研究生英语一2000-2004真题翻译和作文详解

考研翻译的命题原则:

1、所选择的体裁偏向于专业领域的学术文献

2、所选择的话题偏向文科、社会科学领域

3、划线的长度为30个单词左右，总长度为150个单词

考研翻译的评分标准=翻译标准=检查译文标准

准确：大意相同

通顺：说人话（准确是通顺的前提）

完整：要成句

翻译的方法：直接为主（直接翻译），适当意译（把意思说出来）（一句话4分钟）

考研翻译的步骤：

1、通读全句，查找连接（when，and）

2、分析成分，划分意群（前两步骤1分钟）

3、选择词义，适当草稿(看1分钟就动笔写)

读：多读汉语

4、调整通顺，书写译文（次序调整，词义选择）碰到生词：造句，填空，根据前后句

遇到多义词：同义替换

Part ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation(2000)

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of

international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.

33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ［390 words］

Part ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation

一、核心词汇注释

act on

*1.按……行动，奉行例：act on principles 根据原则办事 2.对……起作用，影响例：The music acted stirringly on the emotions of the audience. 音乐使观众情绪激动。

build up

1.吹捧，赞扬，宣传例：You have to build kids up—make them feel important. 你必须表扬孩子——让他们觉得自己重要。

2.使（某人）逐步恢复体力（尤指病后）例：Build your mother up with nourishing food. 让你母亲吃点营养食品好逐步恢复体力。*

3.（使）增加，（使）增强，（使）扩大例：build up one’s confidence/huge stockpiles of arms 增强信心/大量增加武器贮备

compel

vt.*1.强迫，迫使某人做某事例：reports that children were compelled to participate in bizarre rituals 关于孩子们被迫参加古怪仪式的报道2.激起，使产生（某种感情、态度）例：His courage compels universal admiration. 他的勇气不禁令人肃然起敬。

rate

n. ［C］*1.速度，速率例：Children learn at different rates.儿童学东西有快有慢。 2.the number of times sth happens or the number of examples of sth within a certain period比率，率，数量例：birth/unemployment/crime rate出生/失业/离婚

率（人数） 3.费用，价格例：The sports centre has reduced rates for students. 运动中心对学生实行优惠。

vt. 1.对……作评估，评价例：She is generally rated as one of the best modern poet.她被公认为最杰出的现代诗人之一。2.值得，应得：They rate a big thankyou for all their hard work.他们的辛勤工作值得好好感谢。3.给（影片）定级

vi. 被认为，被评价为（后跟介词as）例：Becker rates as one of the finest players of his generation.贝克尔被认为是他那一代人当中最优秀的运动员之一。

step sth up

*1.使增加，使上升，使加快例：step up one’s pace/their social position 加快步伐/提高他们的社会地位2.晋升，获得提升例：You are going to be stepped up to manager. 你将被提升为经理。

unexploited

a.未被利用的，未经开发的；exploit v.剥削，榨取；利用，开发，开采

wastage

n.耗费（量），损耗（量），（尤指）浪费；waste v.浪费，滥用；（疾病）使消瘦、虚弱n.浪费；废料，废弃物a.废弃的，无用的；盛装或运送废物的

二、文章结构分析

本文从两个方面论述了现代政府在实施职能方面越来越依靠各个科学领域中的专家人才。一是政府依赖经济学、运筹学等领域的专家来干预经济，促进经济发展，从而增加人们的福利。二是由于人们产生新的需要、人口增长给改革增添了新的压力，从而使政府更加依赖生物学家和社会学家的决策。

2000年的翻译试题与往年相比较容易，考生的得分普遍较高。主要因为以下几个原因：（1）句子结构不太复杂，语法修饰关系比较清晰；（2）难理解的词汇少；（3）文章的背景知识简单，不造成理解障碍。具体而言，该部分主要考查了以下几点：逻辑词的翻译来体现句子内部逻辑；it is obvious that结构；被动语态、时态的翻译；多个因果分句的译法；带破折号的句子的译法；状语从句的译法。但是尽管本年翻译难度不大，依然有考生由于基础差的原因得分很低。因此考生在备考时，要着重从词汇和语法方面下手，加强基本功的练习。

三、试题具体解析

（31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

本题考核的知识点是：逻辑词的翻译。正确率：55%

［句子结构］该句为简单句，其主干是：this requires varying measures and hence the help。谓语require带了两个宾语 measures 和the help。本句的难点是hence的译法，它在句中是承上启下起连接作用的逻辑词，表明上半句内容“这需要程度不同的集中控制措施”导致了后半句话的内容“需要获得专家的协助”，即前因后果关系。因此Hence可译为“从而，从此”。

［词义确定］ varying意为“不同的”；operational research experts直译是“研究操作过程的科学家”，用术语翻译就是“运筹学专家”。

［标准译文］在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。

（32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.

本题考核的知识点是：it is obvious that结构，代词指代，逻辑词的翻译。正确率：65%

［句子结构］该句子由两个并列的主语从句构成，其主干是 it is obvious that..., and that...。it为形式主语，真正主语是两个由and连接的that引导的从句。it is obvious that...经常译作“很显然”或“显而易见”。第二个that从句中的代词this指代第一个分句中的efficiency of its agriculture and industry（工农业的高效率），在翻译的时候应点明一下；in turn的英文释义为as a result of something，它表达的是一种递进关系，因此注意不能把两个从句只译成平行关系的句子，如：“两件事情很明显：一是…，二是…”。

［词义确定］bound up with的意为“与…密切相关”；in turn 意为“又，依次，转而”；rest upon意为to depend upon（依靠）。

［标准译文］再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。

（33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.

