company maintains an internal audit function and at least annually evaluates the performance of the Company’s internal audit function, and review summaries of material internal audit reports and management’s responses.

(2)Review and discuss with the independent auditor, the internal auditor and management, as appropriate, the internal auditor’s functions, responsibilities, budget, qualifications, activities, effectiveness, organizational structure and staffing (including the performance, appointment and replacement of the lead internal auditor), and any recommendations or suggested changes in the planned scope of the internal audit, including

compliance with The Institute of Internal Audits Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditing.

(3)Review major issues as to the adequacy of the Company’s internal controls and any special audit steps adopted in light of material control deficiencies.

(4)Review with the internal auditor, on a periodic basis as appropriate, the results of specified projects assigned to the internal auditor, and coordinate with management to ensure that any significant findings or control weaknesses are addressed and resolved.

(iv)Compliance Oversight Responsibilities

(1)Review any reports of the independent auditor mandated by Section 10A of the 1934 Act and obtain from the independent auditor any information with respect to illegal acts in accordance with Section 10A.

(2)Prepare the annual report included in the Company’s proxy statement to the extent required by the proxy rules of the 1934 Act.

(3)Approve and monitor the Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and approve in advance any amendments to it.

(4)Establish procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by the Company regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or audit matters, and the confidential, anonymous submission by employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters.

(5)Discuss with management and the independent auditor any correspondence with regulators or governmental agencies and any published reports that raise material issues regarding the Company’s financial statements or accounting policies.

(6)Obtain such reports from management, auditors, tax advisors or any regulatory agency as the Committee deems necessary regarding regulatory and legal compliance and other legal matters that may have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements.

(v)Oversight of Valuation Process

(1)Ensure that the Company maintains a valuation process and at least annually evaluate the effectiveness of the valuation process.

(2)Meet with the valuation committee of the Manager, as appropriate, to discuss the valuation process.

(3)Periodically review and discuss with the third-party valuation firms engaged by the Company valuation reports produced by such firms.

6. Subcommittees

The Committee has the power, with the Manager’s approval, to appoint and delegate matters to subcommittees, but no subcommittee will have any final decision-making authority on behalf of the Board, the Manager or the Committee (except as permitted by Section 5(c) above).

7. Reliance; Investigations; Cooperation

(a)The Committee will act in reliance on management, the Company’s independent auditor, internal auditors, and advisors and experts, as the Committee deems necessary or appropriate.

(b)The Committee has the power, in its discretion, to conduct any investigation the Committee deems necessary or appropriate to enable the Committee to carry out its duties.

(c)The Committee shall have unrestricted access to the Company’s employees, independent auditor, internal auditors and internal and outside counsel, and may require any employee of the Company or representative of the Company’s outside counsel or independent auditor to attend meetings of the Committee or to meet with any members of the Committee or representative of the Committee’s counsel, advisors or experts.

8.Rules and Procedures

Except as expressly set forth in this charter, the Company’s Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement, the Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines, or as otherwise provided by law or the rules of the NYSE, the Committee shall establish its own rules and procedures.

高中数学 第一章 计数原理 1.4 计数应用题“隔板法”及其应用素材 苏教版2-3 精

“隔板法”及其应用 排列组合计数问题,背景各异,方法灵活,能力要求高,对于相同元素有序分组问题,采用“隔板法”可起到简化解题的功效。 例1、将7个相同的球放入4个不同的盒子中, (1)不出现空盒时的放入方式共多少种? (2)任意放入时的方式共有多少种? 该题有多种解法,先介绍其中的“隔板法”。 解:(1)将7个相同小球一字排开,在其中间的6个空格中加入无区别的3个“隔板”将球分成四份。故每一种插入隔板的方式对应一种球的放法,则不同的放法共有 2036==C N 种。 (2)每种放法对应于将7个相同小球与3个相同“隔板”进行的一次排列,即从10 个位置中选3个位置安排隔板,故共有120310==C N 种放入的方式。 思维启迪 凡“相同小球放入不同盒中”的问题,即“n 个相同元素有序分成m 组(每组的任务不同)”的问题一般可用“隔板法”解,即 (1)当每组含元素数目至少一个时,其不同分组方式为11--=m n C N 种,即给n 个元 素的中间1-n 空格加入1-m 个“隔板”。 (2)任意分组,可出现某些组含元素为0个时,其不同分组方式为11--+=m m n C N 种, 即将n 个相同元素与1-m 个相同“隔板”进行排序,在1-+m n 个位置中选1-m 个安排隔板。 例2、将10个优秀的指标分配给3个班级, (1)每班至少一个,则共有多少种分配方法? (2)任意分配共有多少种分配方法? (3)若班级为一、二、三班,若名额数不小于班级数,则共多少种分配方法? 分析:由于10个优秀指标是相同的,该题等价于10个相同的小球放入3个不同盒子模型。可采用“隔板法”。 (1)插隔板,即9个空格中插入2个隔板,共有362 9==C N 种分配方法。

