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土木工程研究生复试专业英语练习题

土木工程研究生复试专业英语试题

一、单项选择（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）

1. Before designing a project, civil engineers should survey both the ( ) and subsoil features of the proposed site.

A. photography

B. geographer

C. topography

D. graphy

2. Dams, ( ), water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers to work together.

A. beam

B. column

C. brick

D. bridge

3. In modern road constructions, powerful modern machines are employed to move mountains and fill valleys to make the ( ) as direct as possible.

A. routes

B. roots

C. surfaces

D. lane

4. Between the buildings （）a primary school.

A. stand

B. stands

C. to stand

D. standing

5. Tensile failure of ( ) concrete happens easily and involves progressive micro-cracking.

A. forced

B. reinforced

C. steel

D. unreinforced

6. ( ) concrete is used only for footings and concrete slabs laid on the ground, and for other massive structures.

A. forced

B. reinforced

C. steel

D. Plain

7.The laws that （）how the buildings maybe made are building codes.

A. tell

B. tells

C. told

D. telling

8. The steel bars in concrete take the ( )component of the bending moment.

A. shear

B. compressive

C. tensile

D. draw

9.It is expensive （）future cities on the sea.

A. build

B. built

C. to build

D. builds

10. Cracks would not only be unsightly but would ( ) the steel bars to corrosion by moisture and other chemical action.

A. adopt

B. expose

C. employ

D.make

11. The（）cements are widely used on the construction site.

A. above-mentioned

B. above-mentioning

C. above-mention

D. above-mentions

12. Besides its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also required to be ( ).

A. capable

B. considerable

C. durable

D. beautiful

13. It is our duty to （）the specification .

A. comply with

B. complete

C. know

D. make

14. Concrete is ( ) a porous material.

A. nature

B. inherently

C. made

D. not

15. Conclusions can be ( ) from the above discussion.

A. drawn

B. tensile

C. towed C. looked

二、单词填空（共10空；每空2分，满分20分）

1. The Romans bound their empire together with an extensive system of roads radiating in many directions from Rome.

2. Portland cement must pass a series of chemical and physical tests before it can be shipped.

3. Concrete consists of water , cement , aggregate and sand .（admixture）

4. A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by two or more parties.

5. The presence of cracks in concrete reduces its resistance to the action of corrosion of reinforced bars.

6. Concrete is a widely used material in numerous civil engineering structures

三、英译中（短句翻译，共10句，每句2分，满分20分）

1. Later in history, when well-traveled routes were made sturdier with rocks and stones, the path was raised above the surrounding land, it became a “high way”.

史上记载，当交通量大的道路用更坚实的岩石和石头来建造，且路面被建在路基上，它就变成了一条“高速公路”。

2. The various components of a mix are proportioned so that the resulting concrete has adequate strength, proper workability for placing and low cost.

各种成分按比例混合以便所得到的混凝土有足够的强度、合理的浇筑流动性和较低的成本。

3. Due to the ability of concrete to be cast on site it allows to be used in different shapes in structures.

因为混凝土具有现场浇注的性能，所以它被允许用于各种形状的结构。

4. The first step in building a road is to plan the route. Sometimes the route has been decided by the nature of the land, but today nature can often be conquered.

建造一条道路的第一步是制定好路线。有时是由大自然的土地所决定的，但是当今大自然通常可以被征服。

5. In addition to the main components of concretes, admixtures are often used for special purposes.

除了混凝土的主要成分之外，混合剂常用于特殊用途。

6. The chemical tests constitute, in effect, a chemical analysis to determine whether the various

strength-giving compounds appear in proper quantity, and if there are excessive amounts of certain undesirable substances.

实际上，化学测试的目的包括一个化学分析，以确定各种强度的混合物是否合理，以及它们是否含有过多的杂质。

7. High or low temperatures and high or low humidity in themselves do not cause significant damage to building materials, but changes in temperature and humidity do.

高或低的温度或湿度的高低本身不会引起建筑材料重大的破坏，但会受温度、湿度影响而发生变化。

8. Curing is the term given to the protection of the concrete during the early stages of hardening, when it requires additional moisture for the continuing hydration of the cement.

养护是指当混凝土在硬化凝结的初期需要额外的水分不断进行水泥的水化反应时对其进行保护的过程。

9. The business man concerned with contracts will normally learn about their contents, and the precise but intricate mode of expression that is common to them and to all legal documents, in his own language.

商人签订合同一般都会熟悉合同的内容，他们会用自己的语言和准确且复杂难懂的表达方式制定所有合法的文件。

10. Contractors are usually unwilling to enter into any entire contracts, other than the very smallest, unless provision is made for interim payments to them as the work proceeds.

