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Chapter 5 Morphology

Chapter Five Morphology

1. Define the following terms.

1) Morpheme, allomorph and morph

2) free morpheme vs bound morpheme

3) affix 4) acronymy

5) abbreviation vs clipping 6) IC analysis

7) stem,base and root 8) inflection

9) compounding 10) conversion

11）inflectional morpheme 12) morphology

13）backformation 14) blending

15) inflectional affix vs derivational affix

2. Multiple Choices

1) The word “hospitalize” is an example of ______.

A. compound

B. derivation

C. inflection

D. blending

2) ____refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words

are formed.

A. Morphology

B. Syntax

C. Semantics

D. Phonology

3) _____ doesn’t belong to the most productive means of word-formation.

A. Affixation

B. Compounding

C. Conversion

D. Blending

4) Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.

A. lexical words

B. grammatical words

C. function words

D. form words

5) Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ________

morphemes.

A. inflectional

B. free

C. bound

D. derivational

6) There are ________ morphemes in the word denationalization?

A. three

B. four

C. five

D. six

7) In English -ise and -tion are called ________.

A. prefixes

B. suffixes

C. infixes

D. free morphemes

8) Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and

________.

A. affixation

B. etymology

C. inflection

D. root

9) The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _______.

A.derivational affix

B. inflectional affix

C. infix

D. back-formation

10) ________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by

subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the word.

A. Affixation

B. Back-formation

C. Insertion

D. Addition

11) The word TB is formed in the way of ________.

A. acronymy

B. clipping

C. initialism

D. blending

12) Ther e are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the wo rd “learned”

is known as a(n) ________.

A. derivational morpheme

B. free morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free form

13) The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by ________.

A. blending

B. clipping

C. backformafion

D. Acronymy

14) The stem of disagreements is ________.

A. agreement

B. agree

C. disagree

D. disagreement

15) All of the following are meaningful except _________.

A. lexeme

B. phoneme

C. morpheme

D. allomorph

16) The word boyish contains two .

A. phonemes

B. Morphs

C. morphemes

D. allomorphs

17) Inflectional studies inflections.

A. phonetics

B. syntax

C. phonology

D. morphology

18) morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be

combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.

A. Free

B. Bound

C. Root

D. Affixational

19) modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of

the original word.

A. Prefixes

B. Suffixes

C. Roots

D. Affixes

20) There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of to form

a new word.

A. root

B. affix

C. stem

D. word

21) Compound words consist of ________ morphemes.

A. bound

B. free

C. both bound and free

22) Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are _________.

A. grammatical words

B. lexical words

C. neither grammatical nor lexical words

23) “Radar” is a / an __________.

A. acronym

B. blending

C. coinage

D. clipping

24) The words “take” and “table” are called __________ because they can occur unattached.

A. form words

B. bound morphemes

C. free morphemes

D. inflectional morphemes

25) A __________ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional

affix can be added.

A. stem

B. root

C. allomorph

D. lexeme

26) __________ is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a

heavily modified headword.

A. Blending

B. Acronymy

C. Abbreviation

D. Invention

27) The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on _________.

A. Borrowing

B. word-formation

C. conversion

D. the number of the people speaking English

28) ________ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying

such contrasts as masculine / feminine, animate/inanimate, etc.

A. Case

B. Gender

C. Number

D. Category

29) The relation between words “rose” and“flower” is that of __________.

A. synonymy

B. antonymy

C. homonymy

D. hyponymy

30) T he adjective word “uniform” has __________ morphemes.

A. one

B. three

C. two

D. zero

31) Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or

________ to stems.

A. affixes

B. suffixes

C. inflectional affixes

D. derivational affixes

32) Prefixes do not generally change the _________of the stem but only modify its

meaning.

A. word-class

B. meaning

C. form

D. structure

33) The primary function of suffixes is to ________.

A. change the word-class of roots

B change the meaning of stems

C change the grammatical function of stems]

D change the structure of roots

34) Conversion is a method __________.

A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech

B. of converting words of one meaning into different meaning

C. of deriving words through grammatical means

D. of changing words in morphological structure

3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1) Combining two parts of two already existing words is called _______ in

word-formation.