本题考核的知识点是：被动语态、时态的翻译、多个因果分句的译法。正确率：59% ［句子结构］该句为复合句，其主干是people are feeling wants...and are being exposed to，其中含有两个并列的现在进行时态的谓语动词，英语中的现在进行时除了表示现在正在进行的动作之外，还可以表示一段时间内正在进行的动作，可用“不断…”来表示这层意思。句首介词短语owing to...（由于…）引导表原因的状语；主句后面while也引导伴随状语。翻译时关键要弄清三个分句的逻辑关系，即第一分句“大众通讯的显著发展”表原因，第二分句“人们不断感到有新的需求”是结果，而第三分句“政府推出更多的革新”则是上面两分句引起的结果。由于有两套因果关系，为避免两次出现“由于…”，原因状语owing to...结构可译成“…使，造成了”。

［词义确定］ mass communication指报纸、电视、电台等具有广泛影响的大众传媒或通讯；want做名词，意为“缺乏，需要”；be exposed to是被动语态，基本意思是“被暴露于…”，可灵活译成“接触到…”；introduce 在句中和innovations搭配，应译作“实施，采取”，而不是“介绍、宣传”；further虽可表示距离，但修饰“改革”时表示“更进一步，更多的”； for the reasons given above意为“由于上述的原因”。

［标准译文］大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。

（34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.

本题考核的知识点是：带破折号的句子的译法。正确率：62%

［句子结构］该句为复合句，其主干是：the process...was spread..., whereas...。句子中出现了两个破折号，英语中的破折号大致相当于汉语中的括号，起一个补充的作用。理解的时候可以先把破折号中的部分略去不看，以便加强对此句的整体印象。翻译的时候看破折号之间的内容是否与前后联系紧密，才能够决定译文中用不用破折号。第一个破折号后

with介宾结构表示伴随，可以译成“随之而来的”；其中紧跟在social patterns后的定语从句that followed修饰的是changes，而不是social patterns，因此far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed应该译成“随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革”。whereas表示转折，使前后形成对比，可以译作“而、可是”；the same process 是指前面的the process of industrialization（工业化进程）。

［词义确定］ far-reaching指“深远，深刻，广泛的”，spread over意为“延续，持续”，undergo意为“经历，完成”，or so意为“左右”。

［标准译文］在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。

(35) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

本题考核的知识点是：破折号的作用、additional的译法和状语从句的译法。正确率：63%

［句子结构］该句子的主干是 social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems，because of 介词短语做原因状语。由于中文一般先说原因后说结果，因此翻译时可以把主句放在后面。arising from...修饰problems，意为“从…而起的问题”或“由于…而造成的问题”。破折号后themselves和过去分词made relatively easy一起是一个独立主格结构，起补充说明的作用，themselves指代前面的mass migration movements（大量的人口流动）。

［词义确定］social stresses指“社会压力”；occur意为“发生”；mass在这里指“大量的”。

［标准译文］由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

四、参考译文

世界各国政府的行为都基于一个假设，即，本国人民的福利主要依赖于该国经济实力和社会财富。（31）在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。（32）再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这也就意味着政府被迫越来越多地干预这些产业部门，以便提高生产率，确保产品的消费发挥最佳效益。例如，政府可能利用各种方法鼓励研究工作，包括建立自己的研究中心；政府可以改变教育结构，或进行干预，以便减少自然资源的浪费，开发尚未利用的资源；或者在日益增多的跨国科学、经济和工业项目中直接进行合作。无论如何，一切干预都离不开科学家的建议和各种科技人才。

（33）大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。与此同时，与过去相比，世界各地社会变化的正常速度越来越快。例如，（34）在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。这一切带来的后果就是，在社会内部营造了异乎寻常的压力和紧张气氛，从而给有关政府带来了严重问题需要处理。（35）由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。目前，以上所有这些因素产生的后果就是，各国政府为了制定合理的计划并将之付

诸实施，越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会学家。

Part III English-Chinese Translation（2001）

directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous syste m and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.

41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.

According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.

43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.

Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays i n Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, ” he says. 44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”

Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will

mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.

Section V Writing

46. Directions:

Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.

There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to

1）show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.

2）give a specific example, and

3）give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.

第三部分翻译试题解析（2001）

一、试题总体分析

这篇文章主要展望了科学技术给人类未来生活可能带来的各种变化，未来学家对科学突破性进展日期的预测，以及某些技术进步可能带来的社会问题。

2001年度翻译试题难度适中，考点涉及了词义确定、非谓语结构以及从句的翻译。就此，考生可以总结出，词义确定和句子结构是翻译必考的项目。词义确定要求考生根据上下文和搭配的要求，确定某个特定词在本句中的意思以及翻译后选择的汉语表达，而这个意思往往不是考生在平时记忆的单词词义，可能是某个偏僻的词义、引伸义，甚至在该上下文中才有的、没有在词典中确定下来的意思。因此特别提醒考生不要字对字地翻译，而要在上下文中确定具体单词的意思，正如一句话说得好：“There is no meaning except in the context.”（只有在上下文中才有词义）。

二、试题具体解析

（41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句的翻译、过去分词做定语、词义确定。

句子的主干是there be 句型的将来时，译成“将会出现……，将有……”。hosted by robots是过去分词作后置定语修饰chat shows，由于不太长，翻译时可以前置做定语。pollution monitors（污染监控器）后面接的定语从句that will disable...offend并不是起修饰限定作用，翻译时不能把它前置做定语，此从句实际是说 pollution monitors 的功能，译时可独立成句。定语从句中包含一个when 引导的时间状语从句。

词汇：chat shows即是近年来在我国也广为流行的电视谈话节目；host做名词为“（男）主持人”，做动词是“主持”；offend本意是“冒犯，侵犯”，在这里根据上下文，意思应当是“违规”，进而可译为（汽车）“污染超标”；disable的意思也应当根据上下文确定为“使（汽车）无法运转”。

译文：届时，将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。

（42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：意译、介词结构作后置定语、rather than的译法。