隔板法在解排列组合问题中的应用

隔板法在解排列组合问题中的应用 河南省三门峡市卢氏一高(472200)赵建文 隔板法又称隔墙法、插板法是处理名额分配、相同物体的分配等排列组合问题的重要方法,本文将将通过例题将这种方法作以介绍,供同学们学习时参考. 一、将n 件相同物品(或名额)分给m 个人(或位置),允许若干个人(或位置)为空的问题 例1将20个大小形状完全相同的小球放入3个不同的盒子,允许有盒子为空,但球必须放完,有多少种不同的方法? 分析:本题中的小球大小形状完全相同,故这些小球没有区别,问题等价于将小球分成三组,允许有若干组无元素,用隔板法. 解析:将20个小球分成三组需要两块隔板,将20个小球及两块隔板排成一排,两块隔板将小球分成三块,从左到右看成三个盒子应放的球数,每一种隔板与球的排法对应一种分法.将20个小球和2块隔板排成一排有22个位置,先从这22个位置中取出两个位置放隔 板,因隔板无差别,故隔板之间无序,是组合问题,故隔板有222C 种不同的放法,再将小球 放入其他位置,由于小球与隔板都无差别,故小球之间无序,只有1种放法,根据分步计数 原理,共有222C ×1=231种不同的方法. 点评:对n 件相同物品(或名额)分给m 个人(或位置),允许若干个人(或位置)为空的问题,可以看成将这n 件物品分成m 组,允许若干组为空的问题.将n 件物品分成m 组,需要1m -块隔板,将这n 件物品和1m -块隔板排成一排,占1n m +-位置,从这1n m +-个位置中选1m -个位置放隔板,因隔板无差别,故隔板之间无序,是组合问题,故隔板有11m n m C -+-种不同的方法, 再将物品放入其余位置,因物品相同无差别,故物品之间无顺序,是组合问题,只有1种放法,根据分步计数原理,共有11m n m C -+-×1=11m n m C -+-种排法,因 1m -块隔板将n 件相同物品分成m 块,从左到右可以看成每人所得的物品数,每一种隔板与物品的 排法对应于一种分法,故有11m n m C -+-种分法. 二、将n 件相同物品(或名额)分给m 个人(或位置),每人(或位置)必须有物品问题 例2将20个优秀学生名额分给18个班,每班至少1个名额,有多少种不同的分配方法? 分析:本题是名额分配问题,用隔板法. 解析:将20个名额分配给18个班,每班至少1个名额,相当于将20个相同的小球分成18组,每组至少1个,将20个相同的小球分成18组,需要17块隔板,先将20个小球排成一排,因小球相同,故小球之间无顺序,是组合,只有1种排法,再在20个小球之间的19个空档中,选取17个位置放隔板,因隔板无差别,故隔板之间无序,是组合问题,故 隔板有1719C 种不同的放法,根据分步计数原理,共有1719C 种不同的方法,因17块隔板将20个小球分成18组,从左到右可以看成每班所得的名额数,每一种隔板与小球的排法对应于 一种分法,故有11m n m C -+-种分法. 点评::对n 件相同物品(或名额)分给m 个人(或位置),每个人(或位置)必须有

利用隔板法巧解排列组合题

利用隔板法巧解排列、组合题 河南省卢氏县第一高级中学,孙仕卿 472200 隔板法是将相同的球放入不同的盒子,每盒放入球的个数不限,求不同方法种数的一种解题方法。利用隔板法能够巧解许多排列、组合问题。 一、 放球问题。 例1、把8个相同的球放入4个不同的盒子,有多少种不同方法? 解:取3块相同隔板,连同8个相同的小球排成一排,共11个位置。由隔板法知,在11个位置中任取3个位置排上隔板,共有C 311种排法。 311C =1 2391011????=165(种) 所以,把8个相同的球放入4个不同的盒子,有165种不同方法。 点评:相同的球放入不同的盒子,每个盒子放球数不限,适合隔板法。隔板的块数要比盒子数少1。 一、 指标分配问题。 例2、某校召开学生会议,要将10个学生代表名额,分配到某年级的6个班中,若每班至少1个名额,又有多少种不同分法? 解:名额与名额是没有差别的,而班级与班级是有差别的,这样,把10相同的名额分配到6个不同的班级中,适合隔板法。将10个学生代表名额,分配到某年级的6个班中,每班至少1个名额,可分以下两步完成。第一步:每班先给1个名额,仅有1种给法;第二步:将剩余的4个名额分到这6个班里,由隔板法知,此时,有C 59种不同分法。由分步计数原理知,共有C 59种不同分法。 C 59=C 49=1 2346789??????=126(种)。 答:某校召开学生会议,要将10个学生代表名额,分配到某年级的6个班中,若每班至少1个名额,有126种不同分法. 点评:名额与名额是没有差别的,而班级与班级是有差别的,故适合隔板法。 二、 求n 项展开式的项数。 例3、求10521)(x x x +???++展开式中共有多少项? 解:用10个相同的小球代表幂指数10, 用5个标有1x 、2x 、…、5x 的5个不同的盒子表示数1x 、2x 、…、5x ,将10个相同的小球放入5个不同的盒子中,把标有i x (i=1,2,…,5)每个盒子得到的小球数i k (i=1,2,…,5; i k N ∈),记作i x 的i k 次方。这样,将10个相同的小球放入5个不同的盒子中的每一种放法,就对应着展开式中的每一 项。由隔板法知,这样的放法共有414C 种,故10521)(x x x +???++的展开式中共有414C 项。

排列组合中关于捆绑法、插空法、插隔板法的应用(1)

