仿真技术仿真器中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料对照外文翻译

First, the development of simulator

Throughout nearly two decades of national development process of simulation technology, according to simulator technology to be used to divide the domestic about the design of simulators can be divided into the following periods:

(1) the late 70s in the mid -80

The technology during this period was mainly the development of simulation systems, now is not high technology, the user request is not high.

(2) the late 80's during the late -90

The main use of this period with an emulation function Winbond chip production, the technology is called Bondout. Using this chip to greatly simplify the design of emulator, so the standard of domestic emulator with a large increase can be largely occupied by the user resources.

Simulation performance is due to the increase in domestic production in the emulator nearly 10 years no progress has been produced using this model. Although individual companies have also tried other techniques to improve the simulation of the standard, for example, HOOKS technology, but because of their technical limitations did not succeed. Instead abroad earlier simulator technology used HOOKS, HOOKS at the initial stage due to the complexity of the technology itself, simulation performance and price as the domestic use of the simulator Bondout.

With the development of IC technology, the domestic production HOOKS technology is ripe, but several major domestic manufacturers also Bondout technologies intoxicated.

(3)After 2000 year

China in 2000 emulator period changes in the market, the largest, the most striking change is the Winbond W78958 chip simulation of the production.

Winbond W78958 chip during the design stage, the internal functions of the simulation only to the production simulator to simulator manufacturers in order to better promote the W78958. After several years of change, however, W78958 simulator evolved into the use of a simulation of the ASIC rather than using the standard chip, the scope of use is limited to domestic and 20,000 a year less than the amount the company also contributed to the Winbond After entering in 2002 announced that it would stop production of the chip.

W78958 production, the domestic manufacturers simulator in a very embarrassing situation. W78958 use at home as a result of nearly 10 years, the domestic user base is very large, these users will not be able to receive continued support, especially maintenance. In addition, the domestic focus in the W78958 on the technical work done can not be renewed and improved, many people in the industry that the industry will face a simulator to set up or re-shuffle of the situation.

HOOKS simulator technology is no doubt W78958 manufacturers after the loss of alternatives, but the absence of long-term follow-up and attention, not the short term the majority of manufacturers of complex HOOKS mature technology products. Experts believe that the overall simulator manufacturers in transition may need 2-3 years of the cycle, and there is considerable simulator manufacturers will be eliminated, the market will have mainly concentrated in a few simulator manufacturers.

Chip manufacturers as more and more resources getting stronger and stronger, with chip to chip compatible simulation simulation model, there is incomplete coverage of resources (such as additional ports, additional external interrupt), address different distribution (such as the P4 I ), to operate in different ways (such as EXTRAM, WTD) and other shortcomings. Simulation with a dedicated chip to chip or Philips simulation of more than 20 manufacturers more than 400 kinds of chips, the first simulation required more and more, so there's a new generation of simulator technology.

But a new generation of patented technology makes the simulator there is no economic power can not afford to buy the beginners.

Second, the development trend of single-chip

It can be said now is a single-chip opinions of the period, the world's major chip manufacturing companies have introduced their own single-chip, from the 8, 16-32, just to name a few, everything, it is compatible with mainstream C51 series of , there

are not compatible, but they own each other into each other, for SCM applications world wide.

Throughout the development process of single-chip, you can indicate the development trend of single-chip, generally are:

1. Low-power CMOS technology

MCS-51 series of 8031 introduced the power consumption of 630mW, and now widespread in the single-chip 100mW or so, with the growing demand for low-power single-chip, and now all the basic single-chip manufacturers are use of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). As the 80C51 on the use of HMOS (high density metal oxide semiconductor process) and CHMOS (high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). Although the CMOS low power consumption, but because of its physical characteristics to determine its speed is not high enough, and then CHMOS with high-speed and low power consumption characteristics of these features, it is more suitable in low power consumption, as battery-powered applications . Therefore, the process for some time to come will be the main way to develop single-chip

2. Of micro-chip

Now are generally in conventional single-chip will be the central processing unit (CPU), random access data storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, system interruption, timing circuits, integrated circuit clock in a single chip, enhanced single-chip integration, such as A / D converter, PMW (pulse width modulation circuit), WDT (watchdog), and some will be single-chip LCD (LCD) driver integrated circuits are in a single chip, this unit includes single-chip circuits on more and more powerful features. Even single-chip manufacturers can also be tailored in accordance with the requirements of users, to create a single chip with its own chip characteristics. In addition, the product is now the universal demand of small size, light weight, which requires in addition to powerful single-chip and low power consumption, but also its smaller size. Many now have a variety of single-chip package, which SMD (surface mount) is gaining popularity, making the system constituted by the single-chip micro-moving in the direction of development.

