『独立日说美国』关于美国历史的14个假故事
『独立日说美国』关于美国历史的14个假故事
关于美国历史的14个假故事
Myth #1: America Is A Democracy
误解一、美国是民主国家
In the current age, America and democracy are synonymous. Little do most Americans know they don't actually live in a democracy. America was actually founded as a Constitutional Republic, as stated in the Constitution and the Pledge of Allegiance. In an Economist ranking of the world's democratic countries in 2006, America didn't even crack the top 10.
在当今的时代，美国跟民主已经是同义词了。但大部分美国人不知道的是，我们并非一个民主国家。美国事实上是一个共和立宪国家，也就是说是一切由宪法规定，且政府对宪法效忠（而非公民投票制定法律）。根据《经济学人》杂志的2006年世界各国民主指数排行榜，美国甚至进不了前十名。Myth #2: The Founding Fathers Were Christian
误解二、美国国父们都是新教徒
This is both true and false. A large number of the Founding Fathers were associated with various sects of the Christian church, like Protestantism and Lutheranism. However, many
still openly opposed organized religion. Thomas Jefferson practiced Deism, which contends that reason and observation of the natural world are enough to determine the universe has a creator without the need for organized religion.
这种说法也对也不对。大部分国父都是基督教某一分支的信徒，比如说新教或者路德教等。但也有不少人是公开反对有组织的宗教的。杰斐逊就是自然神论者，他的信仰是对自然世界的法则以及观察已经足够了，我们并不需要一个有造物主的有组织宗教。
Myth #3: Thanksgiving
误解三、感恩节
While it's true that the occasion we now know as Thanksgiving first occurred between Pilgrims and nearby Indians, it originally was three days long and served to salute the annual harvest. For the Pilgrims, Thanksgiving was intended to be a religious holiday of fasting and prayer, but only turned to a feast after the rains came during one such period in 1623.
我们现在所知道的感恩节确实是关于第一批来到美国的新移民和印第安人之间的故事，但最早这是一个三天长的庆典，庆祝的也是一年的丰收。对清教徒而言，感恩节本来应该是一个禁食和祈祷的宗教节日，直到1623年其中一天下起了大雨才成了盛宴式的节日。
Myth #4: The Native Americans were Savages
误解四、美洲土著人都是野蛮人
Hollywood has certainly popularized the image of brutes dressed in feathers and buffalo leather, aiming to harm a
good-ole tobacco spitting cowboy, but the truth of the matter is a bit more complex.
在好莱坞的刻画中，土著人都是头戴羽毛，身披水牛皮，专门和善良的嚼烟叶牛仔作对的野人，但事实却并非如此简单。
In the book "A People's History of the United States," author Howard Zinn quotes Christopher Columbus's first impressions of the Indians, saying "They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane.... They would make fine servants.... With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want."
在《美国人史》一书中，作者Howard Zinn引用了哥伦布对美国印第安人的第一印象说：“他们没有武器，也不知道如何使用。我给他们看了一把剑，他们一无所知地伸手握住了剑锋把自己割伤了。他们没有铁。他们的长矛是甘蔗制成的。……他们将是很好的仆人
……只要50个人我们就可以征服他们，让他们做什么都行。”
Myth #5: It's A Free Country
误解五、美国是自由国家
There is a general belief that we can walk anywhere, rest anywhere or do whatever we need to do to survive. Tell that to the homeless. Although courts struck down laws against vagrancy years ago, sleeping on the streets or in public parks is still illegal, as is hitchhiking, panhandling and other "freebies" broke people need to survive.
大家都相信我们哪儿都可以去，可以在任何地方休息，只要为了求生就什么都可以做。问问流浪者就知道这是否属实了。虽然几年之前反流浪法就已经被推翻了，但在路上或者公园睡觉依然是非法的，搭便车、乞讨以及其他人们借以生存的要求免费馈赠都是非法的。
And there are countless laws and ordinances designed to give police officers probable cause to violate our freedoms. In June 2011, a woman in Rochester, New York was arrested simply for filming a traffic stop from her front lawn, proving that we aren't free -- even if we stay in our yards.
而且有无数的法律法规都是为了给警察权力来制约我们的自由的。2011年6月，纽约罗切斯特一妇女因为在自家前院
拍摄交通情况就被捕了，这完全能证明我们并非自由的，即便在自家的前院也不行。
Myth #6: The Federal Reserve Is U.S. Owned & Operated 误解六、美联储是由美国政府所有并操作的
The Fed conducts the nation's monetary policy, but faces no regulation from the government aside from the appointment of its President and Board of Governors. Otherwise, the central bank can do what it pleases.
美联储制定这个国家的货币政策，但除了其主席和理事会必须由政府指派外并不接受政府的操纵。也就是说央行可以为所欲为。
Recent proof comes direct from former Chairman Alan Greenspan, who stated point blank that the U.S. Government cannot do anything to influence the Fed's policy. And, more recently, according to Bloomberg News, the bank refused "to disclose the recipients of more than $2 trillion of emergency loans from [the bailout] and the assets the central bank is accepting as collateral."
