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GRE新写作

GRE新写作
GRE新写作

GRE新写作

GRE新写作2012全面突破备考必读

一. Analytical Writing Section简介

逻辑写作是 General GRE Test考试的三个必考部分之一,它的前身是ETS 设计的写作单项考试AWA(Analytical Writing Assessment)。ETS从02年10月份开始,正式将写作单项考试并入GRE考试,取代原有的GRE逻辑部分(Analytical Section)。它用于评价考生的逻辑思维和英文写作能力。即分析问题,阐述立场,论证观点的能力和独立的完成一篇中心明确逻辑严谨的英文文章的能力。在这里请注意:逻辑写作不测试学生所掌握的具体知识,以确保对于有不同教育背景的考生的公平性。

新GRE写作要求考生在30分钟+30 分钟内分别完成两篇文章,它是美国所有作文考试中时间最长而质量要求最高的一类作文考试。此外,GRE作文不仅是普林斯顿的教授给个分就算,它还要我们花钱将其寄到我们申请的学校,然后由这帮决定我们命运的委员会的委员们严格把关,看你是否在科研文章的写作方面具备一定的水准,因为你们将来的老板对写作的要求是比较高的,所以这自然是构成了你能不能得到奖学金的重要标准之一。当然大家也不要怕,GRE写作的题目是全世界公开的,有点像我们的开卷考试,只要花一定的精力准备,再加上临危不惧的心态,一般的中国考生基本都能考到4.5分以上,所以请大家在准备GRE写作的第一天开始就要具备这种必胜的心态。

从形式上讲:

逻辑写作考试包括两个不同的部分:

1.Issue task(30min),要求作者根据所给题目,完成一篇表明立场的逻辑立论文。

2.Argument task(30min),要求考生分析所给题目,完成一篇驳论文,指出并且有力的驳斥题目中的主要逻辑错误。

从特点上讲:

1. GRE写作考试有题库:

为了达到公平,ETS公布了它考试的所有写作题库,那么为了达到能和native speaker一起竞争,考生应该在考前对所有题目都进行预习(节约考试时

的审题时间),并通过100-150个提纲的写作了解GRE写作的一般结构,通过30-50篇写作来练习自己的写作思路和表达。对题库中的题目越熟练,对考试越有利。

2. GRE写作考试的评阅是计件工作制的:

每个评卷人对你文章的评阅非常快,不可能对每个细节都很仔细地去看。考生应该迎合评卷人的评卷思路,用最规范的结构和最清晰的表达来体现自己的思路:首段要鲜明地提出观点,中间段落层次要拉开,每段的开始应该就是该段的topic sentence。

3. GRE写作的评分是整体评分(holistic scoring):

首先,从ETS公布的各分数段评分标准看,其评分主要注重以下三个方面:①、逻辑分析能力(要求insightful);②、文章的组织(要求 well-organized);

③、语言能力(要求standard written English; concise; varied structure 等)。

但是ETS也强调,评分是整体的,而不是各个角度分别评分。这就说明,虽然中国考生的语言能力偏弱,但是只要能在其他两个角度上给评卷人非常impressive的感觉,一样可以拿到6分。因此,在短期内尽力提高语言能力的同时(语言能力的培养不是一天两天可以完成的),我们在复习时应该尽可能地对题目进行深入的分析,学习高分作文的文章结构,通过这两个方面的突破来迅速提高作文整体的分数。

4. GRE写作两个部分在总分中的权重是一样的:

由于AA的写作不牵涉自己观点的展开,只须指出作者逻辑上的漏洞,因此在经过训练以后,写起来并不困难;而AI的写作需要自己展开自己设立的观点,不但需要逻辑上的洞察能力,还需要论证观点的能力,语言组织的能力,因此对于中国考生来讲比较困难,难以短期内有较大提高。但是这两个部分在总分中的权重是一样的,因此考生的策略应该是尽量提高AI部分的写作能力而力保AA部分满分(或高分)。因为如果AA部分满分的话,AI部分只需争取在4分以上就可以保证整体作文分数在5分以上。

二. ETS的评分标准以及作文分数的计算

参照ETS 评过分的范文,我们不难发现:无论是ISSUE还是ARGUMENT在评分标准上都有共同之处,即:第一,观点要有深度,论证要有说服力;第二,组织要有条理,表达清晰准确;第三,语言流利,句式复杂,词汇丰富。这三条分别说的是行文的“思想性”、“结构性”和“表达性”,众多高分作文的考生大凡都在这三个方面做得很好,我们理所当然也要从这里入手,采取“各个击破”的方法解剖GRE作文的本质,从而得到一个理想分数。GRE写作的记分方式是这样的,两篇作文总分都是六分,计算公式为你的得分=(Issue的得分