3. The mainstream and multi-species coexistence

Although a wide variety of single-chip, unique, but still single-chip microcomputer 80C51 prevailing at the core, compatible with its structure and

command system of PHILIPS products, ATMEL company's products and China Taiwan's Winbond Series Single machine. Therefore, single-chip microcomputer as the core C8051 occupied the half. Microchip's PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) has a strong development momentum of China Taiwan HOLTEK single-chip companies in recent years, increasing production, with its high quality low-cost advantages, to occupy a certain market share. MOTOROLA addition to the company's products, several large companies in Japan's exclusive single-chip microcomputer. A certain period of time, this situation will continue to be upheld, there will not be a single-chip monopoly domination, taking the complementary interdependence, complementarity and common development.

Third, the technical development of digital single-chip

The number of single-chip technology is reflected in the internal structure, power consumption, as well as the external voltage level on the manufacturing process. In these areas, more typically describes the number of single-chip level. At the moment, users need more and more single-chip, but getting higher and higher requirements. The following four areas on which the technological progress that the situation of single-chip microcomputer.

1, the internal structure of the progress

Single-chip integrated in-house has been an increasing number of parts, these parts include commonly used circuits, such as: timers, comparators, A / D converter, D / A converters, serial communication interface, Watchdog circuit , LCD controller. Some single-chip control network in order to constitute or form a local network, the internal local area network control module contains the CAN. For example, Infineon's C 505C, C515C, C167CR, C167CS-32FM, 81C90; Motorola's 68HC08AZ series. Especially in the C167CS-32FM in single-chip, also contains two internal CAN. Therefore, such single-chip networks are very easy to pose. Especially in the control system more complicated, the constitute a very useful control network. In order to facilitate the use of variable frequency control of single-chip, to form the most cost-effective embedded control systems. Some set up a special single-chip internal control for variable frequency pulse width modulation control circuit, the single-chip microcomputer has Fujitsu's MB89850 series of companies, MB89860 series; Motorola's MC68HC08MR16, MR24 and so on. In these single-chip, the pulse width modulation circuit 6-channel output, can produce three-phase PWM AC voltage, and internal control with dead-zone function.

Of particular note are: It is now some have adopted the so-called single-chip trinuclear (TrCore) structure. This is a system-level chips built on the (System on a chip) on the structure of the concept. This single-chip consists of three core components: a micro-controller and the DSP core, a data and program memory is nuclear and the last one is the external application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The most important feature of this single-chip is the DSP and microcontroller at the same time do so in a chip. Although the structure definition, DSP is a type of single-chip, but its role is mainly seen in the high-speed computing and special treatment as above, such as fast Fourier transform. It combines traditional single-chip integrated single-chip greatly enhanced functionality. This is the single-chip, one of the greatest progress. This single-chip microcomputer has the most typical Infineon's TC10GP; Hitachi's SH7410, SH7612 and so on. These are high-end single-chip single-chip, MCU is 32 and the DSP 16 or 32-bit structure, the frequency of 60MHz or more generally.

2, power consumption, packaging and power supply voltage of the progress

Now the new single-chip power consumption is getting smaller and smaller, especially the many single-chip are a variety of work settings, which include waiting, suspended, sleep, idle, power-saving mode and so on. P87LPC762 single-chip company Philips is a very typical example, in idle, the power consumption is 1.5 mA, while in power-saving mode, the power consumption is only 0.5mA. In the most amazing power is TI's MSP430 family of single chip, it is a series of 16, there are ultra-low power work. Its low-power way LPM1, LPM3, LPM4 three. When the power supply to 3V, if the work in the LMP1, even if the external circuit is active, inactive as a result of CPU, oscillator at 1 ~ 4MHz, when power consumption is only 50? A. In LPM3, the oscillator at 32kHz, this power consumption is only 1.3? A. In LPM4 when, CPU, peripherals and not the activities of 32kHz oscillator, the power consumption is only 0.1? A. Now the level of single-chip package has been greatly enhanced, with the emergence of chip technology, a large number of single-chip also used a variety of chip technology in line with the package appears to significantly reduce the volume. In this situation, Microchip has introduced the single-chip 8-pin special attention. This is PIC12CXXX series. It contains 0.5 ~ 2K program memory, 25 ~ 128 bytes of data memory, 6 I / O port and a timer, and some also with four A / D, fully able to meet a number of low-grade system. To expand the scope of supply voltage and low voltage work is still today one of the objectives of single-chip

development. At the moment, it can be single-chip 3.3 ~ 5.5V conditions. And some manufacturers, it can produce 2.2 ~ 6V to work under the conditions of the single chip. These single-chip companies are Fujitsu's MB89191 ~ 89195, MB89121 ~ 125A, MB89130 series, it should be said that the company's F2MC-8L MCU meet the vast majority of the 2.2 ~ 6V operating voltage conditions. MSP430X11X and TI's family of operating voltage is as low as 2.2V's.