最新的证据来自前主席格林斯潘本人，他直言不讳地说美国政府不能影响美联储的任何决定。而且最近据彭博社的报道，央行拒绝“透露来自救市金的2万亿美元紧急借款借给了谁以及央行到底接受了什么资产作为抵押
”。
Myth #7: The Bushes Are Texan
误解七、布什家族来自德克萨斯州
Despite deep ties to the Texas oil business, including failed ventures from G.W., the roots of the Bush family are about as Texan as, say, Connecticut. The Bush's are a northeast elite banking family, whose lineage extends back to the British crown. W's grandfather Prescott Bush was a member of Yale's elite Skull and Bones secret society, as were Bush, Sr. and W. himself. Prescott went on to unfathomable Wall Street riches and infamy, after he was tried and charged with money laundering for the Nazis during WWII.
虽然布什家族跟德州石油业有着很深的渊源，但布什家族的根基也可以说来自康涅狄格州。布什一家也是一个植根东北部的精英银行家家族，最早甚至能追溯到英国。小布什的祖父Prescott Bush是耶鲁大学骷髅会秘密社团的一员，老布什和小布什本人也是成员之一。后来Prescott从华尔街赚到了无数财富以及骂名，他曾因涉嫌在二战中为纳粹洗钱而受审。
Myth #8: Christopher Columbus Discovered America
误解八、哥伦布发现了美洲
The "Columbus discovered America" myth doesn't seem to be dying off. For starters, Native Americans occupied the territory for centuries before his arrival. But the Scandinavians were also here previously: their Vikings were known to have landed 500 years before Columbus did, yet Columbus gets the credit as the man who discovered America during his Spanish
Empire-financed voyage in search of gold.
哥伦布发现了美洲这种说法从来没有过时过。且不说在他到达的数百年之前土著美国人就已经占领了这片大陆了。即便是北欧人也比他更早发现这里。维京人在哥伦布之前500年就已经涉足了这里。但在西班牙帝国资助的寻金之旅登陆的哥伦布还是当作了美洲大陆的发现者。
Myth #9: The Statue of Liberty Is An Ode to American Greatness
误解九、自由女神像是对伟大美国的歌颂之作
Based on the broken shackles at its feet and the politics of its creator, it comes as little surprise that rumors have built up that the Statue of Liberty is a tribute to the end of slavery. Frederic Bartholdi's statue has given the National Office of Parks and Recreations second thoughts in the past couple of years, and the department has conducted a thorough investigation.
根据其脚部碎裂的镣铐以及其创作者的政治立场，自由女神
像象征奴隶制的终结这种说法显然很站得住脚。但在过去几年中，国家公园娱乐管理局对这一出自Frederic Bartholdi之手的雕像的真实含义展开了彻底的调查。
They found the rumor of slavery was based on a single marketing pamphlet by Bartholdi, which they deemed to be false, but they did find that it is most likely true that Lady Liberty was modeled from the body of an African woman. Bartholdi had studied African women for a prior commission on an Egyptian statue, but when that project was scrapped, the studies became the foundation for the green Lady.
他们发现奴隶之说仅仅是在一个Bartholdi的宣传册中出现，但他们认为这一宣传册是杜撰的。他们发现的是，自由女神确实是以一个非洲妇女为原型创作的。Bartholdi曾为一个埃及雕塑的定单研究了非洲妇女的面部特征，这一订单被取消之后，他就将其废物利用于了自由女神的创作。
Myth #10: Jackie Robinson
误解十、杰基·罗宾森（第一位黑人职棒选手）
Not to diminish Jackie Robinson or Rosa Parks, but just as Parks wasn't the first black person to refuse to move her seat, Robinson didn't break the baseball color code. In fact, blacks and whites briefly played professional baseball together in 1878
and 1879. In 1916, Jimmy Claxton, passing as a Native American, played a week until his black roots were found out, ending his contract forthwith.
我们并不想贬低杰基罗宾森或罗莎帕克斯，但正如帕克斯并不是第一个拒绝让座的黑人，罗宾森也不是打破棒球种族限制的第一人。事实上早在1878年和1879年就有黑白人混合棒球赛了。1916年时，Jimmy Claxton以印第安人的身份打了一个星期的职棒赛，直到他的黑人血统被发现后才被终止合同。
Then in 1945, while men of all sorts of ethnic backgrounds were dying beside each other in WWII, Happy Chandler, the new baseball commissioner, supported the signing of Jackie Robinson to the Brooklyn Dodgers. Robinson was called up to play in 1947, the same year Larry Doby, another black American and hall of famer, played for the Cleveland Indians.