排列组合中关于捆绑法、插空法、插隔板法的应用 捆绑法:当要求某几个元素必须相邻(挨着)时,先将这几个元素看做一个整体, (比如:原来 3个元 素,整体考虑之后看成 1个元素)然后将这个整体和其它元素进行考虑。这时要注意:一般整体内部各元素 如果在前后顺序上有区别的还需进行一定的顺序考虑。 例2: A 、B C D E 五个人排成一排,其中 A 、B 两人不站一起,共有( )种站法。 A.120 B.72 C.48 D.24 插空法:我们来这样考虑,因 A 、B 两人不站一起,故可考虑的位置 C 、D E , CD E 三个人站在那有 一共留出4个空,将A B 分别放入这4个空的不同的空中,那就是 4个空中取2个空的全排列,即 巳2=12。 这样考虑了之后,还有一点就是 C 、D E 三个人也存在一个排列问题,即 巳2=6,综上,共有6*12=72种 例3: A B C 、D 、E 五个人排成一排,其中 A 、B 两人必须站一起,共有( )种站法。 A.120 B.72 C.48 D.24 捆绑法:此题和上一题实质是一样的,我们来这样考虑, A 、 B 两人既然必须站在一起,那么索性我们就把他 们看成一个人,那么我们就要考虑其和 C D E 共4个人的全排列,即 P 44=24,又因为A 、B 两人虽然是站 在一起了,但还要考虑一个谁在前谁在后的问题,这有两种情况,也就是 戌=2,综上,共有48种。 例4:将8个完全相同的球放到 3个不同的盒子中,要求每个盒子至少放一个球,一共有多少种方法? A. 20 B.21 C.23 D.24 插隔板法:解决这道题只需将 8个球分成三组,然后依次将每一个组分别放到一个盒子中即可。 8个球分成 3个组可以这样,用 2个隔板插到这8个球中,这样就分成了 3个组。这时我们考虑的问题就转化成了我们 在8个球的空隙中放 2个隔板有多少种放法的问题。 8个球有7个空隙,7个空隙要放2个隔板,就有C ;种 放法,即21种. 例5 :有9颗相同的糖,每天至少吃1颗,要4天吃完,有多少种吃法? A. 20 B.36 C.45 D.56 插隔板法:原理同上,只需用3个隔板放到9颗糖形成的8个空隙中,即可分成4天要吃的。就有C ;=56种。 不邻问题插板法解题要点 “不邻问题”插板法一一先排列,再插空 “不邻问题”插空法,即在解决对于某几个元素要求不相邻问题时,先将其它元素排好,再将指定的不 相邻的元素插入已排好元素的间隙或两端位置,从而将问题解决的策略。 例1:若有A 、B 、C D E 五个人排队,要求 A 和B 两个人必须不站在一起,则有多少排队方法 ? 【解析】题目要求 A 和B 两个人必须隔开。首先将 C D E 三个人排列,有种排法;若排成DCE 则D C 、E “中间”和“两端”共有四个空位置,也即是D^C E ^,此时可将 A B 两人插到四个空位置中的 任意两个位置,有种插法。由乘法原理,共有排队方法:。 例2 :在一张节目单中原有 6个节目,若保持这些节目相对顺序不变,再添加进去 3个节目,则所有不 同的添加方法共有多少种 ? 【解析】直接解答较为麻烦,可利用插空法去解题,故可先用一个节目去插 7个空位(原来的6个节目 排好后,中间和两端共有 7个空位),有种方法;再用另 一个节目去插8个空位,有种方法;用最后一个节目 插空法:当要求某几个元素必须不相邻(挨着)时,可先将其它元素排好,然后再将要求不相邻的元素 根据题目要求插入到已排好的元素的空隙或两端位置。 插隔板法:指在解决若干相同元素分组,要求每组至少一个元素时,采用将比分组数目少 到元素中的 一种解题策略。题目特点:“若干相同元素分组”、“ 每组至少一个元素”。 例1 :一张节目表上原有 3个节目,如果保持这 3个节目的相对顺序不变,再添进去 少种安排方法? A.20 B.12 分两种情况考虑 1、 这两个新节目挨着,那么三个节目有 2、 这两个节目不挨着,那么三个节目有 综上得,共8+12=20种 此题中使用了 C.6 D.4 4个空,又考虑到这两个节目的先后顺序共有 4个空,这就相当于考虑两个数在 捆绑法和插空法。 1的隔板插入 2个新节目,有多 2X C :=8 种 4个位置的排列,由 P ;=12种

专题十一:隔板法在解排列组合问题中的应用(同元分组问题)