2) Take is the ______ of taking, taken and took.

3) Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ________ and ________.

4) An ________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a

word.

5) Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with ________.

6) Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and

__________.

7) All words may be said to contain a root ________.

8) ________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of

shortening.

9) __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its

inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of

words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.

10) Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the ______ level.

11) A word formed by derivation is called a ____________, and a word formed by

compounding is called a __________.

12) The poor is an example of ______ conversion.

13) __________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

14) The affix “-es” conveys a __________ meaning.

15) morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by

themselves.

16) affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such

as number, degree, and case.

17) The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p .

18) The combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words in

called .

19) Semantically, the meaning of a c__________ is often idiomatic, not always being the

sum total of the meanings of its components.

20) __________ morphology studies word-formation.

21) __________ can never stand by itself although if bears clear,definite meaning.

22) __________ are added fo the end of stems.

4. Make a judgment on the following statements decide whether they are true or not.

1)Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are

formed.

2)Inflectional morphology is one of the two sub-branches of morphology.

3)The structure of words is not governed by rules.

4) A morpheme is the basic unit in the study of morphology.

5)Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.

6)Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.

7)There is only one type of affixes in the English language.

8)Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.

9)Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.

10)Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the

second element receives secondary stress.

11)Morphemes are regarded as abstract constructs in the system.

12)We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the

meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.

13)All roots are free and all affixes are bound.

14)Chinese language is heavily inflectional.

15) A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning, which means that a morpheme has a lexical

meaning.

16)Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the

second element receives secondary stress.

17)Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.

18)Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.

19)In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixeS change the

word-class of the base.

20)Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion.

21)Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a Word.

22)The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.

23)In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of

morphemes.

24)Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English.

25)Inflection is a parficnlar way of word-formations.

5. Tell the root, stem and base of the following words.

1) desirable; 2) undesirable

3) undesirables; 4) desired

6. Short Answer questions

1) What does morphology study?

2) What is a morpheme? Dissect the following words into morphemes:

description underdeveloped photosynthetic

anatomy radiation geography

philharmonic defrosted refreshment

demobilized conducting suppression

circumspect dialogue deformed

combination

3) Describe with examples various types of morpheme used in English.

4) What are the main inflectional affixes in English? What grammatical meaning do they

convey?

5) Try to find out the meaning of the following roots in English and give two or three

words that contain each of them:

hydro chron demo dur

agr kilo nym ped

rupt gress poly syn

6) State the morphological rules that govern the use of the given derivational affixes.

Example: -er The suffix -er is added to a verb to form a noun indicating the agent

that carries out the action, e.g., write – writer

-ant -ment sub- -en

en- -ee -ful -some

-wise un-

7) What are the main features of the English compounds?

8) Explain the formation and meaning of the following compounds:

Example: nightcap Nightcap is a noun formed by combining two nouns, mean- ing

a drink one takes before going to bed.

Cat’s paw tablecloth green-eyed green horn

update jet lag bootleg built-in

cockpit good-for-nothing

Key to Chapter Five

1. Define the following terms.

1) Morpheme, allomorph and morph

Morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expressions and content, unit cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. It is not like the sound patterns or syllables, which can be further divided into segments. Words may consist of one morpheme or more than one morpheme.

A!lomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme. Morphemes are more abstract than their allomorphs.

Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes.

2) free morpheme vs bound morpheme

Morphemes can be classified into two types in terms of their capacity of occurring alone.

Those which may occur alone, or which may constitute words by themselves, are free morphemes, such as bee, tree, sing, and dance. In contrast, those which may appear with at least one other morpheme and cannot stand by themselves are called bound morphemes, such as “-s” in dogs, “-al” in national, “dis-” in disclose, and so on.

