英语专业八级(考研)阅读理解模拟试题及解析

考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析一

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical man euvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed in tuiti on to man age a n etwork of in terrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, incon siste ncy, no velty, and surprise ; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.

Gen erati ons of writers on man ageme nt have recog ni zed that some practici ng man agers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rati on ality; others view it as an excuse for capricious ness.

Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patter ns rapidly. This in tuiti on is not arbitrary or irrati on al, but is based on years of pain stak ing practice and han ds-on experie nee that build skills. A third function of in tuiti on is to syn thesize isolated bits of data and practice into an in tegrated picture, ofte n in an Aha ! experie nee. Fourth, some man agers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisi ons are occasi on ally leery of soluti ons suggested by these methods which run coun ter to their sense of the correct course of acti on. Fin ally, man agers can use in tuiti on to bypass in-depth an alysis and move rapidly to engen der a plausible soluti on. Used in this way, in tuiti on is an almost in sta ntan eous cog nitive process in which a man ager recog ni zes familiar patter ns.

One of the implicatio ns of the in tuitive style of executive man ageme nt is that thi nki ng is in separable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which man agers develop thoughts about their compa nies and orga ni zati ons not by an alyz ing a problematic situati on and the n act ing, but by act ing and an alyz ing in close concert.

Given the great un certa inty of many of the man ageme nt issues that they face, senior man agers ofte n in stigate a course of acti on simply to lear n more about an issue. They the n use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.

1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to

[A] Speed up of the creati on of a soluti on to a problem.

[B] Ide ntify a problem.

[C] Bring together disparate facts.

[D] Stipulate clear goals.

2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1,

paragraph 2?

[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.

[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.

[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.

[D] They have misun derstood how man agers use in tuiti on in making bus in ess decisi ons.

3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major differenee in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y , who uses only formal decision analysis ?

[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts ; Manager Y does not.

[B] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis ; Manager Y does not.

[C] Man ager X takes acti on in order to arrive at the soluti on to a problem ; Man ager Y does n ot.

[D] Man ager Y draws on years of han ds-on experie nee in creati ng a soluti on to a problem ; Man ager X does not.

4. The text provides support for which of the followi ng stateme nts ?

[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision an alysis.

[B] Man agers cannot justify their in tuitive decisi ons.

[C] Man agers'' in tuiti on works con trary to their ratio nal and an alytical skills.

[D] In tuiti on en ables man agers to employ their practical experie nee more efficie ntly.

5. Which of the follow ing best describes the orga ni zati on of the first paragraph of the text ?

[A] An asserti on is made and a specific support ing example is give n.

[B] A conven ti onal model is dismissed and an alter native in troduced.

[C] The results of rece nt research are in troduced and summarized.

[D] Two oppos ing points of view are prese nted and evaluated.

答案与考点解析

1. 「答案」D

「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。本题题干中的senior managers暗示本题的答案信息在第三段,因为第三段首句包含题干中的senior managers。通过仔细阅读和理解本段中所谈到的五点，我们可推导出本题的正确选项是选项 D.本题选项A、B、C所涉及的内容分别在本段的第五点、第一点和

第三点提到。考生在解题时一定要学会认真归纳和总结原文所表达的每一层含义。

2. 「答案」D

「考点解析」这是一道句间关系题。题干已将本题的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是本题答案信息的最主要来源，通过阅读和理解此句，我们可推导出本题的正确选项是 D.考生在解题时一定要适当理解上下句之间的关系。

3. 「答案」C

「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题。题干中的who uses intuition to reach decisions暗示本题的

答案信息在第四段，因为第四段首句含有和题干中who uses in tuition to reach decisio ns大致相同的the intuitive style of executive management。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话，我们可发现第四段的第一句话都在强调act （行动），可见本题的正确选项应该是强调行动的选项 C.本题的答案信息来源

是第四段的第二句话。考生在解题时一定要首先准确地审题定位，然后要善于归纳和理解原文中的中

心主旨信息。

4. 「答案」D

「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题。题干中并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文的准确位置。

在这种情况下，考生往往迷失解题思路。在考生迷失解题思路时一定要牢记全文中心主旨，并且抓住各段的核心句。本文的中心主旨句在第一段的尾句。如果考生能够抓住第一段的尾句，并结合第三段的第四、五句，就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是 D.考生在解题时，尤其是在迷失解题思路时，一定要