整个句子实际上由四个分句并列组成，由逗号和and 连接，但是最后一句从意思上看实际是一句总结性的话。第一分句中，equipped with personality chips是过去分词做定语修饰dolls；第二句是一个被动语态，其中主要结构为be regarded as …rather than …，意思为“被看作是……而不是……”，该句中with in-built personalities这一介词结构作computers的后置定语；第三句如果直译成“休闲将在气味电视机前面”不太贴切，尤其作为书面语不合适，考生可以加入“休闲”这一动作的发出者，将该句译成：人们将在气味电视机前休闲，或译成：休闲将在气味电视机前面进行；第四句中，考生需要注意时态为将来完成时。

词汇：computers后的with结构是“带有、具有”的意思；in-built意为“内在的，内置的”，rather than表示否定，此结构翻译题中就已经数次出现。

译文：儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就要来到了。

（43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：多重复合句的译法。

该句子是复杂的复合句，其结构可以分三层。第一层是句子主语是Pearson has pieced together the work of hundre ds of researchers … to …，不定式引导目的状语，第二层在目的状语中，宾语calendar后有that引导的定语从句，第三层结构为that引导的定语从句中，宾语the latest dates后又有一个when引导的定语从句，注意不要误以为时状语从句。这样的三层复合结构形成了环环相套的定语从句链，关键在于考生需要把这个链条打断，也就是进行断句，考生可以在that处断句。

词汇：piece together意为“汇集”；the latest dates意为“最近的日期”；key breakthroughs意为“重大突破”。

译文：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，

它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

（44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century. ”

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。

Pearson points out属插入语成分，主句为主表结构that is the start，它实际上也是point out 的宾语内容。主语that 是代词，指前两句中提到的电脑与人之间连接的突破。引号中的是Pearson所说的话。it 指代紧跟它的integration（一体化）。that will ultimately...century是修饰the process of integration 的定语从句，由于定语太长，不适宜在中文中做前置定语，只能另起一句，用重复先行词的办法，或把定语从句译作并列句。

译文：皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”

（45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：so … that结构、词义确定。

这个句子的主干是home appliances will become so...that...，“so … that …”结构的意思是“如此……以至……”。that 后接的是结果状语从句，从句的主语是controlling and operating them；them指的是主语home appliances；从句的谓语是will result in，breakout of...是in的介词宾语。此处的破折号起解释作用，解释 a new psychological disorder的内容。

词汇：smart 意为“巧妙的，（人）聪明的”，但是在这里需要结合上下文理解为“智能化的”；breakout 一般译为“爆发”，但是与心理疾病或心理紊乱（a psychological disorder）搭配不合适，所以意译为“引起，引发”；同理kitchen rage亦不可直译为“厨房暴怒”，尽量与心理疾病的用词挂钩，译为“厨房狂躁症”。

译文：家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。

三、参考译文

在未来不到三十年的时间里，特列克星号的全息舱面就会成为现实。大脑神经系统和计算机之间的直接连接还会创造出全方位感受虚拟环境，使电影《全部回忆》中展示的虚拟假期成为可能。

（41）届时，将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。（42）儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就要来到了。

依BT的未来学家亚恩·皮尔森做出的预见，这些都属于新世纪头几十年发展计划之列，届时，超级计算机将急剧加速各个生活领域的发展。

（43）皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。一些最大的进展将在医学领城，包括人预期寿命的延长和数十种人造器官，这些将在现在到2024年之间陆续实现。

皮尔森还预言，在计算机与人的连接上会有一个重大突破。他说：“通过直接与我们的神经系统相连，计算机可以知道我们的感觉，并且，我们希望，它可以模仿感觉，这样，我

们就能够发展全方位感知环境，就像电影《全部回忆》中的虚拟假期或特列克星号上的全息舱面。”（44）但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”

通过研究，皮尔逊能够预言大多数突破的发生时间。然而，对于何时能够进行超光速旅行，何时人类克隆技术能够得以完善，何时可以进行时间旅行，却依然没有预见。但他的确预见技术进步引起的社会问题。比如，到2010年，住宅区附近监视器数量的剧增将引发问题；仿真机器人意味着人类可能无法区分同类朋友和这些机器人伙伴。（45）家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。

第四部分写作试题解析

一、审题谋篇

本题命题形式为漫画加提纲式写作。

提纲有三点要求：（1）描述画面的寓意，此处考生要注意symbolic meaning（比喻义）；

(2)举一个具体的例子对主题加以论证；(3)对于如何献爱心给出你的建议。

首先，审题时考生要抓住关键词。漫画加提纲式写作中，漫画中的字，特别是漫画的题目可谓是一字千金，千万不可放过。本题的漫画中出现“爱心是一盏灯，在越黑暗的地方越明亮”一句话，该句最突出的词是“爱心”，后半句话指出最需要爱心的环境——“黑暗中”，也就是说别人有困难的地方。因此漫画旨在提倡为需要帮助的人或地方献出爱心。

其次，考生需要看清题目要求。要求指出文章应点明漫画所示内涵，并应举出具体事例，在此前提下提出自己对献爱心的建议。由此可见，文章中既要联系社会举例，又要给出自己的评论，所以命题所测试的中心内容为描述加议论。

考生可以在坚守三段论基础上采用叙议结合的方法：第一段需围绕图画展开，将图画中所有信息描述清楚，点出漫画所示内涵。第二段要针对主题举具体的例子，由本题中心可知，举的例子应体现两要素：“爱心”和“需要”。第三段应在联系实际，突出中心的基础上，提出具体建议。

二、参考范文

As can be seen from this vivid picture, like a light, love means much more to those who are in great difficulty than to those who live in comforts. Love, as illustrated in the picture，is just like the oil lamp，which certainly shines brighter in the dark. In other words，the darker the place is，the more precious the light will be. Love is somewhat the same: it is most needed by those who are in urgent need of help and considered most precious in most difficult situations. Therefore, as people living in the modern society, we all should contribute our love to those needy people.