3) affix

Affixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words. For example, the morpheme ful in careful and less in careless are two affixes. And the first part in each of the words irregular, disappear and enrich (i.e. ir, dis and en) is an affix. Afixes are a type of bound morphemes. They are limited in number in a language, and can be further classified in terms of either of the two

criteria: position and function. Along the dimension of their position with reference to the root or stem of the word, affixes are generally classified into three types: prefixes, suffixes and infixes. Those which are added to the beginning of roots (i.e. occur before roots) are called prefixes, e.g. dis- in dislike and re- in rebuild. The affixes which follow roots (i.e. appear after roots) are called suffixes, e.g. -ness in carelessness and -ful in careful. The affixes which interrupt roots (i.e. appear within roots) are called infixes.

4) acronymy

Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of several words together. Words created in this way are of two sorts: acronyms and initialisms. Acronyms are those which are pronounced as a single word rather than as a sequence of letters. Initials are those which are pronounced as a series of letters (i.e. pronounced letter by letter).

5) abbreviation vs clipping

Abbreviation, which sometimes is used in the sense of acronymy. For example, the words like USA, NA TO, AIDS, etc. are the results of the word formation of abbreviation. And sometimes, abbreviation equals to clipping. For instance, the words like Prof. (from Professor), telly (from television), etc. are considered as examples of abbreviation as well.

Clipping refers to the process of word-formation in which a word (usually a noun) is shortened by deleting one or more syllables without any change in the meaning or in the part of speech. However, clipping usually results in a stylistic change: from formal to informal style.

6) IC analysis

Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis for short) is a method used to analyze the hierarchical order of morphemes. By IC Analysis, we mean that we divide the morphemes of a word (or the words of a sentence) into two groups, and then divide each of them into sub-groups, and so on, until we reach the irreducible constituents, i.e. the morphemes in the case of the analysis of a word, or the words in the case of the analysis of a sentence, which is to be discussed in the next chapter.

7) stem,base and root

A root is the basic part of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. In other words, a “root” is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. “Internationalism” is a four-morpheme derivative which keeps its free morphemes “nation” as its root when “inter-”,”-al” and “-ism” are taken away.

Different from the term root, both of the terms base and stem are used to talk about such a form to which an affix will be attached. If we are going to attach an derivational affix, we will call the form a base. But if we are going to attach an inflectional affix, we call the form a stem.

However, we have to see that the term base is a more general term. It can be a form that is a root and it can be a form that contains some affix already. Just take agree and disagree for example. Either of them can be a base if we are going to attach a derivational affix -ment to it. Similarly, the term stem is also more covering. It can be a form that is a root or it can be a form that contains some affix already. For example, either open or reopen can be a stem if we are going to attach an inflectional morpheme -ed to it. In fact, a stem can be any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be

added. It may be the same as, and in other cases, different from, a root. For example, in the word friends, friend is both the root and the stem, but in the word friendships, friendship is its stem, while friend is its root. Some words like compounds have more than one root,

e.g., mailman, girlfriend, etc.

8) inflection

Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.

9) compounding

Compounding refers to a process of word-formation, in which two or more free morphemes are combined to form a new word, such as forget-me-not, waterbed, sleepwalk, etc. Words formed in this way are called compound words or compounds. Like derivation, compounding is also a very productive way to produce new words. There are three types of compounds: 1) hyphenated compounds; 2) solid compounds; and 3) open compounds.

10) conversion

Conversion is a term used in the study of word formation to refer to the derivational process whereby an item comes to belong to a new word class without the addition of an affix. The conversion process is particularly productive in modern English, with new uses occurring frequently. Conversion is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation.

11）inflectional morpheme

Inflectional morphemes are also called inflectional affix. They manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. In English, all inflectional morphemes are suffixes, e.g. -(e)s (indicating plurality of nouns or third person singular, present tense), -lng ( indicating progressive aspect), -(e)d, (indicating past tense for all three, persons), -est (indicating superlative degree of adjectives and adverbS).

12) morphology

Morphology is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of inflections (also called inflectional morphology), and of word-formation (often referred to as lexical or derivational morphology).

13）backformation

Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. Take televise for example, the word television predated the occurrence of the word- televise. The first part of the word television was pulled out and analyzed as a root, even though no such root occurs elsewhere in the English language. Instead of taking out part of a word as a root, backformation allows us to take a word of a given category and form a new homophonous word of a different category.