隔板法在解排列组合问题中的应用 隔板法又称隔墙法、插板法是处理名额分配、相同物体的分配等排列组合问题的重要方法,本文将将通过例题将这种方法作以介绍,供同学们学习时参考. 一、将n 件相同物品(或名额)分给m 个人(或位置),允许若干个人(或位置)为空的问题 例1将20个大小形状完全相同的小球放入3个不同的盒子,允许有盒子为空,但球必须放完,有多少种不同的方法? 分析:本题中的小球大小形状完全相同,故这些小球没有区别,问题等价于将小球分成三组,允许有若干组无元素,用隔板法. 解析:将20个小球分成三组需要两块隔板,将20个小球及两块隔板排成一排,两块隔板将小球分成三块,从左到右看成三个盒子应放的球数,每一种隔板与球的排法对应一种分法.将20个小球和2块隔板排成一排有22个位置,先从这22个位置中取出两个位置放隔 板,因隔板无差别,故隔板之间无序,是组合问题,故隔板有222C 种不同的放法,再将小球 放入其他位置,由于小球与隔板都无差别,故小球之间无序,只有1种放法,根据分步计数 原理,共有222C ×1=231种不同的方法. 点评:对n 件相同物品(或名额)分给m 个人(或位置),允许若干个人(或位置)为空的问题,可以看成将这n 件物品分成m 组,允许若干组为空的问题.将n 件物品分成m 组,需要1m -块隔板,将这n 件物品和1m -块隔板排成一排,占1n m +-位置,从这1n m +-个位置中选1m -个位置放隔板,因隔板无差别,故隔板之间无序,是组合问题,故隔板有11m n m C -+-种不同的方法, 再将物品放入其余位置,因物品相同无差别,故物品之间无顺序,是组合问题,只有1种放法,根据分步计数原理,共有11m n m C -+-×1=11m n m C -+-种排法,因 1m -块隔板将n 件相同物品分成m 块,从左到右可以看成每人所得的物品数,每一种隔板与物品的 排法对应于一种分法,故有11m n m C -+-种分法. 二、将n 件相同物品(或名额)分给m 个人(或位置),每人(或位置)必须有物品问题 例2将20个优秀学生名额分给18个班,每班至少1个名额,有多少种不同的分配方法? 分析:本题是名额分配问题,用隔板法. 解析:将20个名额分配给18个班,每班至少1个名额,相当于将20个相同的小球分成18组,每组至少1个,将20个相同的小球分成18组,需要17块隔板,先将20个小球排成一排,因小球相同,故小球之间无顺序,是组合,只有1种排法,再在20个小球之间的19个空档中,选取17个位置放隔板,因隔板无差别,故隔板之间无序,是组合问题,故隔板有1719C 种不同的放法,根据分步计数原理,共有17 19C 种不同的方法,因17块隔板将20个小球分成18组,从左到右可以看成每班所得的名额数,每一种隔板与小球的排法对应于一种分法,故有11m n m C -+-种分法. 点评::对n 件相同物品(或名额)分给m 个人(或位置),每个人(或位置)必须有

[隔板法解排列组合问题]解读隔板法

[隔板法解排列组合问题]解读隔板法[隔板法解排列组合问题]解读隔板法篇一 : 解读隔板法 隔板法就是在n个元素间的个空中插入 k个板,可以把n个元素分成k+1组的方法。应用隔板法必须满足3个条件: 这n个元素必须互不相异 所分成的每一组至少分得1个元素 分成的组别彼此相异 教学目标 1.进一步理解和应用分步计数原理和分类计数原理。 2.掌握解决排列组合问题的常用策略;能运用解题策略解决简单的综合应用题。提高学生解决问题分析问题的能力 3.学会应用数学思想和方法解决排列组合问题. 复习巩固 1.分类计数原理 完成一件事,有n类办法,在第1类办法中有m1种不同的方法,在第2类办法中有 m2种不同的方 法,…,在第n类办法中有mn种不同的方法,那么完成这件事共有: 种不同的方法( 2.分步计数原理 完成一件事,需要分成n个步骤,做第1步有m1种不同的方法,做第2步有m2种不同的方法,…,做第n步有mn种不同的方法,那么完成这件事共有: 种不同的方法(

3.分类计数原理分步计数原理区别 分类计数原理方法相互独立,任何一种方法都可以独立地完成这件事。 分步计数原理各步相互依存,每步中的方法完成事件的一个阶段,不能完成整个事件( 解决排列组合综合性问题的一般过程如下: 1.认真审题弄清要做什么事 2.怎样做才能完成所要做的事,即采取分步还是分类,或是分步 与分类同时进行,确定分多少步及多少类。 3.确定每一步或每一类是排列问题还是组合问题,元素总数是多少及取出多少个元素. 4.解决排列组合综合性问题,往往类与步交叉,因此必须掌握一些常用的解题策略 一.特殊元素和特殊位置优先策略 例1.由0,1,2,3,4,5可以组成多少个没有重复数字五位奇数. 解:由于末位和首位有特殊要求,应该优先安排,1 先排末位共有C3 1 然后排首位共有C4 3 最后排其它位置共有A4 113 由分步计数原理得C4C3A4?288 练习题:7种不同的花种在排成一列的花盆里,若两种葵花不种在中间,也不种在两端的花盆里,问有 多少不同的种法, 二.相邻元素捆绑策略 例2. 7人站成一排 ,其中甲乙相邻且丙丁相邻, 共有多少种不同的排法.

