2012年武汉大学考博英语真题阅读理解答案解析

武汉大学考博英语真题阅读理解答案解析_2012考博英语真题

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本文截选自武汉大学2013年考博英语真题试卷，阅读理解部分。华慧考博辅导老师针对武汉大学考博英语2013年真题真题卷深入解析，对武汉大学考博英语真题卷解题技巧及答案进行详细解析。

本段考博英语真题解析选自《华慧考博英语一本通》系列《武汉大学考博英语一本通》2018年最新版。转载请注明出处！

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A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society. The opinions: which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist; in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any “reason”. I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let's say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.

This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think, our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature. Actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.

However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it; in the present capitalist system this is not the case.

But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees, its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.

1. People used to think that poverty and unemployment were due to______.

A. the slow development of the economy

B. the poor and jobless people's own faults

C. the lack of responsibility on the part of society

D. the large number of people who were not well-educated

2. Now it is widely accepted that______.

A. the present system of social insurance should be improved

B. everybody should be granted a minimum of subsistence without any "reason"

C. everybody has the right to share in the wealth of the country

D. people have to change their attitude towards the poor

3. The writer argues that a system of social insurance should_______.

A. provide benefits for the sick, old and unemployed

B. encourage people to take on more social obligations

C. guarantee everyone the right to be employed

D. provide everyone with the right to a minimum subsistence for a certain period

4. According to the writer, a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum______.

A. demands too much from society

B. makes freedom of contract impossible

C. helps people take interest in their work

D. helps bring about changes in the relationship among people

1.B 细节理解题。人们曾经认为，贫困和失业是由于穷人和失业者自己犯下了过错。根据第一段第四句，100年前曾流行这样的观点：穷人把自己的处境归因于愚昧无知和不负责任，但这样的观点已经过时。

2.C 细节判断题。如今人们普遍认为，人人都有权分享国家财富。根据一段第四句，人们普遍认为，自然法则和社会法则都不应把任何人排斥在国家的财富之外。

3.D 细节理解题。作者认为，社会保险制度应在一定的时期内为每个人提供最低生活保障的权利。从第一段后半部分可以看出，西方所有工业化国家都采用保险制度，该制度保证人人在失业、生病和年迈时享受最低生活保障。作者会进一步认为，即使不具备这样的条件，每个人都有获取赖以生存的财富的权利。换句话说，他可以要求得到最低的生活保障而无须指出任何理由。不过，作者建议最低社会保障应限于某一段时间。

4.D 综合推理题。根据作者的观点，最低生活保障制度有助于改善人际关系。最后一段说，这样—种制度不仅是真正摆脱雇主和雇员之间契约的开端，而且最大的好处是在日常生活中的每个领域改善人际关系。

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