I can exemplify this conclusion with the Poverty Alleviation Project. It is known to all that the Chinese government has been calling for people participating in the project. Obviously, the expression of love can be best demonstrated by helping the poor in some backward regions. Therefore, many college students choose to work in these regions upon graduation. It is in these places that they are most needed and their knowledge can be made best use of.

The best way to show our love，in my opinion，is to follow the above mentioned example, giving love to the people during the hours of darkness. So when we see someone in difficulty or in distress，don’t hesitate to offer our hands. I believe the relationship between people will be more harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. Let’s do as a famous saying goes：Ask not what others can do for you; ask what you can do for others.

三、范文点评

文章结构：

本文思路清晰，重点突出。首段开篇点题，接着，考生清晰地阐述了灯光的象征意义，段尾再次概括全文的主题，段落几个部分相互呼应。第二段中，考生举出一个既有深度（崇高性），又有广度（社会性）的例子——扶贫工程，并在段尾总结论证论点：要在别人困难的时候献爱心。第三段，作者提出具体建议，最后提出号召，并以流行语点睛。

语言亮点：

1. vivid：形象的，生动的。副词为vividly。

2. in great difficulty和in comforts：两个介词结构意思相反，形成对仗。

3. illustrate：（用插图或图画）说明，阐明。例如：The cartoon illustrates a profound principle in life.（这幅画揭示了一个深刻的人生哲理）

4. the darker …the more preci ous…：这里使用的是the more … the more …结构，例如：The faster our country’s industry develops, the more efforts we should spare in protecting the environment.（工业发展越快，我们越应该花精力保护环境）。

5. precious：珍贵的，宝贵的。如：Time is precious.（时间很宝贵）。

6. contribute：对…做贡献，名词形式是contribution，如：make a contribution。

7. exemplify：用例子说明，例证。例如：This story exemplifies what I just said.（这个故事正好说明了我刚才说的话）。类似用法有：illustrate, serve as an example。

8. participate in：参加，类似的用法有：take part, join in, partake, get involved。

9. demonstrate：表现，表明，证明。例如：This cartoon demonstrates a widespread phenomenon in society.（这幅画表现了社会上的一个普遍现象）。

10. upon graduation：upon后加名词，可表示“…的时候”。如：Upon seeing their child make achievements, the parents are always as joyful as anything.（当看到自己的孩子取得成绩，父母总是高兴得不得了）

11. It is…that（who）…：常引导结构强调句，it is后接句子中被强调的部分，它可以是状语、主语、宾语或宾与补足语，但不可以是表语、谓语动词和让步状语从句或对比状语从句。若强调的是人，用关系代词who，其它都用that。如：It is with the development of technology and population growth, the amount and range of materials used has increased at an alarming rate.（正是随着技术的发展和人口的增长，使用材料的数量和范围也都在以惊人的速度增长）。在写作中让句型保持多样化可以给文章增加不少色彩和可读性，强调句就是一个很好的选择，它使句子简洁而有力度。

12. follow the above mentioned example：follow example表示“模仿…”；above mentioned的意思是“上面提及的”。

13. offer our hands：“帮助”，类似的表达有：help out, extend a hand, lend a hand, give assistance。

14. harmonious：“和睦的”，该词常形容family或relations。

15. Ask not what others can do for you; ask what you can do for others：不要

问别人能为你做什么，而问你能为别人做什么。该句来自于美国总统肯尼迪的名言：“Ask not what your nation can do for you; ask what you can do for your nation.”（不要问你的国家能为你做什么，而要问你能为你的国家做什么）。能够在作文中恰当地用上名言的考生恐怕不会太多，但是一旦用上就会引起阅卷老师的注意，得高分的可能性也就越大。因此考生平时可注意加强这方面的准备。如：The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them.（在这个世界上取得成功的人，都努力去寻找他们想要的机会，如果找不到时，他们就自己创造机会。——英国著名作家萧伯纳）

四、写作误区

篇章结构误区：

首先，考生应当看清题目要求。一看到油灯，有的考生就按照固定思维，想当然地认为文章中心是赞扬“春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干”的人民教师，结果写成了一篇教师颂。指导语中虽说明了“Everyone has his/her own understanding of love”，但图画上已经明确给出了主题：“爱心是一盏灯，在越黑暗的地方越明亮”，也就是说爱心在最需要它的地方显得最有价值。而有的考生花了大量笔墨赞美爱，包括爱情、友情、亲情等，论述“love is noblest feeling”，有的考生则联想到社会上的黑暗面，对缺乏“爱心”的人进行一番批判。以上都是由于审题不慎而造成的跑题。其次作文要求中规定要举一个例子说明问题。因此，考生所举的例子应当具体并且具有代表性。不可泛泛而谈，也不可虚构一些不切实际的例子。本文要想写得有深度，很大程度上由例子的深度和广度决定。因此，要想得高分，例子至关重要，应具有广阔的社会性，如“希望工程”、“长江抗洪”、“扶贫计划”、帮助下岗职工再就业等等。

语言表达错误：

①词性错误：

Our world will bright if everyone shows love to others.（Our world will become bright if everyone shows love to others.）

②搭配不当：

Although the light is weak, it plays a great effect which will make people more firmly than before.（Although the light is weak, it has a great effect which will make people more firm than before.）

③代词不一致：

When every one devotes some love to the world, you will find the world is brighter and more beautiful.（When every one gives his share of love to the world, he will find the world is brighter and more beautiful.）

④介词错误：

I was greatly worried my future life.（I was greatly worried abou t my future life.）

⑤非谓语结构错误：

The best way show love is to help those need help in their life.（The best way to show love is to help those needing / who need help in their life.）

⑥累赘：

For those people who still live very poor lives, the help from other people can give them light and hope to improve their lives.（Poor people can get light and hope from others’ help to improve their lives.）

⑦综合性错误：

Even if the government gives more money to help children in poor areas, the rate of them are helped is still very low.（Even if the government appropriates more money to help children in poor areas, the number of those who can be helped is still very small.