隔板法及其隔板法的应用

隔板法及其隔板法的应用 基础题型:将n个相同元素分给m个不同对象(n≥m),每个对象至少有一个元素,由C(n-1,m-1)种方法。 解析:本题型可描述为n-1个空中插入m-1块板,共有C(n-1,m-1)种方法。此种解法称为隔板法。下面通过几个例题体会一下隔板法的应用。 例1. 从5个学校选出8名学生组成代表团,每校至少有一人的选法种数是多少? 解析:按常规,从5个学校选8名学生,要考虑5个学校人员的分配,需要分类讨论,太繁琐。逆向思考,假设8名学生的代表团已组建好,现将其返回到5个学校,每校至少一人,用“0”表示学生,如图,0∣00∣00∣00∣0 问题转化为将8个学生分成5组,每组至少一人,在上图中,7个空档中插入4块隔板即可将其分成5组,故有C(7,4)=35种选法。 例2. 20个不加区别的小球放入编号为1号、2号、3号的三个盒子里,要求每个盒内的球数不小于盒子的编号数,问有多少种放法? 解析:先取出3个球,其中1个球放入2号盒内,再将其余的2个球放入3号盒内。则此题转化为17个球放入3个不同盒内,每盒至少一球,有多少种放法?即16个空档中插入2个隔板即可将其分成3组,故有C(16,2)=120种放法。 例3. (1)12个相同的小球放入编号为1、2、3、4的盒子中,问每个盒子中至少有一个小球的不同放法有多少种?

(2)12个相同的小球放入编号为1、2、3、4的盒子中,每盒可空,问不同的放法有多少种? (3)12个相同的小球放入编号为1、2、3、4的盒子中,要求每个盒子中的小球数不小于其编号数,问不同的放法有多少种? 解:(1)将12个小球排成一排,中间有11个间隔,在这11个间隔中选出3个,放上“隔板”,若记作“1”看作隔板,则如图001000010000100隔板将一排小球分成4块,从左到右可以看成4个盒子放入的球数,即上图中1、2、3、4四个盒子相应放入2个、4个、4个、2个小球,这样每一种隔板的插法,就对应了球的一种放法,即每一种从11个间隔中选出了3个间隔的组合对应于一种放法,所以不同的放法有C(11,3)=165(种)。 (2)先借4个球分别放入4个盒子里,此题转化为把把16个球放到4个盒子里,每个盒子至少要有一个球,不同的放法有多少种? 由隔板法可知:C(15,3)=455种。 (3)解法一:用(1)的处理问题的方法。 将1个、2个、3个小球放入编号为2、3、4的盒子中,将余下的6个小球放在4个盒子中,每个盒子至少一个小球,据(1)有C(5,3)=10(种)。 解法(2):用(2)的处理问题的分法。 将1个、2个、3个、4个小球分别放在编号为1、2、3、4的盒子中,将余下的2个小球放在四个盒子中,每盒允许有空盒,据(2)有C(5,3)=10(种)。 不小心搜到一个05年的人教论坛高中数学版块的问题,正好练练手。 隔板法:盒子可空与不可空解法有没有区别??

隔板法1

一、知识要点预备: 二、知识要点: 排列组合的基本方法——隔板法 排列组合中分配问题,是排列组合中的难点问题,其中涉及到名额分配或相同物品的分配问题,适宜采用隔板法,下面我们就来一起研究一下这种方法。 例1 10个优秀指标名额分配给6个班级,每个班至少一个,共有多少种不同的分配方法 解析:本小题涉及到了名额分配的问题,宜采用隔板法。用5个隔板插入10个指标中的9个空隙,即有59C 种方法。按照第一个隔板前的指标数为1班的指标,第一个隔板与第二个隔板之间的指标数为2班的指标……依此类推,共有59126C =种分法。 例2 10个优秀指标名额分配到一、二、三3个班,若名额数不少于班级序号数,共有多少种不同的分配方法 解析:先拿3个指标分配给二班一个,三班两个,然后,问题就转化为7个优秀名额分配个三个班级,每班至少一个。由例1可知,共有2615C =种不同的分配方法。 例3 研究不定方程123410x x x x +++=的正整数解有多少个 解析:该问题可以这样处理:将方程左边的1234x x x x 、、、看成是4个班级得到的名额数,右边的10看成是10个名额。这样就相当于10个优秀名额分配到4个班级,每个班级至少有一个名额,共有多少种不同的分配方法。这样,本题就转化为里例1的形式,所以本题的答案即为3984C =。 例4 研究不定方程123410x x x x +++=的非负整数解有多少个 解析:本题与上一题的不同点就在于本题求的是非负整数解的个数,即1234x x x x 、、、有可能等于0,所以本题就不能再直接的看成是例1的名额分配

的问题了。但我们可以通过转化将其转化为名额分配的问题。方程123410x x x x +++=即为123411((1)14x x x x ++++++=()()+1),通过这样的转化形式,11x +、21x +、3x +1、41x +就都是正整数了。所以本题的最后答案是313286C =。 对应练习: 1.某校准备组建一个由12人组成篮球队,这12个人由8个班的学生组成,每班至少一人,名额分配方案共 ___种 。 2.有20个不加区别的小球放入编号为1,2,3的三个盒子里,要求每个 盒子内的球数不少编号数,问有多少种不同的方法(216C ) 3.不定方程12350100x x x x ++++=L 中不同的整数解有_______个。(4999C ) 答案: 1.711330C = 2.216120C = 3.4999C 例析隔板法的应用 基础题型:将n 个相同元素分给m 个不同对象(n ≥m ),每个对象至少有一个元素,由C n-1m-1种方法。 解析:本题型可描述为n-1个空中插入m-1块板,共有 C n-1m-1种方法。此种解法称为隔板法。下面通过几个例题体会一下隔板法的应用。 例1. 从5个学校选出8名学生组成代表团,每校至少有一人的选法种数是 多少 解析:按常规,从5个学校选8名学生,要考虑5个学校人员的分配,需要分类讨论,太繁琐。逆向思考,假设8名学生的代表团已组建好,现将其返回到5个学校, 每校至少一人,用“0”表示学生,如图, 0∣00∣00∣00∣0 问题转化为将8个学生分成5组,每组至少一人,在上图中,7个空档中插入4