随后在1945年，当不同肤色的人都一样死于二战时，新上任的棒球选手招募员Happy Chandler促成了杰基罗宾森签约布鲁克林道奇队。罗宾森在1947年终于上场，同年同是黑人选手的Larry Doby也作为克利夫兰印第安人队的一员出场。
Myth #11: "The British Are Coming"
误解十一：“英国人来了”
Sarah Palin's recent flub brought attention to this inexhaustible myth. While her retelling of history was creative, the truth of the matter is that the wealthy silversmith and organizer of the "alarm system" set to warn of British invasion, Revere, was tipped off by Joseph Warren that British troops were heading after Samuel Adams and John Hancock.
萨拉佩林最近让这一被不断引用的假故事又再次走进了民众的视线。虽然她口中的历史故事非常有创意，但事实上Revere这个组织了“警告系统”的富有银匠是在Joseph Warren的通风报信下才知道英国军队正在逼近塞缪尔亚当斯和约翰汉考克的。
Revere set out and informed every messenger and rider he could about the movement. By the end of the night, it's figured nearly 40 men were sending out similar warnings by the time Revere crossed the Charles and warned every home in Charlestown of the British arrival. According to local sources, secrecy needed to be maintained and so Revere actually yelling, "The British are coming" would have been ill-advised, so the more stealthy "The Regulars are coming out" was used.
Revere将消息传给了每个信使和骑手。到了那天晚上，当Revere奔走在查尔士告诉每家每户英国人的入侵时已经有大约40人都在做同样的事情了。按照当地人的说法，这是
应该保密的事情，因此Revere大喊“英国人来了
”是非常不明智的，因此当时他说的应该是更隐秘的“常客要来了”。
Myth #12: Dan Quayle Misspelled "Potato"
误解十二、副总统丹·奎尔当众拼错“土豆
”
Dan Quayle, the VP under President Bush Sr., never seemed to shake his image of a dunce following a much publicized misspelling of the word "potato" to a group of elementary school students in New Jersey. The truth of the matter is, the spelling card Quayle held, and was assured had been checked, was wrong, adding an "e" to the end of the word. The incident seriously damaged the Bush-Quayle presidential ticket andClinton-Gore went on to win the election.
老布什总统的副手副总统丹·奎尔因为在新泽西一群小学生面前错拼了“土豆”这个单词而一直被当作不学无术的代名词。但事实上他手上拿着的单词卡是有人检查过的，但还是错拼了，多了一个e。这一事件严重损害了布什-奎尔组合连任的机会，克林顿-戈尔最终赢得了大选。
Myth #13: George Washington And The Cherry Tree
误解十三、华盛顿和樱桃树
According to UV A scholars, Washington chopping down his Cherry Tree is pure myth, an attempt to construct a legend around the nation's first President after Washington's initial biography painted him as "cold and colorless." The moral of the Cherry Tree story was Washington's humility and honesty.
根据弗吉尼亚大学学者的说法，华盛顿砍樱桃树完全是子虚乌有，这只是为了塑造第一任总统的传奇色彩，扭转他当时“冷酷且无趣”的形象。樱桃树的故事旨在刻画华盛顿的谦逊和诚实。
Myth #14: Prison Is Only For Hardened Criminals
误解十四、监狱里的都是死不悔改的惯犯
According to numerous studies, America's incarceration rate is the highest in the world, topping 743 per 100,000 persons, with more than 2.2 million behind bars as of 2011. Scary still, one out of every 143 adults and one in 111 African-Americans are behind bars. With so many behind bars, it's not possible that all of these people are serious thugs.