翻译试题解析（2002）

一、试题总体分析

本文主要讲的是行为科学的建立。人类的行为问题只能由行为科学去解决，然而行为科学发展缓慢，部分原因是传统意义上的行为科学多数情况下还是从心态等方面而不是从环境中寻找行为的根源，环境的重要作用刚刚被承认并开始成为研究对象，而传统理解又根深蒂固，只有当这些问题得以解决之后，行为科学才能得以发展。

与往年相同，本年度的翻译试题首先要求考生进行语法分析，梳理句子结构。2002年试题的句子结构并不十分复杂，但是翻译时需要小心谨慎，因为里面有一些词汇的意思不是考生在词汇表中记忆的词义，而需要根据上下文，做出相应的调整，才能确定在本上下文中搭配恰当的词义，如果仅停留在英汉词义对译的层面上，译出的句子肯定比较生硬蹩脚，有时甚至不知所云。通过对考生试卷的抽查，发现部分考生对词汇的掌握仅停留在英汉词义对译的层次；语法分析能力差，句子结构梳理不清；有些英文句子理解到了，但由于中文表达能力非常有限，结果翻译出来的句子逻辑混乱，自然得分很低。因此，考生如果要想翻译得高分，应培养好扎实的语言（中、英文）基本功。

二、试题具体解析

（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义选择、固定搭配trace … to …、表语从句。

这是一个简单句，主干为：One difficulty is that …。that引导的表语从句中主语all由一个of引导名词性从句 what is called behavioral science 修饰；谓语是continues；最后的states of mind, feelings...and so on 都是做trace…to…中介词to的宾语。

词汇：what is called behavioral science在句中不能译为“被称为行为的科学”；continue to原意为“继续…”，但是此处译成“继续”不特别贴切，在这里的意思其实是“仍然，依然”，动词应译成副词；trace 做动词，trace sth.（back）to sth.的意思是find the origin of sth.“找到…的根源”为固定搭配。state of mind 意为“心态”；trait 意为“特征”；human nature 意为“人性”。

译文：难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

（42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词带不定式、对仗结构、被动语态的译法。

这是一个主从复合句，句子主干为The behavioral sciences have been slow to …

partly because… and partly because …。slow to change是形容词带不定式，译成“发展缓慢”。主句是由两个partly because形成对仗结构，都引导原因状语从句，可译作“部分原因是……”，“部分由于……”。两个状语从句都是被动语态，但都可译成主动语态。两个从句内容相互对照，可以对照理解：other kinds of explanations（其他的解释）是相对于前一从句中的the explanatory items（用来解释的依据）说的；directly observed （直接观察到）和hard to find（难以找到）意思上也基本相对。

词汇：the explanatory items直译是“解释性的项目”，但在这是指“解释行为的项目”，应该根据上下文需要补上“行为”这一层意思。

译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义的引申、被动语态的译法。

这个句子是由and 连接的两个简单句构成的。前一个句子为被动语态，其主干是the role … was formulated…。the role由of...和in...两个介词短语修饰，only a little...ago是时间状语，汉语中状语的位置是主句之前或谓语动词之前。后一个句子主干为the selective role of … in … is only beginning to be …。主语role由形容词selective和of the environment in...individual修饰，in...表示“在…方面”。两个分句都是被动语态，但被动语态不一定全要译成“被”，因为中文许多情况下主动态可以表示被动。此外还有“得以……”，“为……所”等方法可以选择。

词汇：role的一个意思是“角色”，这里使用的是另外一个词义“作用”，两个句子的主语的结构都是the role of A in B，of 和in都修饰the role，意思是“A在B方面的作用”。formulate 的意思是to create sth. in a precise form（阐明）；a little more than a hundred years意为“一百多年”；shape 做动词的意思是“塑造”。

译文：自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

（44）They are the possessions of the autonomous （self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：代词指代、定语从句的译法。

这是一个由and 连接的并列句。前一句中是主系表结构：They are the possessions of …；后一句也是主系表结构：they are essential to …。前一分句中考查主语指代问题，本题两个分句的主语都是they，它们的上文是：Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty。They是复数，因此可以推断它们不是指代difficulty，而是指代freedom和dignity。possessions意为“拥有的东西”，在这可转译成动词“拥有”。此处括号（self-governing）的作用是解释autonomous （自治的，自主的，自我管理的）这个词，两词意思基本一样，译时只用一个即可。

后一分句中，practices 由in which...achievements修饰。定语从句中是被动语态，主语是a person，谓语是is held...和 (is) given。按照汉语习惯，可以分别处理为：“一个人应该对自己的行为负责”和“一个人因…受到表扬、给予肯定”。

词汇： held不能翻译成“持、握”，它在这里是“认为”的意思。再如：Many people hold the opinion that the Government should take measures to stop terrorism.（许

多人认为政府应当采取措施去制止恐怖主义），文中is held responsible for…可以意译为“要求一个人对……负责”；give credit for意为“因……而受到表扬”；practices的意思很多，如“练习，实践”等，在这里，它的意思是thing done regularly; habit or custom，即“习惯，做法”，在翻译中由于这些“做法”的具体内容的出现，“做法”这个词可以被省略。essential意为“对……必不可少”，即“是…的必要条件”，或“是…必不可少的前提”。

技巧：考研中经常考查代词指代，包括they，it，that，this等等。这些代词给理解造成了困难，是一个难点。其实这些代词基本上都不难在上下文中找到答案，它们基本上都指前文出现的某人或某物（this较为特殊，还可以指紧接的下文）。考生一般根据代词的单复数和题目的意思就可以找到指代对象。