排列组合隔板法的应用

排列组合中的插板法 排列组合一直是国考中的热门考点,每年都会考察,也是让广大考生非常头疼的问题,这里就给大家介绍一种常用的解题技巧,插板法: 题型特点:相同的元素有M 个,分成N 份,每份至少分得一个元素,问有多少种情况? 解题公式:情况数=11N M C -- 举个栗子:幼儿园老师把9块糖果分给5个小朋友,每个小朋友至少分得2块糖,有多少种情况? 1. 把9块糖摆一排,9块糖中间有8个空,插入4个板,则9块糖被分成5份。 2. 答案为48C =706种。(其中8为元素的个数减1,4为需要分成的份数减1。) 大家看懂了吗?插板法比较简单,只要掌握了基本的解题方法,直接套用,可以节省很多时间,下面我们来看几道例题: 【真题重现1】(陕西2013-80)某领导要把20项任务分给三个下属,每个下属至少分得三项任务,则共有( )种不同的分配方式。 A.28 B .36 C .54 D .78 【答案】D 【华图解析】先给每个下属2项任务,剩下14项任务分给3个人,也就是将14项任务分为3组。 采用插板法,在13个空中选择2个板将数据分为3份即可,213C =78。答案选择D 。 【真题重现2】(广州2014-37)某办公室接到15份公文的处理任务,分配给甲、乙、丙三名工作人员处理。假如每名工作人员处理的公文份数不得少于3份,也不得多于10份,则共有( )种分配方式。 A.15 B .18 C .21 D .28 【答案】D 【华图解析】“不得少于”即至少分配型,题目解法有两步,第一步每名工作人员分配2份,剩余15-2×3=9份,第二步剩余9份,在中间的8个空中间插2个板,即答案为28C =28,答案选择D 。 【真题重现3】(秋季联考2014-36)将7个大小相同的桔子分给4个小朋友,要求每个小朋友至少得到1个桔子,一共有几种分配方法( ) A.14 B .18 C .20 D .22 【答案】C 【华图解析】“至少分配型”用插板法,7个桔子摆一排,中间有6个空,插3个板,因此分配方法

关于隔板法的原理及应用

关于隔板法的原理和应用 一:原理 隔板法是一种排列组合中的一种解题应用模型,是将“实际分配问题”或较复杂的数学“球盒问题”转化为“球板模型”的一种重要方式。其中用球代表相同元素,用板所隔出的几个部分代表相应的分配集合,也就是“球”。通过隔板的不同插入方式,得到不同的分配结果。这里需注意的是,既然是插隔板,那么每个空只能插一个,即两个隔板间至少一个元素。(而板的插入方式则可由简单的计数原理插空法计算得出) 二:应用(为方便叙述,以下以球盒模型进行分析) ●应用条件 必须是相同元素分配到不同集合的相关问题,即’同球异盒’问题。具体说,主要有 两种。一种是“每盒至少一个球”,另一 种是“允许有盒子是空的”,前者较为常 见相对简单,是隔板法最原始的原理体 现。下面分别介绍。 ●模型应用 每盒至少有一个元素 允许有盒子空 此时实际已经超出原始隔板法的研究范围,但仍可通过转化,化为隔板法能解决的 问题。

●解题应用 1.求正整数范围内的不定方程解得组数。 例:在正整数范围内方程X+Y+Z=5有几组解。 解析:由于在正整数范围,则可联系到计数原理,转化为:将5个球分给 X,Y,Z这三个“盒”。即转化为了上述的例一的球盒模型问题。 ?拓展:若是a+b+c+3d+3e+4f=23该怎么解(提示:合并同系项, 分类讨论后结合隔板法解) 2.求有关盒序号问题。 例:将18个相同的球全部装入编号分别为1,2,3的三个盒子中,要求每 个盒子的球数不少于其编号数,则有几种不同装法? 解析:由于球是相同的,可将1,2,3中先分别放入0,1,2个球,转化为,每个 盒至少一个球的隔板法模型来解,即有14空插2板,91种。(也可先放1,2,3 个球,用“允许盒空”模型解)