+Argument的得分)/2,最终的计分是以0.5分为一个格。

三. 把握备考原则

我们的应考原则是“保住Issue,力争Argument”。

逻辑写作总的来看,Issue难度高于Argument。对于考生来说,Issue比Argument要求考生拥有更扎实的写作功底和更严密的逻辑思维。同时,ETS对于Issue的模板化和plagiarisms更加敏感。总之,获得Issue高分需要较多的努力。相比之下,Argument内容相对单一(出错的逻辑类型比较少),题目中给了考生更多的提示信息,因此提高Argument成绩容易一些。

要获得满意的写作分数,应保证Issue在4.0以上,Argument在5.0以上,这样总分才能在4.5以上。

四. 制定应考计划:

在制定一份行之有效的复习计划之前,我们应注意以下几个方面:

( 一 ) 练习的数量:

Issue题库涉及社会,文化,科技,历史,政治,艺术,教育,法律,伦理等诸多方面。不同类型的题目有较大的差别,但是在同一类型的题目中却包含了许多命题的方向非常接近的题目,比如说: "While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."和"The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive, but learning to be cooperative."都是说竞争意识与合作意识对于社会或个人的利弊;再比如说:"History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today." 和"The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives." 和 "The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."都是讨论“研究历史的价值”。这些题目,本质上是一致的,考生完全可以用一篇文章来应对这一类题目。这对于获得高分有至关重要的作用。

当然,练习这么多的文章需要考生付出相当大的代价。大部分考生都没有这么充裕的时间。一般来说,针对不同类型的Issue题目,要练习50篇左右。

我们再来说说Argument。Argument题库内容虽然很大,但就题目中出错的逻辑类型来说,就显得较为单一了,比如:第2题---由于 Brookville采用了景观限制措施,我们Deerhaven Ares也应采用。第16题---邻省Lucria开设了彩票业务,我们Impecunia也应效仿。第18题---改良了道路并维持55mph

的速度限制,我们 Prunty County也应保持55mph的速度限制。

再如:第8题---Mesa Food的食品在一个小地区获得了成功,我们在全国范围内推广其产品的销售。第19题---Ad Lib在Megalopolis推销摇滚乐队的演出门票很成功,因此在全国的巡回演出中也应使用Ad Lib来做门票销售代理。这5道题目都有共同的逻辑错误,“在另外一个地点发生的情况,在本地也必然发生“。考生可以用完全一致的驳斥方法,来驳斥。这一点,我们在以后几讲中将详细的介绍给大家。

另外,Argument题目中大都提供了相当丰富的背景信息,所以考生总不至于无话可说。总而言之,Argument的难度要比Issue低一些,只要考生把各种逻辑错误熟练的掌握,并能清楚明白的表述出来,成绩一般不会低于4分。Argument题库中的逻辑错误,修文粗略的统计了一下,大概有8、9种,如果考生想要在Argument部分拿到4.5以上的成绩,那么针对每种错误类型练习至少要练习3篇,总数在30左右就可以了。

( 二 )。练习的质量---(从实力化角度提高GRE写作水平):

1. 大量阅读

A. 读文章

本书给出的GRE写作范文,是最好的备考素材,同时GRE阅读部分的文章也是我们有针对性地阅读的一个素材库,要扎扎实实地提高英语写作水平,就必须要以扎扎实实的阅读量为前提之一,必须体会地道的、漂亮的语言是怎么写出来的,通过对范文的语言内容和逻辑的理解来学习写作中词汇的使用、句型的使用。在阅读中,你有机会把语言与语言所包含的内容、思维方式联系起来。范文中的一个词或者词组、句式,由于处在具体的语言环境中,你就能体会到它的确切内涵和外延,以及用法,通过不断的积累这些好词好句的用法,你的写作用词和炼句的能力就稳步的提高。因此,对于考生来说,不要死记范文,应该怎么利用范文呢?从宏观角度说:要从范文中提炼文章的结构和逻辑层级,也就是论证体系。从微观角度说,要从范文中提炼语言点(词、短语、句式)。

B. 读历史、哲学、政治等相关书籍,储备GRE写作必须的知识量

GRE写作之所以有其独特的魅力,是因为他所考的题目特点涉及大量的哲学观点、宗教、政治、艺术、社会问题、历史现象,而且要求考生要有理有据的进行 insightful分析和论证,如何做到insightful, 你就必须对一些哲学观点有所了解,这样你自然能够分析的透彻、论证的很有说服力,同时对相关话题在知识储备上有所铺垫,否则将无从说起,无话可说。例如 GRE的Issue部分有这样一道真题:"Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are." 典礼和仪式有助于确立一种文化,否则人们的社会或群体的角色归属感削弱。怎么去理解ritual, 西方社会都有哪些对人影响和大的rituals,rituals和归属感为什么有联系,如何联系在一起的,这个话题如果不对宗教有所了解,肯定感觉无从下手。