根据众多研究，美国的狱中人口比例是全球最高的，每10万人中就有743人在服刑，2011年这一总数达到了220万。更可怕的是每143个成年人中就有一个在狱中，非裔美国人中这一比例更高达111比1。美国人的服刑比例太高了，说每个都罪大恶极很难成立。
战争剧《独立日》里震撼人心的美国总统演讲
独立日 Good morning. In less than an hour, aircraft from here will join others from around the world. And you will be launching the largest aerial battle in the history of mankind. "Mankind." That word should have new meaning for all of us today. We can't be consumed by our petty differences anymore. We will be united in our common interests. Perhaps it's fate that today is the Fourth of July, and you will once again be fighting for our freedom... Not from tyranny, oppression, or persecution... but from annihilation. We are fighting for our right to live. To exist. And should we win the day, the Fourth of July will no longer be known as an American holiday, but as the day the world declared in one voice: "We will not go quietly into the night! We will not vanish without a fight!" We're going to live on! We're going to survive! Today we celebrate our Independence Day! 早安，一个小时之内，世界各地的军机将会联合起来，发动人类史上规模最大的空战。人类这个字眼，对我们而言有了新的涵义。我们不能再为小事而自相残杀。要为共同利益团结一致。也许天意如此，今天正是独立纪念日。你们将要再次为自由而战。不是为了反抗暴政或迫害，而是为了避免被消灭。为了活命的权利而战，为了生存。如果能够胜利，七月四日，将不再只是美国的假日，而是世人一同宣誓之日：“我们不会束手就擒！我们不会任人宰割！我们要继续生存！我们要度过难关！今天，我们要庆祝独立纪念日！” 视频：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/581627315.html,/v_show/id_XOTMwMjc3MTI=.html 音频：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/581627315.html,/programs/view/6VlkEw9djtE
美国独立日起源(英文)
Good afternoon, everyone: What i want to introduce to you is American Independence Day,which is equivalent to Chinese National Day Independence Day,commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. During the American Revolution（美国独立战争）, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain occurred on July 2, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence . After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five(五人小组), with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised （修正） the Declaration, finally approving it on July 4. From then on, American celebrated the birthday of their homeland every year by a variety of ways. In the beginning, people will held demonstrations and speeches in this special day and most of these activities were covered with a layer of religious color. With the development of America, outdoor activities and sports events also became a part of celebration. Fireworks activities were once very popular before 20th century, but government canceled these projects to prevent the risk of fire after 20th century. Nowadays, Independence Day in the United States is a fairly important festival. People will have a day off to relax. All of american church bells rang in honor of American Independence after the ringing of Liberty Bell in Philadelphia. Various floats, model cars, acrobatics car and crowd line up a enormous and powerful team to go forward which is a very spectacular sight. At the end of the procession, people tend to gather in a park or public place . All the families dance and cheer, or have a picnic in sound of music. Businessmen are busy selling souvenirs, the politicians take the opportunity to conduct campaign speeches, the kids play games on the grass, the entire United States show the joyful scene of festival. That's all. Thank you!
美国独立战争1
美国独立战争 The Am erican Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also som etim es known as the Am erican War of Independence, began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen united form er British colonies in North Am erica, and concluded in a global war between several European great powers. The war was the culm ination of the politi cal Am erican Revolution, whereby the colonists rejected the right of the Parliam ent of Great Britain to govern them without representation, claim ing that this violated the Rights of Englishm en. In 1775, revolutionaries gained control of each of the thirteen colonial governm ents, set up the Second Continental Congress, and form ed a Continental Arm y. Petitions to the king to intervene with the parliam ent for them resulted in Congress being declared traitors and the states in rebellion the following year. The Am ericans responded by form ally declaring in 1776 their independence as a new nation, the United States of Am erica, claim ing sovereignty and rejecting any allegiance to the British m onarchy. Although France had been providing supplies, am m unition and weapons to the rebels beginning in 1776, the Continentals' capture of a British arm y in 1777 led France to form ally enter the war on the side of the United States in early 1778, which evened the m ilitary strength with Britain. Spain and the Dutch Republic –French allies –also went to war with Britain over the nex t two years. Throughout the war, the British were able to use their naval superiority to capture and occupy coastal cities, but control of the countryside (where 90% of the population lived) largely eluded them because of the relatively sm all size of their land arm y. French involvem ent proved decisive, with a French naval vi ctory in the Chesapeake leading at Yorktown in 1781 to the surrender of a second British arm y. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris ended the war and recognized the sovereignty of the Uni ted States over the territory bounded by what is now Canada to the north, Florida to the south, and the Mississippi River to the west.
Independence Day in United States美国独立日
Independence Day of the United States, also referred to as Fourth of July or July Fourth in the U.S., is a federal holiday commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, by the Continental Congress declaring that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and no longer part of the British Empire. Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, fairs, picnics, concerts, baseball games, family reunions, and political speeches and ceremonies, in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history, government, and traditions of the United States. Independence Day is the National Day of the United States. Patriotic displays and family events are organized throughout the United States. The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more. Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress. Historians have long disputed whether Congress actually signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed. Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on
电影独立日中英文总统演讲
Good morning. goodmorning In less than an hour, aircrafts from here will join others from around the world. And you will be launching the largest aerial battle in the history of mankind. Mankind, that word should have new meaning for all of us today. We can't be consumed by our petty differences any more . We will be united in our common interest. Perhaps it's fate that today is fourth of July. And you will once again be fighting for our freedom. Not from tyranny, oppression or persecution. But from annihilation We're fighting for our right to live. To exit. And should we win the day, the fourth of July will no longer be known as an American holiday, But as the day when the world declared in one voice: "we will not go quietly into the night! We will not vanish without a fight! We are going to live on! We are going to survive! Today, we celebrate our independence day!