隔板法

隔板法就是在n个元素间的(n-1)个空中插入若干个(b)个板,可以把n个元素分成(b+1)组的方法。 应用隔板法必须满足三个条件: (1)这n个元素必须互不相异 (2)所分成的每一组至少分得一个元素 (3)分成的组别彼此相异 组合不排列的情况可以用隔板法 例如:某校组建一球队需16人,该校共10个班级,共有几种情况? 解: P(15,9)=1816214400种 例1. 求方程X+Y+Z=10的正整数解的个数。 [分析]将10个球排成一排,球与球之间形成9个空隙,将两个隔板插入这些空隙中(每空至多插一块隔板),规定由隔板分成的左、中、右三部分的球数分别为x、y、z之值(如下图)。则隔法与解的个数之间建立了一一对立关系,故解的个数为C(9,2)=36(个)。实际运用隔板法解题时,在确定球数、如何插隔板等问题上形成了一些技巧。下面举例说明。 技巧一:添加球数用隔板法。 ○○○∣○○○∣○○○○ 例2. 求方程X+Y+Z=10的非负整数解的个数。 [分析]注意到x、y、z可以为零,故上题解法中的限定“每空至多插一块隔板”就不成立了,怎么办呢? 只要添加三个球,给x、y、z各一个球。这样原问题就转化为求X+Y+Z=13的正整数解的个数了,故解的个数为C(12,2)=66(个)。 [点评]本例通过添加球数,将问题转化为如例1中的典型隔板法问题。 技巧二:减少球数用隔板法: 例3. 将20个相同的小球放入编号分别为1,2,3,4的四个盒子中,要求每个盒子中的球数不少于它的编号数,求放法总数。 解法1:先在编号1,2,3,4的四个盒子内分别放0,1,2,3个球,剩下14个球,有1种方法;再把剩下的球分成4组,每组至少1个,由例1知方法有C(13,3)=286(种)。 解法2:第一步先在编号1,2,3,4的四个盒子内分别放1,2,3,4个球,剩下10个球,有1种方法; 第二步把剩下的10个相同的球放入编号为1,2,3,4的盒子里,由例2知方法有C(13,3)=286(种)。 [点评]两种解法均通过减少球数将问题转化为例1、例2中的典型问题。 技巧三:先后插入用隔板法。 例4. 为宣传党的十六大会议精神,一文艺团体下基层宣传演出,准备的节目表中原有4个歌舞节目,如果保持这些节目的相对顺序不变,拟再添两个小品节目,则不同的排列方法有多少种? [分析]记两个小品节目分别为A、B。先排A节目。根据A节目前后的歌舞节目数目考虑方法数,相当于把4个球分成两堆,由例2知有C51种方法。这一步完成后就有5个节目了。再考虑需加入的B 节目前后的节目数,同理知有C(6,1)种方法。故由分步计数原理知,方法共有C51* C61 (种)。

隔板法、插入法、捆绑法解决组合问题

1 10.3 组合(六)教学目标: 1.掌握组合数的性质,并能应用组合数的性质解题. 2.培养学生应用公式、性质的能力. 教学重点: 隔板法、插入法、捆绑法解决组合问题. 教学难点: 隔板法、插入法、捆绑法. 教学过程: 讲授新课例1.有10 个相同的小球,放入编号为1、2、3 的三个不同盒子,?7?6要求每个盒子非空,共有多少种放法??7?7要求每个盒子放入的小球数不少于盒子的编号数,共有多少种放法?方法一:?7?6设x+y+z=10, x≥y≥z, 其正整数解为:x=8,y=1,z=1;x=7,y=2,z=1;x=6,y=3,z=1;x=6,y=2,z=2;x=5,y=4,z=1;x=5,y=3,z=2;x=4,y=4,z=2;x=4,y=3,z=3.则放法有?7?7先将1 个、 2 个小球分别放入第2、 3 个盒子,再按?7?6放入每个盒子的小球数> 0,设x+y+z=7, x≥y≥z, 其正整数解为:x=5,y=1,z=1;x=4,y=2,z=1;x=3,y=3,z=1;x=3,y=2,z=2.则放法有: . 15 3 3 方法二:隔板法.如: 对应: ?7??7? C 答:?6?7 练习1.某中学从高中7 个班中选出12 名学生组成校代表队,参加市中学数学应用题竞赛活动,使代表中每班至少有1 人参加的选法有多少种? 练习2. 6 人带10 瓶汽水参加春游,每人至少带1 瓶汽水,共有多少种不同的带法?练习3.北京市某中

学要把9 台型号相同的电脑送给西部地区的三所希望小学,每所小学至少得到2 台,共有种不同送法. 例2. 已知方程x+y+z+w=100,求这个方程的正整数解的组数. 练习4. 已知方程x 1 +x 2 +x3=50,求这个方程有多少组非负整数解. 1号2号3号1号2号3号1号2号3号 2 隔板法:就是把“|”当成隔板,把考察的对象分成若干份.例3. 一座桥上有编号为1,2,3?6?7,10 的十盏灯,为节约用电又不影响照明,可以把其中的三盏关掉,但不能关掉相邻的两盏或三盏,也不能关掉两端的路灯,问不同的关灯方法有多少种?练习5. 一条长椅上有9 个座位,3 个人坐,若相邻2 人之间至少有2 个空椅子,共有几种不同的坐法?例 4. 一条长椅上有七个座位,四人坐,要求三个空位中有两个空位相邻,另一个空位与这两个相邻空位不相邻,共有几种坐法?课堂小结 1. 隔板法;2. 插入法;3. 捆绑法 . 捆绑法和插空法是解排列组合问题的重要方法之一,主要用于解决"相邻问题" 及"不邻问题"。总的解题原则是"相邻问题捆绑法,不邻问题插空法"。在实际公务员考试培训过程中,我发现学员经常碰到这样的困惑,就是一样类型的题目,不过表达的形式有所变化,就很难用已解过的题目的方法去解决它,从而降低了学习效率。下面结合有关捆绑法和插空法的不同变化形式,以实际例题详细讲解。"相邻问题"捆绑法,即在解决对于某几个元素要求相邻的问