其次,GRE写作,有其是Issue写作对于论据的要求是非常高的,因此你的名人事例的储备,相关知识量的积累是非常重要的,历史长河中的大量的事例是你最有说服力的例证,这一环节也正是GRE考生最为头疼的一部分,举不出支持自己的观点的例子,因此让自己的文章显得只有苍白的论证,缺乏说服力。因此要多读历史,积累例子,有其关注那些重要的哲学家、科学家、艺术家、政治领袖、商业领袖他们的生平事迹、主要贡献。例如Issue里的这样一道真题:"Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society."真正影响深远的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家们总是与他们的时代和社会步伐不一致。这个题目你如果没有必备的那些思想家和艺术家的例子,文章必然缺乏说服力。因此读历史积累写作素材,具体说就是论据素材是拿GRE作文高分的一个重要环节。

2. 研习题库、写提纲、练习

Argument部分,首先要熟悉每一个题目,因为题目就是从这题库中抽取,对于每一个题目找出主要的逻辑错误,也就是Argument题目的提纲,同时每一个逻辑错误准备一套语言套路去说,本书的Argument部分对每个逻辑错误都给出了详细的解析,同时提供了详细的攻击框架和漂亮的论证语言。写完每一个题目的提纲后,写10-15篇完整的文章(语言能力弱的话,可以增加写作量),找partner帮你改,知道错误以后重写。

Issue部分,写提纲对于这一部分的备考是至关重要的,也是最占用时间、最核心的一个环节,每一个题目的提纲力求详细,不用去写开头段和结尾段,就写正文各段你的各个分支观点,也就是正文部分的论证过程,除了论证以外,写完后想想可以用些什么论据,把支持论证的论据也写上。这里,再次强调的是,一定要较为详细的写Issue提纲,否则,在考场如果遇到没有思考过的题目,很容易乱了阵脚,临场去想,导致失败。此外,题目必须考前按题材分类去写提纲,看懂,知道对立面和大致写作思路,往往论据在同类的很多题目中通用;写完提纲后,再写20-40篇完整的文章(语言能力弱的话,尽量多写)。

2012年4月19日13:05:03

gre写作模板

一. 新GRE作文文章整体结构 大负小正:诚然A,但是B,而且C。 承认+转折+递进 大正小负:诚然A,有时甚至B,但是C。 承认+递进+转折 二. 新GRE作文常用句式 开头: a) In this statement, the speaker asserts that…(作者的结论是什么) b) I agree with the speaker insofar as...(某种程度上同意作者的观点) c) Whereas, in my perspective, …is unilateral(作者的观点片面在什么地方) 第二段:a) Admittedly, 第三段:a) However, 第四段:a) Furthermore, 结尾: a) In summary, from what has been discussed above, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that…(重述观点) 以上就是新GRE作文模板及GRE作文常用句型的介绍,以后考生们进行新GRE作文issue写作就再也不用担心文章的结构了,顺利的剖析题目,与新GRE写作模板再加上独特的观点,即可将高分顺利那些。 页脚内容1

1 Argument 1. 1) In this argument the speaker concludes that 2) To justify this contusion the speaker cites a recent survey of 3) The speaker also points out that 4) This argument is unpersuasive for several reasons. 2. 1) First, the survey must be shown to be reliable before I can accept any contusions based upon it. 2) Specifically, the responses must be accurate, and the respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall 3) Without evidence of the survey's reliability, it is impossible to draw any firm conclusions about the current dietary habits of 3. 1) Second, the argument relies on the dubious assumption that following the government's nutrition recommendations 2) It is entirely possible that 3) Thus without evidence to substantiate this assumption the speaker cannot reasonably conclude that 4) Third, the speaker assumes too hastily that… Without ruling out this possibility the speaker cannot reasonably conclude with any confidence that 5) Lacking firm evidence that …, the speaker cannot justify any conclusions about the 4. 页脚内容2

GRE写作提分必备高分模板介绍

GRE写作提分必备高分模板介绍 常有同学会问,GRE考试作文分数低怎么办?在解决这个问题前,大家先需要明确的是,造成作文分数低的原因有很多,找到正确的原因,下面就和大家分享GRE写作提分必备高分模板正确使用方法介绍,希望能够帮助到大家,来欣赏一下吧! GRE写作提分必备高分模板正确使用方法介绍 解决新GRE写作分数低的几条建议 1.有的放矢,充分准备。在备考新GRE作文过程中要多准备例子,并把它们一一写下来,进行分类。一个例子往往可以应对好几个同类的题目,这样做是效率最高的办法。 2.万事开头难,迈出第一步。我们都害怕写新GRE作文,想到要练习写一整篇*,往往就没有了信心。其实我们可以从练习写作开头段,然后设计*的提纲开始。写开头段能够让我们以轻松一点的心情着手新GRE写作的准备,并且迅速了解所有的题目,因为GRE考试的题目数量是固定的。 3. 储备积极词汇,用时得心应手。从备考的开始就要着手增加working vocabulary, 当然也包含词组,成语。平时背的词汇往往只是看到它能知道其中文的某个翻译意思,但是我们却不能灵活运用这些词汇进行表达,更不用说在短暂的GRE写作考试时