14) blending

Blending is a relatively complex form:of word compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. For example: transfer + resister→transistor, smoke + fog smog, boat + hotel --- boatel.

15) inflectional affix vs derivational affix

If we classify affixes with reference to their function, we have the following two types: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.

In all languages, there are many derivational affixes, but only a small number of inflectional affixes. Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations, such as number, gender, tense, aspect, case and degree. For example, -s in books, -e in fiancée, -ed in (he) studied, -ing in (he is) working, -’s in Gloria’s, and -er in faster are all inflectional affixes.

Inflectional affixes have different grammatical functions. However, when they are conjoined with other morphemes, they never produce new words. Nor do they cause any change in grammatical class. And, usually, no two inflectional affixes can coexist in the same word at the same time with the exception of the combination of plural number marker and possessive case marker (e.g. students’ reading room, teachers’ job). In contrast, derivational affixes can create new words. Derivational affixes often, but not always, change the grammatical classes of words.

2. Multiple choice

1) – 5): BADAA 6) – 10): CBCBB 11) – 15): CCADB

16) – 20): CDBAC 21) – 25): BBACA 26) – 30): BBBDC

31) – 34): DACA

3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words

1) blending 2) lexeme 3) affix, bound, root

4) initialism, acronym 5) vocabulary 6) solid, hypenated, open

7) morpheme 8) Backformation 9) Conversion

10) morphemic 11) derivative, compound

12) partial 13)moepheme 14) grammatical

15) Free 16) Inflectional 17) prefixes

18) derivation 19) compound 20) Derivational

21) root 22) Suffixes

4. Make a judgment on the following statements decide whether they are true or not.

1) – 5): TTFTF 6) – 10): FFTFT 11) – 15): TFFFT

16) – 20): FTFTT 21) – 25): FTFFF

5. Tell the root, stem and base of the following words.

1) Desirable: desire is the root or base; but there is no stem for it.

2) Undesirable: desire is the root; desirable is the base; there is no stem for it.

3) Undesirables: desire is the root; undes/rab/e is the stem or base.

4) Desired: desire is the root, stem or base.

6. Short Answer questions.

1) The internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formation.

2) The smallest unit of meaning.

de-scrip-tion under-develop-ed photo-synthe-tic

ana-tomy radia-tion geo-graph-y

phil-harmon-ic de-frost-ed re-fresh-ment

de-mobil-iz-ed con-duct-ing sup-press-ion

circum-spect dia-logue de-form-ed

com-bina-tion

3) Free morphemes: mate, sun, fame, like

Bound morphemes: roots and affixes

Roots: ter-, fin-, spect- , -cide, -wise

Affixes: inflectional and dcrivational

Derivational: prefix and suffix

Inflectional affixes: -ing, -ed, -(e)s

Prefixes: un-, dis-, de-, en-

Suffixes: -ly, -less, -tion, -ize4.

4) (e)s: plural number

(c)s: third-person singular present tense

(e)d: past tense

-ing: progressive aspect

-er: comparative degree

-est: superlative degree

-s: possessive case

5) hydro (water), e.g., hydraulic, dehydrate

chro (time), e.g., chronological, chronicle

demo (people), e.g., democracy, demography

dur (lasting), e.g., during, durable

agr (farming), e.g., agriculture, agrarian

kilo (one thousand), e.g., kilometer, kilogram

nym (name), e.g., pseudonym, antonym

ped (foot), e.g., centipede, impede

rupt (breaking), e.g., rupture, abrupt

gress (movement), e.g., progress, digress

poly (various), e.g., polygon, polyglot

syn (identical), e. g., synchronic, synonym

6) -ant: suffix added to a verb to form a noun indicating the agent, e.g., assistant

-ment: suffix added to a verb to form its corresponding noun, e.g., development

sub-: prefix added to an adjective to form another adjective to indicate a lesser degree,

e.g., substandard

-cn: suffix added to an adjective to form a verb to indicate the acquisition of the quality denoted by the adjective, e.g., darken

en-: prefix added to an adjective to form a verb to indicate the acquisition of the quality denoted by the adjective, e.g., enrich