隔板法在排列组合中的应用

在排列组合中,对于将不可分辨的球装入到可以分辨的盒子中而求装入方法数的问题,常用隔板法。 例1. 求方程X+Y+Z=10的正整数解的个数。 [分析]将10个球排成一排,球与球之间形成9个空隙,将两个隔板插入这些空隙中(每空至多插一块隔板),规定由隔板分成的左、中、右三部分的球数分别为x、y、z之值(如下图)。则隔法与解的个数之间建立了一一对立关系,故解的个数为C92=36(个)。实际运用隔板法解题时,在确定球数、如何插隔板等问题上形成了一些技巧。下面举例说明。 技巧一:添加球数用隔板法。 ○ ○ ○∣○ ○ ○∣○ ○ ○ ○ 例2. 求方程X+Y+Z=10的非负整数解的个数。 [分析]注意到x、y、z可以为零,故上题解法中的限定“每空至多插一块隔板”就不成立了,怎么办呢?只要添加三个球,给x、y、z各一个球。这样原问题就转化为求X+Y+Z=13的正整数解的个数了,故解的个数为C122=66(个)。 [点评]本例通过添加球数,将问题转化为如例1中的典型隔板法问题。技巧二:减少球数用隔板法: 例3. 将20个相同的小球放入编号分别为1,2,3,4的四个盒子中,要求每个盒子中的球数不少于它的编号数,求放法总数。 解法1:先在编号1,2,3,4的四个盒子内分别放0,1,2,3个球,剩下14个球,有1种方法;再把剩下的球分成4组,每组至少1个,

由例1知方法有C133=286(种)。 解法2:第一步先在编号1,2,3,4的四个盒子内分别放1,2,3,4个球,剩下10个球,有1种方法;第二步把剩下的10个相同的球放入编号为1,2,3,4的盒子里,由例2知方法有C133=286(种)。 [点评] 两种解法均通过减少球数将问题转化为例1、例2中的典型问题。 技巧三:先后插入用隔板法。 例4. 为宣传党的十六大会议精神,一文艺团体下基层宣传演出,准备的节目表中原有4个歌舞节目,如果保持这些节目的相对顺序不变,拟再添两个小品节目,则不同的排列方法有多少种? [分析] 记两个小品节目分别为A、B。先排A节目。根据A节目前后的歌舞节目数目考虑方法数,相当于把4个球分成两堆,由例2知有C51种方法。这一步完成后就有5个节目了。再考虑需加入的B节目前后的节目数,同理知有C61种方法。故由分步计数原理知,方法共有C51* C61 (种)。[点评] 对本题所需插入的两个隔板采取先后依次插入的方法,使问题得到巧妙解决。 解答排列组合问题,首先必须认真审题,明确是属于排列问题还是组合问题,或者属于排列与组合的混合问题,其次要抓住问题的本质特征,灵活运用基本原理和公式进行分析,同时还要注意讲究一些策略和方法技巧。下面介绍几种常用的解题方法和策略。

行测技巧隔板法

行测技巧隔板法 隔板法是解决排列组合问题的常用方法,这类题型在历年国家公务员考试中都有所涉及,非常值得我们在复习备考过程中给予足够的关注。中公教育专家建议考生重点掌握。 隔板法是指利用假定的隔板解决相同元素的分配问题。题干标准形式一般表述为“把n 个相同的元素分给m个不同的对象,每个对象至少1个元素,问有多少种不同的分法?”,为使每个对象至少分一个,先去掉n个连续相同元素两端的空隙,用隔板的方法在元素之间形成的(n-1)个空隙中插入(m-1)个隔板,则n个相同元素被分为m堆,对应于m个不同的对象。其分法数用公式可以表示为。 利用隔板法解决此类问题,题干必须同时满足:所分的元素完全相同;分给不同的对象且必须分完;每个对象必须至少分到1个。若遇到题干所给的部分条件不能满足,比如:“至少分多个”或者“至少分0个”,需要转化成“至少分一个”的标准形式。 例1:12个相同的小球放入编号为1、2、3、4的盒子中,问每个盒子中至少有一个小球的不同放法有多少种? 【中公解析】要将12个小球放入四个盒子中,小球相同,要完全分完且每个盒子里至少有一个,符合隔板法的应用条件。所以解决本题只需要在12个小球形成的11个间隔中插入3个隔板即可。总的放法有=165(种)。 在例1中,题干表述正好是利用隔板法解决排列组合问题的标准形式,但是在实际的公职类考试中,题干的表述并不是标准的形式,即某些条件没有满足。在这样的情况下,我们就需要对题干进行转换,变为利用隔板法解题的标准形式。 例2:12个相同的小球放入编号为1、2、3、4的盒子中,每盒可空,问不同的放法有多少种? 【中公解析】本题是相同元素分配,考虑利用隔板法,但是题干中允许每盒可空,这和利用隔板法解题的条件不符,所以我们不能直接利用隔板法。需要对题干条件进行转化。若我们在四个盒子中先分别放一个小球,这样就可以满足利用隔板法的前提条件,原题就转换为“把16个球放到4个盒子里,每个盒子至少要有一个球,不同的放法有多少种?”。就是要在16个球形成的15个间隔中插入3块隔板,共有=455种。 在例2中,我们通过给每个盒子里面加上一个小球,把转换把原题转变为每个盒子里面至少有一个小球,这样就可以利用隔板法来解决。 例3:12个相同的小球放入编号为1、2、3、4的盒子中,要求每个盒子中的小球数至少为2个,问不同的放法有多少种?

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