间内用它们遣词造句了。所以,对于一些写作中经常用到的词汇、词组和成语,大家需要掌握的不仅是基本的辨识能力,对于其用法也要能有所了解,记忆的时候结合句子进行背诵,在平时训练时也要加强运用方面的实际练习,这样才能做到信手拈来,挥洒自如。 GRE作文模板使用方法 1. 确定*主体框架结构,包括引出观点和总结观点的词汇,句式。 2. 确定论证过程的框架,每个支持段落都有各自的论证模式,举例,因果,对比等,确定到论证的逻辑引导词上; 3. 通过改写句子,采用合适的词汇代替以上两步的成果; 4. 改变句式,将各类语法结构加入其中:倒装,独立主格结构,虚拟语气等。 5. 中间各段:提出分论点解释分论点总结分论点/联系主观点,即在每个分段的最后总结一下分论点和主观点之间的联系。 6. 注意句式变换,尽量不要简单句并列使用。 7. 能够用which、where等连词连起来的句子就尽量连起来,减少零碎句子。 解读GRE考试作文中的逻辑写作

gre作文算总分吗

gre作文算总分吗 GRE作文虽然分数单独计算,不计入总分,但并不代表这六分的含金量就不如其他部分的分数。相反,很多学校,都会特别对作文分数提出单独的标准,因为作文水平往往体现了考生的逻辑思维能力,重要性不容小觑。从某种程度上来说,作文才是GRE考试的精华部分——因为GRE考的就是逻辑,用英语写两篇作文只是形式而已,主要目的就是考察考生的逻辑分析水平。 因此,在准备GRE作文时,最重要的一个步骤就在于熟悉题库和认真准备提纲。对于立论文(Issue)而言,自己动手拟一份完整的提纲是很有必要的,当然可以参考各种资料,但必须勤动脑,想一想提纲的逻辑连续性。实际上,有偏向性、但又不要绝对化的思路才是最易上手的。对于驳论文(Argument)而言,熟悉题库更为重要。很多人觉得一个题目拿过来随便就能挑出五六个错误。正常情况下也许的确如此,但也有些难题若不事先好好准备,五分钟之内能找出两个错误都不太容易。写驳论文有很多小窍门,如需要锻炼出区别“事实”和“观点”的能力,不论题目中所给的事实有多夸张都需要默认其正确性,只能攻击观点中的逻辑漏洞;凡是跟统计数字、统计方法有关的逻辑错误都尽量不要攻击,最多只能一笔带过等等。至于作文的语言,其实要求并不太高,只要通顺、没有语法错误就可以了。 GRE写作初期备考的重点 一、首先是重心问题

对于时间不是很够的考友来说,把argument放在首位会是比较好的选择,毕竟argument和issue比较更注重思想,而这刚好是中国学生的强项,比较容易在短期之内收到成效。所以中国学生的argument一般也会比issue高出0.5到1分。这个时候的策略应该是保argu争issue 而对于时间比较充裕的考友们来说,开始时候可以从issue下手,比方说现在开始练习作文的10G朋友们,可以把argument缓一缓,因为这个在短期之内还是比较容易提高的。而且先解决对语言比较高的issue之后,用issue的语言来对付argu就会觉得非常的爽。不会觉得没有话说。 确定重心之后下面就进入较为实质性的阶段了,要说提高写作的途径是什么,千变万变离不开的前提就是多读多写,也就是多积累多练习。离开了本质一切所谓的技巧都只是空中楼阁。 那么问题来了,如何积累如何练习呢? 这个问题很同意kizen的看法,一上来就狂写的人总是不够理智的,特别是在写第一遍issue和第一篇argument的时候会觉得很难受。AW真正提高的部分还是在你写作的过程中,但是在此之前看一定量的书还是很必要的。 我个人的观点是,积累到一定的量之后写几篇,从写的几篇中找自己最薄弱最需要加强的部分然后想办法解决,最后一个月左右进行模考训练,熟悉完题库和范文及作文要求以后可以尝试着写一篇然后找一下差距,语言和例子在之前积累了更好,但是如果积累不足的话也可以先写一篇然后跟范文对照一下找一下不足,然后改进,在准备的过

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英语作文万能模板教学教材

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