美国的独立战争教案
美国的独立战争教案 一、教学目标: 1、知识与能力英国在北美大西洋沿岸建立了13个殖民地。美利坚民族的形成。英国 对殖民地经济发展的压制。第一届大陆会议。来克星顿之战。第二届大陆会议。华盛顿。《独立宣言》。萨拉托加战役。约克镇战役。1787年宪法。美国联邦政府的成立。美国独立战争是以弱胜强的战争。通过作战双方力量的对比，可以培养学生的辩证认识问题的能力。 2、过程与方法：采取历史情境设置的办法对北美独立战争胜利原因进行探讨。将全班分成两大阵营分别代表美英双方。站在本方立场上总结得失。为活跃气氛可以选出两方的统帅整理本方观点。 3情感态度与价值观： 通过美国独立战争的学习,使学生认识到独立战争是北美人民反对英国殖民统治、争取民族独立的正义战争；既是民族解放运动，又是资产阶级革命战争。战争的结果，摧毁了英国的殖民枷锁，赢得了国家的独立，为美国的资本主义发展开辟了道路；同时，对欧美的革命特别是法国的资产阶级革命起了推动作用。 二、地位分析： 美国是世界上的重要国家，综合国力强大。它为什么能够在短短200多年的时间内有如此迅速的发展。要找到答案，就需要从美国的起点入手。而独立战争正是美国的起点极大地促进美国资本主义的发展。从当时大的历史环境看，美国独立战争是早期资产阶级革命的重要组成部分，在世界近代史上占有重要地位。 重点分析： 北美独立战争的起因。北美独立战争爆发的原因和英国资产阶级革命有所不同。北美资本主义的发展不是受到本国封建势力的阻挠，而是受到外来势力英国的压制。这是美国独立战争区别于英国和法国的重要特点。了解它就可以理解美国独立战争为什么具有双重性质。对于把握早期资产阶级革命亦有很大帮助。 难点分析： 种植园经济的性质。种植园虽然是用黑人奴隶劳动但种植园进行的是商品生产，生产的直接目的是面向市场,它是资本主义世界市场的重要组成部分。是资本主义的经济形式。不明确这一条就无法理解北方的资本主义工商业和南方种植园经济为什么在这一时期的反英斗争中能够达成一致。当然这两种经济形式的巨大差异又为日后的美国内战打下伏笔。 三、重点：北美独立战争的起因
世界各国节日一览表
世界各国节日一览表 元旦(1月1日)---------------------------NEW YEAR'S DAY 成人节(日本，1月15日)------------------ADULTS DAY 情人节(2月14日)------------------------ST.VALENTINE'S DAY 元宵节(阴历1月15日)--------------------LANTERN FESTIVAL 狂欢节（巴西，二月中下旬)--------------CARNIVAL 桃花节(日本女孩节，3月3日)-----------PEACH FLOWER FESTIVAL (DOLL'S FESTIVAL）国际妇女节(3月8日)---------------INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S DAY 圣帕特里克节(爱尔兰，3月17日)----------ST. PATRICK'S DAY 枫糖节(加拿大，3-4月)------------------MAPLE SUGAR FESTIVAL 愚人节(4月1日)-------------------------FOOL'S DAY 复活节(春分月圆后第一个星期日)---------EASTER 宋干节(泰国新年4月13日)----------------SONGKRAN FESTIVAL DAY 食品节(新加坡，4月17日)----------------FOOD FESTIVAL 国际劳动节(5月1日)-----------------INTERNATIONAL LABOUR DAY 男孩节(日本，5月5日)-------------------BOY'S DAY 母亲节(5月的第二个星期日)--------------MOTHER'S DAY 把斋节---------------------------------BAMADAN 开斋节(4月或5月，回历十月一日)---------LESSER BAIRAM 银行休假日(英国, 5月31日)--------------BANK HOLIDAY 国际儿童节(6月1日)-------------INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S DAY 父亲节(6月的第三个星期日)--------------FATHER'S DAY 端午节(阴历5月5日)---------------------DRAGON BOAT FESTIVAL 仲夏节(北欧6月)------------------------MID-SUMMER DAY 古尔邦节(伊斯兰节，7月下旬)------------CORBAN 筷子节(日本，8月4日)-------------------CHOPSTICKS DAY 中秋节(阴历8月15日)--------------------MOON FESTIVAL 教师节(中国，9月10日)------------------TEACHER'S DAY 敬老节(日本，9月15日)------------------OLD PEOPLE'S DAY 啤酒节(德国十月节，10月10日)-----------OKTOBERFEST 