首先抓全文的中心主旨句，同时还要抓一些明确表示启承转合关系的句子结构。

5. 「答案」B

「考点解析」本题是一道段落结构题。第一句话中的do not和第二句句首的rather是破解本题

的关键。抓住这两个关键就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是 B.考生在解题时一定要注意表示否定

的词语以及表示启承转合的词语，更要注意句子之间的相互关系。

［参考译文］大部分成功的高层管理人员并不拘泥于传统的推理模式，即：首先确定目标，然后估定问题

摆出各种可能性，估计成功率，再做决定，最后才付诸行动去实施。相反，在这些人的日常决策过程中，他们靠一种定义模糊的直觉应付大量相关问题，这些问题使他们必须在一堆含糊不清，自相矛盾，奇特无

比或者令人惊异的事物中做抉择，而且在考虑过程中就要有相应的行动。

管理学作品的写作者早就注意到了实践当中一些管理者对直觉依赖很强。不过总的来说，这些写作者未曾表达出什么叫做直觉。有些人将其视作理性的对立面，还有人认为它是反复无常的（做法、

性格）的一个借口。

Ise nberg最近对高层管理人员认知过程的研究揭示了管理者的直觉并不是上述的任何一种情况。

高层管理者是在五个不同的方面使用直觉。首先，他们直觉地感到有问题存在。第二，依靠直觉，管理

者们能很快表现出有教养的行为方式。这种直觉并不是任意，非理性的,而是在多年实践磨练，和亲身体验培养出的技能的基础上形成。第三,直觉把一些零散的数据和实际情况组合为一个完整画面，这经

常表现为一声Aha式的体验。第四，有些管理者也应用直觉来检验更理性化分析的结果。大部分高层管理人员熟知传统的决策分析模式和工具，那些使用这些正式的系统化方法做出决定的人经常会对

一种情况保持警惕，那就是有时此方法得出的结论和他们对正确行为的感觉不符。最后，管理者可通过直觉绕开深奥的分析而快速产生一个可能的解决办法。这么使用时，直觉几乎是一个瞬间的思维过程,

这一模式为管理者所熟悉。

这些管理者用直觉方式的一个特点是思考和行动不能分开。由于（在这种方式中）管理者在分

析和解释问题之前就已经明白应该怎么去做，他们经常是先行动，后解释。在思考？D行动的循环中，分析是必不可少的。在这其中管理者们不是靠分析他们面对的形势来思考其公司、组织的情况，而是行

动和分析在高度一致地进行。

由于管理者们经常面对许多不确定的情况，他们鼓励采取各种行动来对问题作一番深入了解。他

们藉此对问题做出更深的体会。这种思考行为循环的一个特点即：行动是确定问题的一部分，而不只

是解决问题的步骤。

考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析二

Roger Rose nblatt book Black Fiction, in attempt ing to apply literary rather tha n sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach take n by most previous studies. As Rose nblatt no tes, criticism of Black writi ng has ofte n served as a pretext for expo unding on Black history. Addis on Gayle ' s cent work, for example, judges the value of Black ficti on by overtly political sta ndards, rati ng each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.

Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumve nts much of the ficti onal en terprise. Rose nblatt literary an alysis discloses affin ities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

Writi ng acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes givi ng satisfactory an swers to a nu mber of questi ons. First of all, is there a sufficie nt reas on, other tha n the facial ide ntity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors ? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other moder n ficti on with which it is largely con tempora neous ?Rose nblatt shows that Black fiction con stitutes

a disti net body of writ ing that has an ide ntifiable , cohere nt literary traditi on. Look ing at no vels writte n by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurri ng concerns and desig ns in depe ndent of chrono logy. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel aga inst it.

Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt ' thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works ?D yet his reluctanee seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to in teresti ng results. For in sta nee, some of the no vels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors work ing out of, or trying to forge, a differe nt kind of aesthetic? In additi on, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomey' C ane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a coun terpo int to the prevale nt theme that portrays the fate aga inst which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ?

In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson ' Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with _________ .

[A] Evaluati ng the soundn ess of a work of criticism.

[B] Compari ng various critical approaches to a subject.

[C] Discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.

[D] Summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.

2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt

[A] Evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.

[B] Attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.

[C] Explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.

[D] Assessed the relative literary merit of the no vels he an alyzes thematically.

3. The author ' cSscussion of Black Fiction can be best described as _________ .

[A] Peda ntic and conten tious.