3, the progress of technology

Basically, the current single-chip CMOS technology used, but most use 0.6? M above the lithography process, there are individual companies such as Motorola Inc. have been using 0.35? M or even 0.25? M technology. These technological advances greatly improved the internal single-chip density and reliability.

Fourth, embedded system as the core of a single-chip

SCM is a new name embedded micro-controller, because it can be embedded into any micro-or small-scale equipment or equipment. At present, the single-chip embedded systems and Internet connectivity is a trend. However, Internet has been used as a fat server, thin machine technology users. This technology on the Internet to store and access large amounts of data is appropriate, but for control of embedded devices has become the "sledgehammer cracking a nut," the. Embedded devices to achieve and Int ernet connection, we need the Internet to the traditional theory and practice of embedded devices are reversed. In order to make complex or simple embedded devices, such as single-chip microcomputer-controlled machine tools, single-chip microcomputer-controlled door locks, can be practical and Internet connection, requires specialized equipment for the embedded microcontroller design a web server to embed devices can be connected to Internet, and through a standard Web browser to process control.

At present, in order to single-chip microcomputer as the core of embedded systems and Internet connected companies, there are many more studies in this area. More typical in this regard have emWare and TASKING company. Embedded systems companies EmWare network program - EMIT technology. This technology consists of three main parts: the emMicro, emGateway and web browser. Which, emMicro embedded devices is a 1K-byte memory capacity accounted for only a very small web servers; emGateway stronger as a function of the user or server, and it is used to achieve more than the management of embedded devices, as well as standard access the Internet communications, as well as the support of a web browser. Web

browsers use to display and embedded emObjicts data transmission between devices. If sufficient resources embedded devices, while at the same time emMicro and emGateway into embedded devices, to achieve direct access to the Inter net. Otherwise, it will require a web browser emGateway and each other. EmWare's EMIT software technology using standard Internet protocol for 8-bit and 16-bit embedded devices to manage, but costs much less traditional. At present, single-chip applications, a new problem: This is how to make the 8-bit, 16-bit single-chip microcomputer to control the product, or embedded products or equipment to achieve the interconnection and the Internet? TASKING is now to solve this problem means. The company has emWare of EMIT software packages and related supporting integration, the formation of an integrated development environment, to provide users with convenient development. Embedded Internet Union ETI (embed the Internet Consortium) is to work closely with the development of embedded Internet solutions. Results in the near future there will be published.

Fifth, technology development of the reliability of single-chip application

In single-chip applications, reliability is the primary factor in the application of SCM in order to expand the scope and areas to improve the reliability of its single-chip is an effective method. In recent years, manufacturers of single-chip single-chip design in the use of a variety of new technologies to improve reliability, the performance of these new technologies in the following points:

1, EFT (Ellectrical Fast Transient) technology

2, EFT is an anti-jamming technology, which is defined as the sinusoidal signal oscillation circuit outside interference, the waveform will be a variety of Deburring signal superposition, if you use their plastic Schmidt circuit, it will become a burr trigger signals interfere with the normal clock, in the alternate use of Schmitt circuit and RC filter circuit, it can be eliminated or their role in these gross failure to ensure that the clock signal systems work properly. In this way, a single chip to enhance the reliability of the work. Motorola's MC68HC08 family of single chip on the use of this technology. Low-noise cabling technology and drive technology

In a traditional single-chip, the power and ground wire in the integrated circuit pin symmetric shell, the general is in the upper left, lower right or upper right, lower left of the two pairs of symmetric points. In this way, so that power supply noise on the chip through the block of single-chip interference caused by the internal circuit.

Now, put a lot of single-chip power pin arrangement and the two adjacent pins. In this way, not only reduces the current through the entire chip, while still easy to layout printed circuit board decoupling capacitor, thus reducing system noise. Now in order to meet the needs of a wide range of applications, many single-chip output capacity has been greatly improved, Motorola's single-chip I / O port of the irrigation of up to 8mA current pull over, and Microchip's single-chip can be up to 25mA. Other companies: AMD, Fujitsu, NEC, Infineon, Hitachi, Ateml, Tosbiba basically been able to achieve, such as the level of 8 ~ 20mA. These large current drive circuit chip integrated into the work of bringing in all kinds of noise, in order to reduce this impact, and now the use of a number of small single-chip parallel tube equivalent ways of a large pipe, and in each small Guanzi different output equivalent series resistance of the resistor in order to reduce the di / dt, which is the so-called "hopping along the softening technology", in order to eliminate transient current noise.