南瓜节(北美10月31日)-------------------PUMPKIN DAY 鬼节(万圣节除夕，10月31日夜)-----------HALLOWEEN 万圣节(11月1日)------------------------HALLOWMAS 感恩节(美国，11月最后一个星期4)--------THANKSGIVING 护士节(12月12日)-----------------------NRUSE DAY 圣诞除夕(12月24日)---------------------CHRISTMAS EVE 圣诞节(12月25日)-----------------------CHRISTMAS DAD 节礼日(12月26日)-----------------------BOXING DAY 新年除夕(12月31日)------------NEW YEAR'S EVE(a bank holiday in many countries) 春节(阴历一月一日)-------SPRING FESTIVAL (CHINESE NEW YEAR) 世界各国的国庆与独立日 一月 1日古巴解放日----------Liberation Day (CUBA) 苏丹独立日----------Independence Day (SUDAN)
英语专八总复习系列：美国简介04
美国简介 美利坚合众国（United States of America）是一个由五十个州和一个联邦直辖特区组成的宪政联邦共和制国家。其东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北靠加拿大，南接墨西哥。美国国土面积超过962万平方公里，位居全球第三或第四（数据有争议）；其人口总量也超过三亿人，少于中国和印度。1776年7月4日，大陆会议在费城正式通过《独立宣言》，宣告美国诞生。自1870年以来，美国国民经济就高居全球第一。今天的美国则是联合国安理会五个常任理事国之一，其在全球的政治、经济、军事、娱乐等众多领域的庞大影响力更是其他国家所无法匹敌的。 美利坚合众国（United States of America），简称美国（U.S.A.），英语亦常称之为United States、U.S.、USA、The States或者America。中文旧称花旗国，绰号“山姆大叔”（"Uncle Sam"）。 首都 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区（District of Columbia），城市人口59.97万（2009年），都会区人口530万。城市面积177.0平文档
方公里[6]。 最大城市 纽约市（City of New York），美国第一大城市（1790年—今）和第一大商港，世界金融中心之一。城市人口836.37万（2008年，美国城市第1名），面积1，214.4平方公里；大都会人口1，900.68万，面积17，405平方公里[7]。 语言 无法定官方语言[8]。英语是事实上的国家语言（21,480万人，82.1%）。其他主要语言有西班牙语（2970万，10.7%）、汉语（300万）、法语（140万）、塔加洛语（130万）、越南语（110万）、德语（110万）。此外，还有其他336种语言在美国被使用，其中176种为本地语言。 政府 政治体制为宪政联邦共和制（Federal constitutional republic）。美国44任（第56届）总统贝拉克·奥巴马（Barack 文档
美国独立战争
美国独立战争 1、背景---经济：北美资本主义经济得到发展， 民族：统一的美利坚民族形成民族意识觉醒 政治：英国对北美殖民地实行高压政策 思想：启蒙思想提供锐利的思想武器 2、原因，根本原因-----英国殖民统治阻碍北美资本主义发展 直接原因 -------，波士顿清查事件 3、革命任务，一是摆脱英国殖民统治，实现民族独立，二是建立资产阶级民主国 家 4、过程：开始标志---------1775年莱克星顿枪声 建军------1775年第2届大陆会议，在费城召开会议，一致决定把民兵整编为大陆军的华盛顿任总司令 建国-------1776年7月4日发表独立宣言，标志着美利坚合众国诞生 转折-----1777年萨拉托加大捷扭转战局 胜利------1781年约克等战役英军投降美军胜利 结束-------1783年，英国被迫承认美国独立 5、影响，①对美国接受了英国殖民统治，实现国家独立，确立比较民主的资产阶 级政治体制有利于美国资本主义发展，②对世界，对欧洲拉丁美洲的资产阶级革命和民族独立解放运动起到了推动作用 6、性质：双重性-----推翻英国殖民统治，实现美利坚民族的独立和解放，所以美 国独立战争是一场民族解放战争，此外建立资产阶级专政国家的目的是发展资本主义，又是一场资产阶级革命 7、《独立宣言》：1776年7月4日大陆会议发表独立宣言， （1）主要内容：宣布人人生而平等天赋人权，包括人的生命权，自由权和追 求幸福的权利。 解除对鹰王的一切隶属关系，正式宣告北美13个殖民地脱离英国而独立