[B] Critical but admiri ng.

[C] Ironic and deprecati ng.

[D] Argume ntative but un focused.

4. The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt ' book EXCEPT :

[A] Rhetorical questi ons.

[B] Specific examples.

[C] Comparis on and con trast.

[D] Defin iti on of terms.

5. The author of the text refers to James Weldo n Joh nson 'Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to _________ .

[A] point out affinities between Rosenblatt ' method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.

[B] Clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.

[C] Qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt 'book made in the first paragraph of the passage.

[D] give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt ' w o rk.

答案与考点解析

「答案」A

「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题。通过阅读本文各段尤其是首段第一句和尾段第一句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“evaluating （'评价）一词的选项 A.考生在解题时一定要注意

段落的中心主旨句，以及每句话所表达的内含和作用。

「答案」D

「考点解析」这是一道审题定位与反推题。从本题题干中的“ would have been improved "可推断

出考生要在原文中寻找到谈论某一方面不足"的地方。尾段首句的“suchomissions "（这样的忽略）暗示本题的答案信息来源应该在倒数第二段。通过仔细阅读和理解倒数第二段，可将本题的答案信息来源确定在倒数第二段的第二句。根据倒数第二段第二句的内容进行反推，就可得出本题的正确选项是D.考生在解题时一定要具备利用上下段之间的关系迅速审题定位的能力，更要具备反推即逆向思维的能力。

「答案」B

「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。从本题的题干可以看出本题的答案信息来源不局限于某一段或某一句，而是涉及全文的从头至尾。但是只要抓住全文的中心主旨句就可以得出本题的正确答案B.本文的中心主旨句是第一段的首句和尾段的首句。考生在解题时一定要抓住中心主旨句，并且对它们所表达的内容要进行分析和归纳。

「答案」D

「考点解析」这是一道写作手法题型。本题型旨在考察考生的语言基本功。这是一道较难的题目。本题A、B、C所涉及的内容可分别在第三段的第二、三句、第四段的第三句以及第一段的第三句里找到。第一段的第三句涉及B和C两个选项。选项D"definition of terms （给'词语下定义）在原文中没有涉及，故本选项是正确答案。考生在解题时一定要注意英文中常见的写作手段。

「答案」D

「考点解析」这是一道例（举）证题。通过题干中的“WeldonJohnson"s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段的第二句，本句中的"like （例如）一词暗

示本题的正确选项应该是含有“specific example"的选项D.考生在解题时一定要注意原文中某些关键

词的应用和理解。

［参考译文］

罗杰？罗森布莱特的着作《黑人小说》，试图运用文学的而不是社会政治的标准来研究黑人小说，这成功地改变了大多数早先研究的方法。如罗森布莱特所注意到的，黑人着作的评论经常被充当为一种阐述黑人历史的借口。例如，阿狄森？盖尔的最新着作，就用了公开的政治标准来判定黑人小说的价值，按照作品中所提出的黑人个体的各观念对每个作品进行评价。

虽然小说确实是源于政治环境，但作者反映这些环境的方法是非意识形态的，如把小说和故事的讨论作为意识形态的工具，则会忽视了许多小说的成就。罗森？布莱特对黑人文学的分析揭示了黑人小说着作间的密切关系和联系，而纯粹政治研究中忽视了这些联系。

然而写出为人所接受的黑人小说评论的前提是要对许多问题做出令人满意的回答。首先，除了这些作家的种族身份外，是否有充分的理由可将黑人作家的作品归于一类？其次，黑人小说如何将自己和其他现代小说分

