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动词不定式用法

动词不定式用法
动词不定式用法

动词不定式用法

动词不定式在中学英语中应用非常广泛,一方面在句中可起名词、形容词或副词的作用,同时也可在句中作主语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式的形式一般是to +动词原形,但to有时要省去。而动词不定式在具体运用时用不用to,取决于谓语动词的用法。现就以下几方面介绍如下。

一、不定式结构

1. 带to的不定式结构

能直接跟带to的不定式结构的动词主要有:want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like, love, stop, go, come等。如:

I want to go to the movies with you.

我想跟你一起去看电影。

Don’t forget to turn off the light before you leave.

在你离开之前别忘了关灯。

注意:动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前直接加not,即not to do sth.。如:Dave told me not to wake up Kate.

大卫告诉我别叫醒凯特。

2. 不带to的不定式结构

以下几种情况使用不带to的动词不定式:

(1)在固定词组had better之后。注意:had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。如:

You had better go home now.

你最好现在回家。

It’s cold outside. You’d better not go out.

外面很冷,你最好不要出去。

(2)在let, make, see, feel, watch, hear等感官或使役动词后,要跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。如:

I made them give me the money back.

我迫使他们把钱还给我。

I didn’t see you come in.

我没看见你进来。

(3)在引导疑问句的why not之后。Why not+不带to的不定式是Why don’t you do的省略,可以用来提出建议或劝告。如:

Why not study with us?

为什么不和我们一起学呢?

Why not take a holiday?=Why don’t you take a holiday?

为什么不休个假呢?

(4)不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时,如这些介词前有实义动词do的各种形式,则后接不带to的不定式,否则带to。如:

I have no choice but to accept the fact.

除了接受这个事实我别无选择。

What do you like to do besides swim?

除了游泳你还喜欢做什么?

(5)为了避免重复,不定式可省去to。如:

I’m really puzzled what to think or say.

对于想什么或说什么,我真的很困惑。

二、不定式的时态

不定式常用的时态有一般时、完成时、进行时和完成进行时四种,常用的为前三种。

1. 一般时

动词不定式的一般式表示不定式的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在之后发生。如:

I plan to attend the meeting.

我计划参加这次会议。

2. 完成时

不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:

I am sorry to have kept you waiting.

很抱歉让你久等了。

3. 进行时

不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如:They are said to be working hard.

据说他们工作得很努力。

4. 完成进行时

不定式的完成进行式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前已经发生,并且一直进行着。如:

He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.

据说他已在那家工厂工作12年了。

三、动词不定式在句中的作用

1.作主语

如:To live is to work.

生活就是工作。

To save time is to lengthen life.

节约时间就等于延长了人的生命。

不定式结构作主语时,现代英语倾向于采用it作形式主语,而把不定式结构后置

的形式。如:

It is important for students to study English.

学好英语对学生来说是很重要的。

2. 作定语

(1)不定式作定语,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词的后面。如:

I have nothing to say on this question.

对这个问题我无可奉告。

(2)如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就应有必要的介词。如:

Give me a piece of paper to write on. 给我一张纸写字。

(3)有些名词常可用不定式作定语。如:

Our teacher had no time to think about rest.

我们老师根本没时间考虑休息一下。

3. 作宾语

I wish to be a college student.

我希望成为一名大学生。

有的及物动词要求跟复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)。如果其中的宾语是不定式短语,则必须将形式宾语it放在宾语的位置上,而将不定式短语(真正的宾语)放在宾语补足语之前。如:

I find it useful to learn English well.

我发现学好英语很有用。

4. 作宾语补足语

动词不定式作宾语补足语是动词不定式用法的一个重点,学习时要注意以下三种情况。

(1)作动词ask, like, tell等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to不可以省略。如:

He asked me to talk about English study.

他请我谈谈英语学习。

(2)作使役动词let, have, make以及感官动词feel, hear, see, watch等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to要省略。如:

The teacher made him say the word like this.

老师让他像这样说这个单词。

(3)作动词help的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to可以带,也可以不带。如:

Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box?

你能帮我搬这个重箱子吗?

5. 作状语

动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性,可在句中作状语。

(1)作目的状语。如:

He stopped to have a rest.

他停下来休息。

(2)作结果状语。如:

He woke up to find everybody gone.

他醒来发现大家都走了。

(3)在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语。如:

I’m sorry to hear your grandma is ill.

听到你奶奶生病真遗憾。

(4)在带有enough或too的句子里作状语,表程度。如:

He is old enough to go to school.

他到了上学年龄了。

(5)强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in order to或so as to +动词原形,so as to不用于句首。如:

The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.

公共汽车停下来以便接乘客

求助的答案,互相帮助,望采纳,

在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)。非谓语动词也是动词的一种,他们有着动词的其他特点,可以充当主语、宾语、状语等。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。

编辑本段形式功能动词不定式

动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

否定式:not + (to) do

以do为例,动词不定式的构成如下:

(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.

例如:

I'm nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。

He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。

We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观。

He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家。

The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术。

The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。

(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:

The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。

He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。

(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:

I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。

I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。

He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。

不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。

To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。

动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。

It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。

常用句式有:1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。

3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。常用

careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupi d,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。

(2)作表语:

Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。

He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。

(3)作宾语:

常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。

动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:

I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择。

He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。

动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:

He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。

(4)作宾语补足语:

在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:

With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院。

有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:

I saw him cross the road. 我看见他横过公路。

He was seen to cross the road. 他被我看见横过公路。

(5)作定语:

动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:

①动宾关系:

I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。

注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:

He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。

The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。

What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它?

如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:

He has no place to live. 他无处安身。

This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。

如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:

Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗?

Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗?

②说明所修饰名词的内容:

We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。

③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:

He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。

(6)作状语:

①表目的:

He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。

She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。

注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:

wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.

right:To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数。

wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.

right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语,他需要一本词典。

②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之外):常放在never only 后

He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了。

I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他,只见他出去了。

③表原因:常放在形容词后面

They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。

④表程度:

It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我们什么也看不见。

The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。

(7)作目的状语:既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾

To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 说实话,我不喜欢他讲话的方式。

(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。

If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做。

(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。

He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。

动名词

动名词:

动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。

一般式

doing being done

(谓语动词同时发生)

完成式

having done having been done

(谓语动词发生之前)

动名词的形式: Ving

否定式:not + 动名词

(1)一般式:

Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

(2)被动式:

He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

(3)完成式:

We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。

(4)完成被动式:

He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.

他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

(5)否定式:not + 动名词

I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。

(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词

He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。

His not knowing English troubled him a lot.

他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。

动名词的句法功能:(1)作主语:

Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。

Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。

当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。

(2)作表语:

In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.

在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。

(3)作宾语:

They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。

We have to prevent the air from being polluted.

我们必须阻止空气被污染。

注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:

We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:

enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

(4)作定语:

He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。

Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?

(5)作同位语:

The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。

His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.

他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。

现在分词

现在分词:

现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。

现在分词的形式:

否定式:not + 现在分词

(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成

式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:

They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。

Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。

(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动

词之前的被动的动作。

The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。

Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.

被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。

现在分词的句法功能:

(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语

放在名词后。

In the following years he worked even harder.

在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。

The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.

正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that

followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.

(2)现在分词作表语:

The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。

The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。

be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的

动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。

(3)作宾语补足语:

如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:

see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:

Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?

He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。

(4)现在分词作状语:

①作时间状语:

(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.

在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。

②作原因状语:

Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。

③作方式状语,表示伴随:

He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。

④作条件状语:

(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.

要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。

⑤作结果状语:

He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。

⑥作目的状语:

He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。

⑦作让步状语:

Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.

虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。

⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:

I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.

我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。

All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.

所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。

Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.

如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。

有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式

With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。

⑨作独立成分:

udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.

从外表看,他一定是个演员。

Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。

过去分词

过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则

要求,要一一记住。

1.过去分词作定语:

Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。

Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。

注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做

定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

2.过去分词作表语:

The window is broken. 窗户破了。

They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。

注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:

The window is broken.(系表)

The window was broken by the boy.(被动)

有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:

boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)

newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)

the changed world(变了的世界)

这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。

3.过去分词作宾语补足语:

I heard the song sung several times last week.

上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。

有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:

With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。

4.过去分词作状语:

Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.

受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)

Once seen, it can never be forgotten.

一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)

Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.

如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)

Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.

虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)

Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。

动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:

(1)把不定式置于句首。如:

To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:

①It+be+名词+to do

It's our duty to take good care of the old.

②It takes sb+some time+to do

How long did it take you to finish the work?

③It+be+形容词+for sb+to do

It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.

④It+be+形容词+of sb+to do

It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.

⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+to do

It seemed impossible to save money.

在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:

difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.

(3)举例

(1)It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了

easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible, comfortable,necessary,better;

the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.

听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。

(2)It's very kind of him to help us.他帮助我们,他真好。

Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless, brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)

例句:

It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。

注意:(1)其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型

(2)不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。

(3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型

(对)To see is to believe.眼见为实。

(错)It is to believe to see.

二、作宾语

1) 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语

afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange (安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),

fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear (发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer (自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)

举例:

The driver failed to see the other car in time.

司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

I happen to know the answer to your question.

我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2)动词+疑问词+ 不定式

decide,know,consider

forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。

The question is how to put it into practice.

问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:

We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.

He feels it his duty to help the poor.

I find it difficult to learn English well.

三、作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

advise allow believe cause challenge compel declare encourage forbid force find hire induce instruct invite like order permit persuade remind request require select send suppose tell train urge

例句:

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.

父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

b.We believe him to be guilty.

我们相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法:

Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动

词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。

I found him lying on the ground.

I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important.

典型例题:

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead.

A. lying

B. lie

C. lay

D. laying

答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。

2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。

Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想),feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,

see(理解), show,suppose,take(以为),understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

典型例题

Charles Babbage is generally considered___ the first computer.

A. to invent

B. inventing

C. to have invented

D. having invented

答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D,此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。

3) to be +形容词

Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,

be known,be reported,hope, wish,desire,want,plan,expect, mean…

The book is believed to be uninteresting.

人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard,think believe,take,consider.

We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。

Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

5)秃头不定式作补语

秃头不定式,即不带“to”的不定式,其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语(宾语补足语)。

用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下:

口诀:“五看、三使役“,“两听、一感”要记住,若是“宾补”变“主补”,主补“to”字不能无。动词let属例外,其宾补/主补“to”均无。说明:

五看-----see/watch/notice/observe/look at;三使役-----have/make/let;两听-----hear/listen to;一感-----feel。

例句:I often see him go to school on foot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语) He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主语补足语,要带“to”) Let him try again.---- He is let try again.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式)

四、作表语

不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。

①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.

②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.

③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.

当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①)。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定式说明主语的内容。

④Our work is serving the people.

⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.

⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.

④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeople is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。

五、作状语

(1)目的状语

To… only to (仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。

(2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。

What have I said to make you angry.

He searched the room only to find nothing.

(3)表原因

I'm glad to see you.

典型例题

The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.

A. sit

B. sit on

C. be seat

D. be sat on

答案:B.如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的

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