-ee: suffix added to a verb to form a noun indicating the recipient of the action denoted by the verb, e. g.,employee

-ful: suffix added to a noun to form an adjective indicating the quality denoted by the noun, e.g., plentiful

-some: suffix added to a noun to form an adjective indicating the quality denoted by the noun, e.g., quarrelsome

-wise: suffix added to a noun to form an adverb meaning “with regard to the area indicating by the noun”, e.g., carecrwise

un-: prefix added to an adjective to indicate the absence of the quality indicated by the adjective, e.g., unemployed

7) Orthographically a compound can be written as one word,two separate words with or without a hyphen in between.

Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element.

Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components.

Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.

《语言学纲要》名词解释_叶蜚声

《语言学纲要》名词解释导言 4.交际工具：人类交际活动所使用的工具。语言是人类最重要的交际工具。此外，身势等伴随动作是非语言的交际工具；旗语之类是建立在语言、文字基础上的辅助性交际工具；文字是建立在语言基础之上的一种最重要的辅助交际工具； 5.思维：是认识现实世界时的一种动脑筋的过程，也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析、综合以认识现实的能力。是人脑能动地反映客观现实的机能和过程。根据思维活动的不同形态可分为三种类型：直观动作思

维、形象思维、抽象思维。 6.社会：指生活在一个共同的地域中、说同一种语言、有共同的风俗习惯和文化习惯的人类社会的共同体，即一般所说的部落、部族和民族。与此相关联的现象就是社会现象。 7.社会现象：指那些与人类共同体的一切活动——产生、存在和发展密切联系的现象。取渐变，不能爆发突变。 8.语言发展的不平衡性：指语言结构体系发展变化是不平衡的，即词汇、语义、语音、语法的发展速度是不一样的。与社会联系最直接的词汇、语义变化最快，语音次之，语法最慢。 9.表层结构和深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形

式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。 10.组合关系：符号和符号组合起来的关系。符号和符号的组合形成语言的结构。 11.聚合关系：在链条的某一环节上能够相互替换的符号具有某种相同的作用，它们自然聚集成群。它们彼此的关系称为聚合关系。 23.音高：声音的高低，是由发音体形状及振动频率快慢决定的。 24.音重：声音的强弱，它取决于声波振幅的大小，而振幅的大小与发音时用力大小有关。 25.音质：也叫音色，指声音的品质或个性。

中国传媒大学语言学及应用语言学专业方向介绍

中国传媒大学语言学及应用语言学专业方向介绍（感谢凯程罗老师对本文的有益指导.) 语言学及应用语言学专业（050102） 1．应用语言学方向应用语言学方向是适应我国应用语言学发展需要设立的研究方向，它以“人机交际”和人际交际的语言理论和技能、技术为主要研究对象。作为跨学科的语言应用学科，它同人文科学、自然科学（数学、物理学、信息科学、计算机科学等）都有密切关系。本方向有社会语言学和计算语言学两个研究领域。社会语言学，重在研究语言在社会生活中的应用。它结合中国社会的文化背景，对语言应用进行多角度、全方位的研究，总结社会生活不同领域（如旅游、交通、商贸、公关、司法、教育等）人际交往中语言应用的特殊规律，对语言实践提供理论指导，并为我国语言文字规范化工作服务。计算语言学是利用计算机对人类自然语言处理和加工的科学，它是适应信息时代的要求而产生和发展起来的一门边缘交叉性学科。机器翻译、自然语言理解、语音识别与合成等都是本方向研究的重要课题，这些课题的研究对人工智能计算机的研制，起着举足轻重的作用。本方向将发挥中国传媒大学文、理、工多科院校、以及与教育部语言应用研究所合作的优势，为二十一世纪的应用语言学培养高层次专门人才。 2．对外汉语教学方向本研究方向以对外汉语教学研究为重点。汉语教学法历来都是汉语言基础理论体系中的重要组成部分，汉语教学法研究，也是汉语言基础理论研究中不可缺少的部分。自现代汉语诞生之日起，其教学过程即随之开始；应用语言学的产生和发展，更进一步推动了汉语教学研究的理论升华。特别是近几十年来，汉语教学研究，无论是对内的，还是对外的，都越来越受到重视。从建立完整的理论体系的角度说，我校有国内著名语言学家为学科带头人的现代汉语语法、修辞研究的深厚基础，最近又增添了应用语言学研究的雄厚实力，如果再加上汉语教学研究理论的参与，必将使汉语语言理论研究体系更趋完善。我校作为全国广播电视人才培养基地，多年来一直担负着为广播电视事业培养专门人才的重要任务。如何在汉语教学中把结构、意义和交际功能三者有机地结合起来，更好地培养学生实际运用语言的能力，也是多年来面临的理论与实际的大问题。随着时代要求的不断提高，矛盾日益突出。汉语教学如何借鉴心理学、教育学等相关学科的研究成果，结合语言应用实际，力求走出一条新路子。对外汉语教学专业人才的需求，近年来不断加大，国内各汉语教学机构为了在来华留学生的市场竞争中占有更多的份额，都纷纷把对外汉语教学高学历师资的竞争放到了首位。此外，全球性“汉语热”方兴未艾，特别是在进入新世纪之后，国内外汉语教学师资的需求量呈上升趋势。本方向将竭力培养对外汉语教学方面的高层次专门人才。 3. 语言信息处理方向语言信息处理是语言学与计算机科学交叉形成的一门新型学科，是应用语言学的重要组成部分。我国“十五”发展规划的重要方针之一，是大力推进信息化进程，以信息化带动工业化。