译文：自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

（45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

[解析]本题考核的知识点是：省略句、正面意思反面表达、代词指代。

本句是一个并列句，由and连接，前半句由于时间状语until提前，主句进行倒装。until 意为“直到”，直译是“在这些问题得到解决之前，技术将继续……”，这种说法不符合中文习惯，它适合从反面表达：“如果这些问题得不到解决，技术将……”。注意被动语态are resolved按照汉语习惯可以译成“得到解决”。

and后是一省略句，其难点在于确定代词it的指代内容。it 经常指代前文的单数名词或不可数名词（词组），也经常指代前文的某件事情，某个情况。本文中就是最后一种用法，it指的就是前文a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected这件事情。

with做状语一般表示伴随。这一分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构，不成一个完整的句子。其实，省略句一般是与前句的相同成分才会被省略，前一句的谓语部分是：will continue to be rejected。所以后一分句补充完整是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected.。当然这里with it也可简单译为“随之”，但是只有真正了解句子之后才能正确翻译。

词汇：technology of behavior要根据文章内容适当加词，译为“研究行为的技术手段”。

译文：（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。

三、参考译文

几乎我们所有的问题都涉及到人类行为，这些问题不能单纯依靠物理学和生物技术就得以解决。我们需要的是一门行为技术，但是发展行为技术需要科学为基础，在这方面，我们一直滞后。（41）难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。物理学和生物学一度使用类似的方法，而且当它们放弃这些方法后才得以向前发展。（42）行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。环境固然重要，但是它的作用依然不很清楚。环境并不起强迫或促进的作用，它进行的是选择，这种功能发现和分析起来都很困难。（43）自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。然而，随着有机体和环境之间的相互作用逐渐为人们所了解，一度被认为是由思维、感情、性格产生的影响现在被追溯到人们可以理解的环境上去了，因而，建立行为技术也就成为了可能。然而，除非行为技术取代科学出现之前形成的传统观念，否则它无法解决我们的问题，而这些传统观念已经根深

蒂固。自由和尊严就能说明困难程度。（44）它们是传统理论定义的自主人拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。科学分析把中心从责任和成就转向了环境。这也引发了关于“价值”的问题。谁来使用这一技术，又要达到何种目的？

（45）（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。

第三部分写作试题解析

一、审题谋篇

本题为图画，是命题加提纲式写作。

与往年的图画加提纲式写作相比，2002年考题给出了题目“Cultures—National and International”。对于考生这是不应忽略的审题重点之一。首先，由题目可看出，本文关键字为“文化”，修饰词为“National”和“International”再加上图片的标题是“An American Girl in Traditional Chinese Costume”，由此可以得出本文的立意应该是文化交流。这种交流反映了两方面的情况：一方面是中国文化对世界文化的渗透，中国源远流长的文化本身是世界文化财产的一部分，中国的腾飞无疑使中国文化这颗世界文化中的瑰宝更加耀眼。另一方面是世界对中国文化的了解与接受。瑰宝自然是吸引人的，世界人民渴望了解中国。由此，当外国人身着中式服装，体验中国文化时，那种欣喜与满意自然也在情理之中。

另外，事实上，考研的考题通常是有着某种社会意义的。2001年中国发生的几件大事确实使世界对中国刮目相看，如奥运申办成功，中国加入世界贸易组织等。这些确实加强了世界了解中国的渴望。加之中国经济腾飞，中国要走出去，外国要走进来，这种国际间的交流已成定局。有了以上想法，作文中心就已确定。

文章可以遵循大纲写成两段，也可以分为三段。第一段描写图画并指出图画所反映的现象，即：中国文化被许多外国人接受和认可。第二段主要对这一现象做出评论，可以集中于讨论这种现象产生的原因。在这一段中，可以用一些表示“导致、引起”意思的词汇，例如：“bring about, give rise to, cause, lead to, bring forth, make happen”等等。考生可以根据实际情况决定是否增加一个第三段，该段属于发挥，写法考生应该比较熟悉，既可以谈自己的看法，也可预测一下这种现象将来发展的趋势。

二、参考范文

Cultures—National and International

This unique picture shows an American girl in traditional Chinese costume. The jeweled headdress，beaded necklace and earrings with tassels，and silk attire with ribbons characterize the traditional costume of Chinese minority nationality girls. The costume adds oriental charm to her beauty. Her radiant smile is as much a tribute to Chinese culture as to the progress China has recently made. Like this American girl who shows a special interest in Chinese costumes, more and more foreigners have begun to understand and accept the Chinese culture.

Obviously，we can deduce from this picture that with the development of China，the increasing charm of Chinese tradition appeals to more and more foreigners who come to China. On the one hand，it highlights the glamour of our culture—now universally accepted as the invaluable treasure of all human beings. Attracted by the splendid Chinese culture，now many a foreigner floods into China to study or to work. On the other hand，it reflects our great achievements. When China was then

engulfed in poverty，backwardness，corruption and foreign invasion，who cared about the culture associated with the pigtailed coolies? But during the last two decades one can hardly ignore the rapid progress of China. Three months after China won the right to host their first Olympics in 2008，China capped the most significant year in its sporting history when the national soccer team reached the World Cup finals for the first time. How can one resist being appealed to such an energetic country with a long and colorful culture!

It goes without saying that culture exchange does good to people in many ways. Firstly, it effectively reduces the misunderstanding between people from different cultures. Moreover, this kind exchange has mutual benefits to people from different cultures because it enables them to learn from each other. As a result, culture exchange has become more and more common in our life.