3, the use of low-frequency clock

High-frequency noise sources outside the clock is one, not only can interfere with single-chip applications, but also interfere with the outside circuit, so that can not meet the requirements of electromagnetic compatibility. Requirements for high reliability systems, low-frequency external clock to reduce system noise. Single-chip used in a number of internal phase lock loop technology, in the external clock is low, it can produce a higher speed internal bus, thus ensuring the speed and reduce noise. Motorola's MC68HC08 family of 1 6 / 32-bit single-chip has been adopted to improve the reliability of this technology

一、仿真器的发展

纵观国内近二十年的仿真技术发展历程，根据仿真器使用的技术来划分，国

内仿真器的设计大约可以分成以下几个时期：

(1) 70年代末期-80年代中期

这个时期采用的技术主要是仿真开发系统，现在看来技术含量不高，用户要求也不高。

(2) 80年代末期-90年代末期

这个时期主要使用华邦一颗带有仿真功能的芯片制作，采用的技术叫做Bondout。采用这颗芯片能大大简化仿真器的设计，因此国内仿真器的水准有了大的提高，基本上可以不占用用户资源。

正是由于仿真性能的提高，国内的仿真器制作在将近10年的时间内没有进步，一直采用这种制作模式。虽然个别厂商也尝试过别的技术来提高仿真水准，例如HOOKS技术，但是由于本身技术的限制没有成功。相反国外的仿真器较早地使用了HOOKS技术，在初期由于HOOKS技术本身的复杂性，仿真性能和价格不如国内采用Bondout的仿真器。

随着IC技术的发展，国内制作HOOKS技术的条件已经成熟，但是国内的几家主要的生产厂商还陶醉于Bondout技术之中。

(3) 2000年开始

2000年是中国仿真器市场变化最大的时期，其中最引人注目的变化是华邦仿真芯片W78958的停产。

华邦公司在设计W78958芯片时，其内部的仿真功能只是为了仿真器厂商能制作仿真器以便更好的推广W78958。但是经过几年的变化，W78958演变成为一颗仿真器上使用的仿真专用芯片而不是用户使用的标准芯片，使用的范围也仅限于国内，一年不到20000只的用量也促使华邦公司在进入2002年后宣布将停产该芯片。

W78958停产以后，国内仿真器厂商处于一个非常尴尬的局面。由于W78958在国内使用了将近10年，国内的用户群非常庞大，这些用户将无法得到持续的支持特别是维修方面。另外，国内围绕在W78958上所做的技术工作也无法得到延续和提高，很多业界人士认为仿真器行业将面临另起炉灶或重新洗牌的局面。

HOOKS技术无疑是仿真器厂商在失去W78958后的替代品，但是由于没有长期跟踪和关注，短期内多数厂家无法将复杂的HOOKS技术应用于成熟的产品中。专家们认为仿真器厂家的整体转型可能需要2－3年的周期，并且有相当的仿真器厂家将会被淘汰，市场拥有量将主要集中在少数几个仿真器厂家。

随着芯片厂家越来越多、资源越来越强，用甲厂芯片去仿真乙厂芯片的兼容仿真模式，存在资源覆盖不全(如附加端口、附加外部中断)、地址分布不同(如P4口)、操作方式不同(如EXTRAM、WTD)等缺点。用专用仿真芯片或Philips

芯片去仿真20多个厂家的400多种芯片，所需的仿真头越来越多，因此有了新一代专利技术的仿真器。

但是新一代专利技术的仿真器却使没有什么经济能力的初学者无力购买。二、单片机的发展趋势

现在可以说单片机是百花齐放，百家争鸣的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位，数不胜数，应有尽有，有与主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。

纵观单片机的发展过程，可以预示单片机的发展趋势，大致有：

1.低功耗CMOS化

MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。象80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS 则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征，更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径

2.微型单片化

现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的单片机芯片。此外，现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻，这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外，还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式，其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎，使得由单片机构成的系统正朝微型化方向发展。

3.主流与多品种共存

现在虽然单片机的品种繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51为核心的单片机占主流，兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品，ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾的Winbond系列单片机。所以C8051为核心的单片机占据了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精简指令集(RISC)也有着强劲的发展势头，中国台湾的HOLTEK公司近年的单片机产量与日俱增，与其低价质优的优势，占据一定的市场分额。此外还有MOTOROLA公司的产品，日本几大公司的专用单片机。

中英文参考文献格式

中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告

中英文论文对照格式

英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式

表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同，靠左边，位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字，表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中，边框粗细采用0.5磅；表格内文字采用Times New Roman，10磅。 举例： Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks

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————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：

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