various approaches to morphology

Various Approaches to Morphology The grammatical description of many, if not all, languages is conveniently divided into two complementary sections: morphology and syntax. Morphology accounts for the internal structure of words. In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description, in a language, of the structure of morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context.It also explores the internal structure of words,and the rules by which words are formed.In this passage, I illstrate morphology in several aspects,from the inside formation , the rules of formation.and the main branches of morphology. Many people think of words as the basic meaningful elements of language ,many words can be broken down into still smaller units,called morphemes. Morphemes serve different purposes. Some derive new words by changing the meaning or the part of speech,others only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of a word. As morphemes are pairings of sounds with meanings,there are many complexiities involved, forming a new field by the mane morphophonology. Words could be analyzed into smaller components as they are formed by smaller units. Such as chairman,it is made up of chair and man ,words like boys ,checking ,and disappointment can likewise be further analyzed. They are each made up of boy and –s ,check and –ing ,and dis-. Appoint, and – ment. These smaller compoents are known as morphemes. But they themselves cannot be further analyzed. Chair could not be analyzed into ch and air .There are no relations between the parts ch ,air and the whole chair. Another example, the word ―unacceptability‖ can be divided into un-, accept, abil-, and -ity (abil- being a variant of -able). Of these, at least three are minimal grammatical units, in the sense that they cannot be analyzed into yet smaller grammatical units—un-, abil-, and ity. So morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning ,whether it is lexical or grammatical. Although I have mentioned above that morphemes are the smallest units of language in the certain situation. It self could be sub-classified into different types, depending on different criteria. (1)Free morpheme and bound morpheme An important concept in grammar and, more particularly, in morphology is that of free and bound forms. A bound form is one that cannot occur alone as a complete utterance (in some normal context of use). For example, -ing is bound in this sense, whereas wait is not, nor is waiting. Any form that is not bound is free.Those appear alone, or which may make up words by themselves ,are free morphemes, such as apple,open are free morphemes, or mono-morphemic words. And we could simply say that all mono-morphemic words are free morphemes. Moreover, poly-morphemic words, which consist wholly of free morphemes are called compound, such as headmaster, silkscalf. In contrast, -s in words , ad in adhere must appear with at least another morpheme are called bound morphemes. (2)Root ,affix and stem. We have met poly-morphemic words in the paragraphs mentioned above. In this section ,they ,other than compounds ,can be divided into roots and affixes. Root is the base form of a word that cannot be further be analyzed without destroying its meaning. In other words, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. While the affix is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added