三、范文点评

文章结构：

从结构上看，范文首先对提纲做出适当调整，分为三段。每段段首出现主题句，点明该段主要思想，每段内部层次清晰。第一段段首为该段主题句，中间对图画进行描写，段尾从图画中得出全文的主题。第二段段首为该段主题句，进而用On the one hand 和On the other hand 分两个方面进行论证。第三段是进一步的发挥，段首提出作者观点，并在段尾对全文做出总结。

语言亮点：

1. jeweled：“镶珠宝的”，与下面的beaded（珠子串成的）属于同一种用法，为名词加ed构成形容词。类似的用法还有：bearded有胡须的，haired有毛发的，windowed有窗的。

2. characterize：“是…的特点；以…为特征”。例如：High GDP increase rate characterizes the overall economic development of China in the past ten years.（国内生产总值高增长率是过去十年中国整体经济发展的特点）。

3. minority nationality：“少数民族”。

4. oriental：“东方的”。例如：The Oriental Pearl Tower（东方明珠电视塔）；Shanghai is an oriental metropolis（上海是一个东方大都会）。

5. radiant：“容光焕发的，喜气洋洋的”，例如：The bride was radiant (with joy). 她（因高兴）而精神焕发。

6. as much a tribute to Chinese culture as to the progress：as much … as…“和…一样，如同…”。例如：Protecting the environment is as much the government’s responsibility as every citizen’s duty.（保护环境既是政府的职责，同样也是每个公民的责任）。tribute to意思为“对…的称赞”。

7. deduce：推论，可替换的词语还有：conclude。

8. appeal to：“向…上诉”或“吸引”。例如：Video games are increasingly appealing to teenagers.（电子游戏越来越吸引青少年）。

9. highlight：“使…显著，使…突出；强调…”。例如：Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.（石油产量的下降使日益增加的经济困难更加突出了）。

10. universally：“普遍”。如：It is a universally accepted principle that …。

11. invaluable treasure：“无价之宝”。例如：Health is an invaluable blessing.

（健康是无价之宝）。

12. many a foreigner：“很多外国人”。many a加名词单数相当于该名词的复数形式，是古英语的遗留痕迹。

13. flood into：“涌入”。例如：Many migrant workers flood into cities.（很多农民工涌入城市）。类似能够表达“大量而来”含义的还有：swarm into（蜂拥而入），pour into（如潮水般涌入）flow into，rush into等。如：Hundreds of people rush into cities，especially big cities．They come for better jobs and better education，for better medical care，and for commerce and trade.（成百上千的人涌入城市尤其是大城市里，为了得到更好的工作或教育，得到更好的医疗保健，也为了开展商业贸易活动）。

14. engulf：“吞没，淹没”，如：An almost unbearable loneliness engulfed her.（她陷入了一种几乎难以忍耐的寂寞）。类似含义的词有：overwhelm，submerge，immerse 等，如：The whole nation was immersed in a festival atmosphere.（全国沉浸在节日的气氛中）。

15. care about：“在乎，在意”。

16. be associated with：“与…连在一起”。例如：Many foreigners still associate China with backwardness.（很多外国人还把中国和落后连在一起）。

17. host：“举办”，近义词为sponsor, stage。

18. cap：“完成，使圆满结束”，如：This week’s summit capped months of intensive negotiations between the two governments.（这个星期的最高级会议圆满结束了两国政府间几个月来深入细致的谈判）。

19. It goes without saying：“不言而喻，显然”。It goes without saying that children should not be exposed to too much violence on TV.（显然，不能让孩子们看电视上太多的暴力节目）。如：类似的表达有：it is taken for granted，needless to say，it is obvious that等。

20. does good to：“对…有好处”，同义词有benefit。

21. mutual：相互之间的。如mutual dependence（相互依靠），mutual understanding （相互了解）。

22. enable：使能够。例如：Education enables one to broaden the horizon of knowledge.（教育可以拓展人的知识）。

四、写作误区

篇章结构误区：

在对图画描述部分，考生存在两个极端。一是描述非常简单，只是一句话代过，例如This is an American girl in traditional Chinese costume.，接着就开始发表议论。这样的问题出现很可能是考生词汇量太小，写作功底太薄，面对这样一个图片形式的描述无从下笔。有些考生也只写出了几个简单句子，如：The girl is laughing. The girl is wearing beautiful hat and clothes. She is happy. 另一个极端是局限于画面的具体内容，就事论事，用很大的篇幅来描写画面中服饰的细节。实际上在适当的描述后考生应当展开主题，按照题目的要求从“文化”这一概念入手。同样，文章也不应当写成中美或中西文化的对比。

语言表达错误：

①用词错误：

We should develop China’s economic, and lead our country to a rich, strong nation.（We should develop China’s economy, and make our country thriving and prosperous）

②主谓搭配：

The picture shows an American girl who wearing the traditional Chinese costume.（The picture shows an American girl who wears the traditional Chinese costume.）

③句子不完整：

The importance of cultural communication just to let more foreigners know China.（The cultural communication is to let more foreigners know China.）

④不间断句子：

China opened the door to the world, more and more people visit China and become interested in Chinese culture. (As China opened the door to the world, more and more people visit China and become interested in Chinese culture.)

⑤句子结构混乱：

The way of people to do things will become similar if they communicate more with people belong to other cultures.（The way in which people do things will become similar if they communicate more with people who belong to other cultures.）

⑥中式英语：

The girl very likes Chinese culture.（The girl likes Chinese culture very much.）

翻译试题解析（2003）

一、试题总体分析

文章从人类学的起源入手，指出对人类的研究是为了实现人类内部及人类与地球上其他生命和睦相处。人类学这个词语来自希腊词根。接着作者拿人类学和社会学做比，指出前者是后者的分支，但却是一门独特且非常重要的社会科学。最后文章谈到，人类学的核心是“文化”这个抽象概念。

2003年翻译试题难度适中，五个试题中第4题相对容易，第1题和第5题有一定难度，第2题和第3题难度最大。考查内容在语法方面有：较长的定语、状语修饰成分翻译时多另起一句；现在分词做状语及多重定语从句的译法；修饰宾语的定语从句的译法和倒装结构的译法。词汇方面有：对一词多义的词汇在上下文中的具体把握；名词转换成动词、过去分词转化为动宾结构的翻译技巧。