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UNIT SIX TEXT ONE Maintaining internal E-mail systems has long been the bane of the university information-technology director. Servers are unwieldy and unreliable, and in the past several years, the number of student complaints has grown exponentially as forward-moving providers like YahooMail, Hotmail, and Gmail have increased expectations of what E-mail should offer. The solution for a number of colleges has been to wave the white flag and outsource E-mail hosting to the experts. Microsoft, which owns Hotmail, and Google (Gmail) are the biggest players in the educational E-mail hosting market. Along with the neat-o peripheral gizmos like messaging, calendars, and collaboration tools, the outsourced systems are more stable, have better spam filters, and provide much more storage space than the typical university's in-house system. At the University of Pennsylvania, its old E-mail service gave students 60 megabytes of storage, just 3 percent of the 2 gigabytes Windows Live now provides. In return, Google and Microsoft get almost nothing, at least monetarily and in the short term. Microsoft's Windows Live @ edu and the Google Apps Education Edition are free of charge for schools. Eliminating another source of revenue, the two tech giants stripped their respective services of advertising in an effort to accommodate educators' concerns. Microsoft breaks even on the venture (it does run ads on non-E-mail services like instant messaging), while Google, which makes almost all its money through advertising, runs at a loss. But what money they don't make at the moment will—the companies hope—pay great dividends in the form of lifelong users in the future, says Google's Jeff Kelter. As quickly as they shuffle out of commencement, graduates see their E-mail transition to the traditional ad-based formats of Gmail and Hotmail. And unlike before, when universities couldn't afford to host thousands of alumni, Google and Microsoft can maintain every account indefinitely, retaining customers as long as customers still want them. Not all schools are ready to outsource their tech dirty work, with privacy and security topping the list of concerns. Critics worry that by handing over the responsibility of E-mail hosting, colleges also relinquish the freedom to keep the information safe in the best way they see fit. Even in the corporate world, there is great skepticism of consumer technologies like Google Apps. Yet most university IT managers agree that outsiders would do a better job protecting individual E-mail from viruses and spam than their own small operations, and strong word-of-mouth praise has done wonders to supplement the almost nonexistent marketing budgets for these Microsoft and Google

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lesswelleducated未受过良好教育的. well-orchestrated精心策划 reward[ri'w?:d](n.)报酬,奖金(vt.)报偿,酬谢;奖励(re-回，ward=award-奖品→企业为“回”报工人而“奖给”的东西——即 “报酬,奖金”，引申为“报偿,酬谢;奖励”。) 1个派生词： ●rewarding[ri'w?:di?](adj.)有报酬的,有益的(inɡ-形容词后缀) 4个扩展词： ●award[?'w?:d](vt.)授予,给予(n.)奖品;奖状(a-加强语气,表 示“一”，ward-保护→奖励那些在战场中“保护”领袖、一直坚守 作战的勇士——即“授予,给予”，引申为“奖品;奖状”。) ●steward['stju:?d](n.)(轮船、飞机等的)服务员,乘务员;管 家(高考词汇)(2005年-阅读2)(ste=sta-词根,站立，ward-守卫→ 站立、守卫在客人身边的人——即“服务员,乘务员”，引申为“管家”。) ●wardrobe['w?:dr?ub](n.)衣柜;行头;剧装(ward-保护;收容所，robe-长袍→最初“衣柜”就是用来“收容”和存储长袍的。) ●ward[w?:d](n.)保护,看护;病房;收容所(wa=wall-围墙， rd=round-围绕→“城墙”围绕——即“保护,看护”，引申为“病房;收容所”。) deem[di:m](v.)深信,认为(有学者认为，“deem-深信、认为” 由“doom-劫数、命定”演变而来(oo-ee元音变化)→源于古人看到 天体陨落、于是“深信”将有惨祸发生;后来，根据“深信”引申为“认为”。) 1个形近词：

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TEXT 2 He emerged, all of a sudden, in 1957: the most explosive new poetic talent of the English post-war era. Poetry specialised, at that moment, in the wry chronicling of the everyday. The poetry of Yorkshire-born Ted Hughes, first published in a book called “The Hawk in the Rain” when he was 27, was unlike anything written by his immediate predecessors. Driven by an almost Jacobean rhetoric, it had a visionary fervour. Its most eye-catching characteristic was Hughes's ability to get beneath the skins of animals: foxes, otters, pigs. These animals were the real thing all right, but they were also armorial devices—symbols of the countryside and lifeblood of the earth in which they were rooted. It gave his work a raw, primal stink. It was not only England that thought so either. Hughes's book was also published in America, where it won the Galbraith prize, a major literary award. But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide. Hughes was vilified for long after that, especially by feminists in America. In 1998, the year he died, Hughes broke his own self-imposed public silence about their relationship in a book of loose-weave poe ms called “Birthday Letters”.In this new and exhilarating collection of real letters, Hughes returns to the issue of his first wife's death, which he calls his “big and unmanageable event”. He felt his talent muffled by the perpetual eavesdropping upon his every move. Not until he decided to publish his own account of their relationship did the burden begin to lighten. The analysis is raw, pained and ruthlessly self-aware. For all the moral torment, the writing itself has the same rush and vigour that possessed Hughes's early poetry.

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