（2）积极作用：标志着美利坚合众国诞生确立民主建国的原则 宣言所体现的自由平等的民主思想成为当时欧洲各国资产阶级革命的旗帜，被马克思称为第1个人权宣言 第1个以国家名义表明确表述资产阶级政治要求的纲领性文件。 （3）局限性：宣言没有宣布废除奴隶制，事实上天赋人权的享有者不包括黑人和印第安人 8、1787年宪法 （1）背景：松散的联邦制之下，代表国家的中央政府软弱无力，各州各行其是，矛盾重重， （2）主要内容：分权制衡原则下确立美国是联邦制共和国行政立法司法三权分立，总统国会与最高法院及其相关机构各司其职，相互制衡，联邦政府与地方政府分享权力，总统和议员有选举产生 （3）不足之处：允许奴隶制度的存在，不承认妇女黑人和印第安人具有和白人男子相等的政治权利 （4）地位：是世界上第1部资产阶级成文宪法， 9、启示：国家和民族的独立是国家振兴的政治前提 【易混警示】美国独立战争与英、法资产阶级革命最大的区别是美国独立战争的性质 具有双重性，革命任务既要反对英国殖民统治，又要建立资产阶级统治。 【温馨提示】美国独立战争没有解决奴隶制问题，使得独立后的美国南、北部朝着两 种不同的经济道路发展，最终导致美国内战的爆发。
美国的节日和来源
1月1日 新年（New Year's Day） 全国假日 一些城市在新年第一天会有盛大的游行。新年这一天，公共交通系统时间和班次有所调整。1月17日 李和杰克逊纪念日（Lee Jackson Day） 弗吉尼亚州（Virginia）假日 为纪念美国南北战争中的南部将领罗伯特·E·李（Robert E. Lee）和托马斯“石墙”杰克逊（Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson） 1月19日 罗伯特·E·李生日（Robert E Lee's Birthday） 佛罗里达州假日 纪念美国南北战争的南部将领罗伯特·E·李（Robert E. Lee） 1月19日 南部联邦阵亡将士纪念日（Confederate Memorial Day） 德克萨斯州假日 纪念美国南北战争中的死难将士 1月20日 罗伯特·E·李生日（Robert E Lee's Birthday） 阿拉巴马州、阿肯色州、密西西比州假日 纪念美国南北战争的南部将领罗伯特·E·李（Robert E. Lee） 1月20日 爱达荷州人权日（Idaho Human Rights Day） 爱达荷州 马丁·路德·金纪念日的别称 1月20日 马丁·路德·金纪念日 （Martin Luther King Day） 全国假日（部分省份也在这一天放假，但是假日的名称有差异） 马丁·路德·金纪念日定于每年一月的第三个星期一。这一纪念始于1986年。对中国人而言，最熟悉的莫过于马丁·路德·金在林肯纪念堂前进行的演讲“我有一个梦想”和他为推进黑人权利平等。时至今日，马丁·路德·金纪念日成为了宣传不论肤色、人种，国人平等的理念。 1月20日 公民权利日（Civil Rights Day） 亚利桑那州、新罕布什尔州 2月12日 林肯生日（Lincoln's Birthday） 康涅狄格州、伊利诺州、密苏里州、新泽西州、纽约州假日 纪念美国最受欢迎的前总统亚伯拉罕·林肯。 2月14日、15日 苏珊·B·安东尼生日（Susan B Anthony's Birthday） 佛罗里达州假日
电影独立日简介.doc
电影独立日简介 电影独立日基本信息 《独立日》是美国1996年上映的一部科幻片，由罗兰艾默里奇执导，威尔史密斯、比尔普尔曼和杰夫高布伦等联袂出演，于1996年7月3日在美国上映。 影片主要讲述一艘巨型的外星人母船进入地球轨道，并释放了三十多个小型飞船进入地球大气层，停留在世界几大城市上空，造成人们的恐慌。美国总统(比尔普尔曼饰)联合各国领袖共商解决之道，科学家(杰夫高布伦饰)和陆战队航空兵上尉史蒂芬希尔(威尔史密斯饰)合作为人类的命运奋斗，从而阻止外星人入侵，捍卫地球的故事。 电影独立日剧情简介 美国人正准备热烈庆祝七月四日国庆日之前，美国各地的监视站发现一艘直达数百英里的巨大飞船接近了地球。飞船发出的无线电信号干扰了地球的通信卫星信号。外星舰队竟大举包围地球，飞船放出了36艘直径达15英里的子飞船飞抵地球上各大城市的上空。世界上的人们感到了迷惑和恐惧，但也有人想要欢迎外星友好使者的来临。 电脑工程师戴维发现，外星人发出的信号其实是攻击的倒计时信号。戴维设法把这个信息通知了他的妻子康妮：她是总统的助理，为了工作她与戴维的关系已经破裂。政府试图与外星人联络，但毫无反应，总统为此忧心忡忡。在得知戴维带来的讯息后，他急忙下令撤离，但为时已晚。外星人的飞船开始对美国几个大城市展开致命的攻击。 于是智勇双全的美国总统托马斯普尔曼号召世界各国共御外侮，将七月四日就变成地球的独立日。在电脑工程师戴维和黑人空军飞行员史蒂文等人协助下，地球人对外星人展开全面反攻，总统更亲自驾驶战斗机冲上第一线。美国空军向外星人飞船发动了进攻，却有如以卵击石，毫无作用唯有飞行员史蒂文设法