《语言学纲要》试题库剖析

绪论、第一章、第二章一、名词解释 1．语言学 2．语言 5．文言文 6．符号 7．符号形式 8．符号的任意性 9．语言符号 10．组合关系 11．聚合关系二、填空 1．__________、________ 、________________ 具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2．__________ 是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为__________。 3．__________ 、__________ 、__________ 是我国传统的语文学。 4．研究语言的结构，主要是研究 __________、____________ 、__________ 三个部分。 5．运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为________、________ 、_________ 、__________ 、__________ 五个阶段。 6．语言是人类社会的______________，而且也是思维的______________。 7．在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务。例如汉民族点头表示____________，摇头表示____________，送别时挥手表示 ______________，____________表示欢迎，咬牙切齿表示_____________，手舞足蹈表示____________。 8．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性____________。 9．汉语的“哥哥”、“弟弟”，英语用________________表示，汉语的“舅舅、姨父、姑父、叔叔、伯伯”，英语用______________表示。 10．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个 _____。 11．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习_________。 12．任何符号，都是由和两个方面构成的。 13．一个符号，如果没有_______，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有_______，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 14．语言符号是_________和_________的统一体，声音是语言符号的______。

morphology的学习

Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Open class word and closed class word Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs Closed class words---- grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns. Morpheme--the minimal unit of meaning词素 ---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism 总的来说，形态学就是研究英语单词的语言学分支。英文介绍： Chapter 3 Morphology Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Open class word and closed class word Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns. Morpheme--the minimal unit of meaning ---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism

语言学纲要名词解释.

语言学纲要名词解释导言 1.语言学：以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立学科，其主要任务是研究语言的性质、结构和功能，通过考察语言及其应用的现象，来解释语言存在和发展的规律。 2.语文学：指19世纪历史比较语言学之前的语言研究，这时的语言研究尚未独立，语言学作为其他学科的附庸而存在，语言研究的主要目的是为了阅读古籍和语言教学，从而为统治者治理国家或为其他学科的研究服务。 3.小学：中国传统的语文学，由于汉语书面语使用的文字——汉字的特点，中国传统语言研究抓住汉字，分析它的形体，探求它的古代读音和意义，形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵、训诂之学，也就是中国传统的语文学。 4.理论语言学：也称普通语言学，是关于语言的一般规律的理论研究。理论语言学的水平在很大程度上决定于具体语言学的研究成果。 5.共时语言学：以同时的、静态的分析方法，研究语言相对静止的状态，描写分析语言在某一时期、某一阶段的状况，是从横的方面研究语言。 6.历时语言学：研究语言发展的历史，观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变，是从纵向的方面研究语言的历史。涉及到一种语言的叫做历时语言学，如历史语音学，历史词汇学，历史语法学等；涉及到多种语言和方言的叫做历史比较语言学。 7.索绪尔：瑞士语言学家，现代语言学的奠基人，结构主义语言学的开创者，著有《普通语言学教程》，被人们誉为“现代语言学之父”。他提出语言是符号体系；符号由能指所指两部分构成，这两部分的关系是任意的，一旦形成以后又是约定性的；符号系统内部存在“组合关系”和“聚合关系”；区分了“语言”和“言语”；“内部语言学”和“外部语言学”；“历时语言学”和“共时语言学”。他的学说标志着现代语言学的开始，在不同的程度上影响着20世纪的各个语言学派。 8.布龙菲尔德：美国描写语言学派的代表人物，它的主要贡献是将语言学从哲学理念建设成为一门科学。早期的著作是出版于1914年的《语言研究导论》，立足于心理学来阐释语言、刺激—反应论来解释语言的产生和理解的过程。1933年他的最有影响的著作《语言论》出版。这时，他已经从构造心理学转到行为心理学。他在该书中提出了美国结构语言学派研究语言的基本原则和描写语言结构的总框架。 9.乔姆斯基：转换生成语法的创始人，著有《句法结构》。最出他用结构主义的方法研究希伯来语，后来发现这种方法有很大的局限性，转而探索新的方法，逐步建立了转换生成语法，1957年出版的《句法结构》就是这一新方法的标志。这种分析方法风靡全世界，冲垮了结构语言学的支配地位，因而被人们成为“乔姆斯基革命”，对语言学的发展方向产成了巨大影响。 10.韩礼德：英国语言学家，功能主义语言学派的代表人物，继承了以弗斯为首的伦敦学派的基本理论，并吸收布拉格学派和哥本哈根学派的某些观点的基础上发展起来和创立了系统功能语法，著有《普通语言学教程》《语法功能论》等著作。他从人类学和社会学的角度出发研究语言与社会的关系，把语言看做“社会符号”，其包括功能系统、层次和语境等概念，在语法中认为系统中存在连锁系统和选择系统，在功能语法中他用功能的配置来解释语法结构，提出了概念功能、人际功能、语篇功能。20世纪70年代后，他将注意力转移到语言与社会学、符号学的关系上，对社会语言学进行研究。 11.赵元任：字宣仲，江苏常州人，生于天津。赵元任是“中国语言学之父”。他将科学运用于语言学研究的结果：用自然科学中的基本概念说明语言问题；用自然科学的先进成果记录和分析语音；把自然科学中的研究方法引入语言学；引入科学的描述事物的方式以及解决问题的程序等等。中国的传统语言学在他和同时代的一批学者的努力下，逐步走向现代化。 12.历史比较语言学：出现于18世纪末19世纪初，中心在德国。该学派采用历史比较的方法，通过语音和词形的比较研究语言的发展和演变，发现了语言之间的亲缘关系并建立了语言的谱系分类。历史比较语言学的兴起，是语言学成为一门独立的学科。经过一个多世纪的探索研究，弄清了世界上很多语言的同源关系，建立了世界语言的谱系分类，为语言学的发展做了很大贡献。历史比较语言学也有局限：他强调了语言的历史比较，忽视了语言的共时研究；孤立地研究语言单位，缺乏对语言系统性的研究。 13.结构主义语言学：1916年索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》标志着结构主义语言学的诞生。索绪尔语言理论的核心是语言是符号系统，突破了历史比较语言学的局限，开拓了语言研究的新领域，给语言学带来革命性的变化。