考生答题时出现的问题主要包括：（1）对一词多义的掌握把握不够好，主要表现为译文的词不达意；（2）理解复杂的句子结构仍存在困难，表现为译文结构混乱，逻辑关系不清。

二、试题具体解析

（41）Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：现在分词做状语和词义选择。

此句的修饰成分较长，包括不定式、定语从句和现在分词。句子的主干是humans have the ability，后面接着两个修饰成分。第一个是不定式to modify做定语，其中，in which they live 是一个定语从句，修饰 the environment；第二个是现在分词结构做状语，表示结果。

词汇：modify有多个词义：更改、修改、改造、改进、适应、调试、修饰，在句中接“环境”应译为“改变”、“改造”或“改善”；Subjecting...to 本意为“使服从”，但可以根据不同的宾语而意译。如，we must subject everything to careful examination 译为“我们必须对每一件事进行仔细检查”，而不是“让每一件事服从我们的仔细检查”。Form

和life搭配时，应译为“形态”。fancy的词义有：想象力、喜好、幻想，文中取其褒义，译为“（人类特别的）想象”。

译文：而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他生命形态服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。

（42）Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：多重定语从句的译法。

此句是一个含有多个定语从句的主从复合句，其主干是主语+系表结构：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry。第一个定语从句which seeks to study...，修饰intellectual enquiry。此句的难点在于，这个定语从句的状语里又套了第二个定语从句in the same... manner that natural scientists use for...。其中前边部分in the same manner译为“以同样的方式”。后边部分进一步说明是什么“方式”。译为“自然科学家研究自然现象的方式”。注意有多重从句时，应该采取从内向外层层剥的译法。

词汇：intellectual enquiry直译是“智力的询问”，在此是“知识的探索”的意思。Enquiry原义是“询问、调查、打听”，在这里注意不要和require混淆，而译为“要求、命令”之类的。Endeavor原义是“努力、尽力”，同义词有effort和attempt，在句子中根据中文习惯，译为“（社会科学研究人的）行为”。

译文：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式去研究人类及其行为。

（43）The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：名词转换成动、过去分词转化为动宾结构的译法。

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词汇：first-hand 是副词，表示“第一手地”，“以第一手方式”。

译文：强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。

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篇一：英文作文感谢信（带翻译） 感谢信 dear mr. liu, 亲爱的刘先生, 谢谢你购买我们的卫星系列电脑。 we are dedicated to manufacturing the most advanced business machines and hope that our products are meeting with your approval. 我们致力于生产最 先进的商业机器, 希望我们的产品与你的批准。 你的评论对我们来 说也是很重要的, 因为他们帮助我们提供最好的服务。 please take a moment to fill out the enclosed card in order to receive lifetime technical support, special prices and updates. 请花点时间填写附件卡 为了获得终身技术支持, 特殊的价格和更新。 if you have any questions concerning our products, please call our customer service department at 1234-567. 关于我们的产品, 请致电我们的客户服务部门在1234 purchase. 如果你有任何问题567 。again, thank you for your 再次感谢您的购买。 sincerely yours, 谨致问候, wulei wulei manager, channel marketing department 市场部经理, 渠道中国 通用电脑公司 篇二：感谢信英语作文范文 感谢信范文 dear mary , in this letter i would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for your books about band four to me. the book is very useful especially for my reading and writing .i want to buy this book for a long time. your generous help and tender care made me feel warmly.

中考英语作文背诵范文(带翻译)

一、Great changes in my hometown More than twenty years ago, my hometown was just a small , old and poor town. Most of people were farmers. There were few factories. The people didn’t have enough food to eat and wore old clothes. They had a hard life . Great changes have taken place in the past twenty years . The people have found a lot of ways of making money . Now there are many tall buildings . They are very beautiful . Roads are wide and clean . People can take buses or drive their own cars to go to work . Many people have cell phones and personal computers. People’s living conditions have improved a lot . Thanks to the government’s efforts . my hometown is becoming more and more beautiful . 一,在我的家乡发生了很大的变化 二十多年来,我的家乡只是个小,又老又穷镇。大多数人都是农民。有几个工厂。人们没有足够的食物吃,把旧衣服穿在身上。他们有一个艰苦的生活。 发生了巨大的变化,在过去的20年。人们已经发现很多的赚钱途径。现在有许多高大的建筑物。他们很漂亮。道路宽阔,又干净。人们可以搭公车或驾驶自己的汽车去上班。许多人有手机和个人电脑。人民的 生活条件有了很大的进步。由于政府的努力。我的家乡正变得越来越美丽了。 二、Save the earth How to protect the environment has become one of the biggest problems in the world . It’s our duty to protect our environment . No matter where we live , we should do something to keep our neighborhood clean and tidy . We can collect waste paper or other waste things for recycling. We should plant more trees and we should prevent those factories from pouring waste water into rivers, lakes and fields. We shouldn’t leave rubbish everywhere and spit in public places . We mustn’t pick the flowers or step on the grass in public. If everyone tries his best to protect the environment , the world will become much more beautiful and our life will be better and better . 二、拯救地球 如何保护环境已成为世界上最大的问题。 这是我们的责任保护我们的环境。不管我们居住的地方,我们应该做些事情来保持我们的邻居整洁。我们可以收集废纸或其他废弃物回收利用。我们应该种更多的树,我们应该阻止那些工厂从浇注废水流入河流、湖泊和领域。我们不应该把垃圾随处可见,在公共场所随地吐痰。我们不能摘花、践踏草地在公众场合。如果每个人都尽自己最大的努力去保护环境,世界将变得更加美丽,我们的生活一定会越来越好。 三、Improve our environment Good environment can make people feel happy. To improve the environment means to qualify our life . What should we do to improve our environment ? We should plant more trees . And we should prevent those factories from pouring waste water into rivers , lakes and fields . Whenever we see litter on the ground , we should pick it up and throw it into a dustbin . Don’t spit in public places . Don’t draw on public walls . It’s our duty to keep our earth clean and tidy .