诱使一架外星人战斗飞艇坠毁。 在攻击中幸存的人们开始设法逃生，总统在千钧一发之际和戴维等人离开了首都。总统和戴维博士一行来到了代号为51区的罗斯韦尔基地。在那里，科学家们一直在研究一艘于50多年前坠毁的外星人飞艇。但由于国防部长个人的政治野心，总统却对此一无所知，从而未能及早预防惨剧发生。 戴维想出了利用电脑病毒使外星人的保护力场失效的方法。在修复了那架50多年前的飞艇之后，史蒂文要驾驶飞艇和戴维一起混进外星人的母舰。与此同时，美国也向世界各国的残存军队发出了总反攻的信号。史蒂文和戴维成功地闯入了外星人的母舰并输入病毒，解除了外星人的保护力场。总统亲自驾驶飞机与外星人作战。史蒂文和戴维将一颗核弹射入了外星人母舰的中心，并在千钧一发之际逃出了外星人的母舰。 外星人被打败了，戴维和史蒂文安然归来。人类终于大难不亡，在最后的关头消灭了外星侵略者。在一片废墟上，人类将开始重建家园。 电影独立日影片评价 尽管《独立日》会被影评界时不时拿来当作高票房烂片的批判典型，剧情平凡、高潮廉价、漏洞无数，这固然是缺点，但不能不承认这的确是一部让人发狂的影片，观众在观片过程中大可不必承受过多心理负担，只需要享受宏大的特技场面带来的震撼就好：巨型外星飞船被炸，陆地上真实的目标被毁，人类惊惶失措的混乱场景。这些都是UFO迷们梦寐以求要看到的。(腾讯科技网评) 这部影片真正有意义的并不是高成本特技，也不是威尔史密斯或者杰夫高布伦平平的演技;这部电影的真正意义在于：外星人和人类终于公开对峙，而不是欲盖弥彰地传播恐怖了，这就好比将攻击目标对准白宫与开始轰炸白宫有着天壤之别一样：影片《独立日》选择了后者。
美国独立日：美国独立宣言全文(双语)
美国独立日：美国独立宣言全文（双语） 每年7月4日是美国的独立日，1776年7月4日，大陆会议在费城正式通过托马斯?杰斐逊起草的《独立宣言》。以下为美国独立宣言的全文内容。 The Declaration of Independence IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776 THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERAICA When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 在人类事务发展的过程中，当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系，并按照自然法则和上帝的旨意，以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than t right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity, which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations, all having in direct object tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权利，则是经被统治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除，以建立一个新的政府。新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福。
美国独立战争有怎样的特点
美国独立战争有怎样的特点 国独立战争持续了八年，领导人是北方资产者和南方的种植园主，其中最著名的人物是乔治;华盛顿，华盛顿也由此成为美国第一任总统。以下是为你精心整理的美国独立战争有怎样的特点，希望你喜欢。 第一个特点是这场战争是一场资产阶级性质的斗争。它的革命的领导者是北美殖民地人民中的资产阶级以及南方的种植园的奴隶主。 第二个特点是这场战争是近代史上第一个为争取民族独立而进行的并在最后取得胜利的民族解放运动。殖民地人民在不断的交流中，有了共同的交流语言，产生了民族民主意识。 第三个特点是革命并没有太大的反复性，清楚了封建残余，有利于发展本国的资本主义经济。美国独立战争中是相对来说比较彻底的，它推翻了英国的殖民统治，对资本主义的发展具有重要意义。 第四个特点是这场战争中有多方的外援援助。主要是因为法国与荷兰有殖民地的牵涉，且这是一场正义的战争。 第五个特点是美国建立了三权分立的民主共和制。 由于北美殖民地人民都有了发展，且各殖民地人名的经济交流日益密切，有了共同的文化认同，与共同的语言进行交流。美国独立战争的特点具有多方面的表现，对于它的性质也具有双重性的特点，这场战争所具有的特点是在当时内外环境共同作用下的结果。
美国独立战争中的武器美国独立战争武器主要使用燧发枪、滑膛枪、来复枪、刺刀、马刀、加农炮和榴弹炮。燧发枪是16世纪中叶法国人马汉发明的，它是在转轮火枪的基础上改造而成的。燧发枪去掉了转轮火枪上的发条钢轮，在击锤的钳口处夹了一块燧石，传火孔边设有一击砧。改造之后的燧发枪简化了射击过程，提高了发弹速度和子弹的精确度，而且方便实用，成本低，便于大量生产。燧发枪在历史上存在很久，有200年。滑膛枪，是枪管内无膛线的一种枪支。滑膛枪的鼻祖是中国13世纪时的发射子窠的突火枪。现在常见的滑膛枪就是所谓的散弹枪，包括猎枪，运动员用的运动枪和警察用的防爆枪。军队上的军用散弹枪和信号枪也是滑膛枪的一种。 另外，还有来复枪和加农炮，来复枪又称“来福枪”，只要具有枪膛的枪都可以成为来复枪。加农炮则起源于14世纪，由德国人发明的。该炮管较长，发射仰角较小，弹道低平，常用于攻坚战中。英法战争时，因为加农炮威力大，运用大，法军建立了常备炮兵部队和攻城炮兵队。美国独立战争武器还有好多，这些武器因为当时科技水平低，威力比较小。 美国独立战争与南北战争美国独立战争发生在1775年，而南北战争则发生在1960年，所以，两次战争从发生时间上来看，就有本质的不同。美国独立战争是由于美国人为了脱离英国人的剥削而发生的战争，此次战争维持了几年时间，最终以美国胜利而告终。不过，美国独立战争和南北战争有着关键性的联系，因为美国自从在独立战争以后，就分为了南北两个地区，南方实行的是奴隶制，而北方实行