2010年中国传媒大学考博语言学理论试题及答案

中国传媒大学2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试语言学理论试题一.论述题。 1.必答题(40分) 就语言规划或语言规范化问题尽你所知进行论述。 2.选答题(30分,任选其一回答) A.就话语(也叫篇章、语篇)研究进行论述。 B.就形式主义语言学和功能主义语言学进行论述。二.分析题(30分,每小题10分) 1.指出下面三个四字格之间的联系,分析形成的原因,并说明各自的表达效果。喜鹊登枝喜上眉梢喜上眉梢 2.下面两组句子,一组可逆,一组不可逆,请从认知角度解释。我后悔死这件事了——这件事后悔死我了我后悔这件事了——★这件事后悔我了 3.运用预设理论解释下面句子。

北京又要打击非法一日游了中国传媒大学2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试语言学理论试题二.论述题。 1.必答题(40分) 就语言规划或语言规范化问题尽你所知进行论述。 (1)语言文字的合理发展,对一个国家或民族的发展具有不可估量的作用。国家或社会为了管理社会语言生活,对语言的现状及发展施加有计划有目的的影响以促进语言文字健康发展使其更好的尾社会服务而进行的各种工作就是语言规划。 (2)语言规划涉及的内容很多,主要包括民族共同语的确立和推广,民族共同语的规范和完善,语言选择,语言协调,语言调查,科技术语的统一和标准化,文字的创制和改革等。 (3)①语言文字立法是语言规划的一种体现。《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》是语言政策的法律体现,对于加强语言文字工作有重要意义。②政府对语言的管理和影响表现在官方语言的选择上,外语教育也有语言选择问题,除了语言选择以外还有标准化问题,包括科技术语的标准化和语言规范化。 (4)语言规划的原则:语言规划必须尊重并且符合语言发展的客观规律,符合社会发展的需要,符合广大人民群众的意愿。避免两种倾向:一种是人在语言文字面前无能为力,无所作为;一种是过于夸大人的作用。

语言学纲要习题答案

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