除了非常小的合同之外，承包商通常是不愿意签订任何一整套的合同的，除非有条款规定随着工程的进行，业主将付给他们相应的报酬。

四、英译中（短文翻译，共2篇，每篇10分，满分20分）

1、The railway of Qingzang begin from Xining—the capital of Qinghai province to Lasa—the capital of Tibet self-governing province . The all way is one thousand and fifty six kilometres. The section of Xingning to Ge'ermu has eight hundred and fourteen kilometres. It begins to build at 1958 and the open to traffic is at 1984. The section of Ge'ermu-Lasa has one thousand one hundred and forty two kilometers long. It started working at June 29 th 2001, and completed at October 15th 2005 and will be put on train in July 1st 2006.

The Qingzang railway run across the plateau frozen ground and its highest altitude is five thousand and seventy two meters high. It has worked a wonder of upland railway. Its completion and open will play a large role in advancing economy and society development and improving the life of people and strengthening the comity of nations and promoting the communication of culture in the area of Qinghai and Tibet province.

青藏铁路起自西宁（青海省的省会）终至拉萨（西藏自治区的省会），全程总长1056km。西宁到格尔木路段有814km，1958年开始修建，1984年竣工通车。格尔木到拉萨路段有1142km，于2001年6月29日开始修建，2005年10月15日完工，将在2006年7月1日投入使用。

青藏铁路途经高原冻土以及它的最高海拔高达1072米，它已开创了高原铁路的奇迹，

它的竣工和通车在促进青海和西藏两地区之间经济和社会的发展，改善人们生活，加强民族团结以及提升文化交流都起到了很大的作用。

2. Concrete is a composite material. It consists of coarse aggregate and a continuous matrix of mortar, which itself comprises a mixture of cement paste and smaller aggregate particles. Its physical behavior is very complex, being largely determined by the structure of the composite material, such as the ratio of water to cement, the ratio of cement to aggregate, the shape and size of aggregate, and the kind of cement used.

Concrete is reinforced to give it extra strength - without such reinforcement, many building projects would be impossible. Reinforced concrete can be used for many types of structures and components and can be made into almost any shape or size. The material is developed by incorporating steel reinforcement bars or fibers into the traditional concrete mix.

Concrete reinforcement was first used in the mid 1800s by a French building contractor. His own house, built with reinforced concrete, still stands some 150 years after construction. The invention of reinforced concrete in the 19th century revolutionized the construction industry, and concrete became one of the world's most common and most important building materials.

混凝土是一种复合材料。它是由粗骨料和砂浆组成，砂浆本身也是一种由水泥和较小骨料混合而成的混合体。混凝土的物理特性是非常复杂的，主要取决于该复合材料的结构，例如水泥的含水率、水泥总量的比例、骨料形状和大小以及使用的水泥的种类。

强化混凝土是为了给它额外的强度，没有这种强化措施，很多建筑工程都是不可能建起来的。钢筋混凝土可以用于各种类型的结构和构件，几乎也可以制作成任何形状和大小。这种材料的研发，是通过将钢筋或者纤维融入传统的混凝土混合物而得到的。

钢筋混凝土最初在1800年中期被一家法国建筑承包商使用。他自己的房子，用钢筋混凝土修建，这座房子建成后一直矗立了约150年。钢筋混凝土的发明在19世纪改革了当时的建筑行业，混凝土也变成了世界最常用和最重要的建筑材料之一。

五、中译英（短句翻译，共5句，每句2分，满分10分）

1. 钢和混凝土是当前广泛使用的结构材料。

Steel and concrete are widely used structure materials.

2. 合同是承包商与业主之间的承诺。

Contract is a promise between contractor and emplyer.

3. 施工就是把设计变为现实。

construction is to turn design into reality.

4. 经理发现工程进度落后于计划进度。

Manager found that the work proceed is behind the schedule.

5. 工程必须在业主方或他的代表满意的情况下完成。

Project must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer, or his representative .

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语

non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架， ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数

土木工程专业英语修正版

Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the

(完整版)土木工程专业英语常用词汇

Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀，麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板（工程） shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖

《土木工程专业英语》课文翻译作者戴俊第01单元

第一单元课文土木工程前言或许，工程师对于人类文明形成所做出的贡献多于其他专业人才群体。在各个社会中，工程师的作用就是发展技术应用以满足实际需要。例如，应用电力系统向城市供电，应用水轮驱动水碾，应用人造心脏延长生命，等。向我们提供水、燃料、电力的系统，交通网络系统，通讯系统，以及带来其他方便的系统是工程技术应用的产物。尽管真正的工程师们在以上进步和人类幸福中所起的作用，但对他们所起作用的理解仍是不完全的。工程是将知识转化为实际有效应用的技术，工程师则是在这样的转化中起关键作用的人。工程是服务人类的职业，人类环境是需要考虑的重要事项。通常，区分工程师和科学家一直存在困难，决定科学家的工作在哪里终止，工程师的工作从哪里开始也存在困难。科学与工程中有联系的工作的基本区别在于它们的目的不同。科学家以发明为目的，而工程师坚持有效使用发明来满足人类的需要。例如，德国物理学家亨利奇·赫兹发现了无线电波，而古里耶尔莫·马克尼则利用无线电波发展了无线电信技术，这是一项工程奇迹。在相关科学家建立了核裂变的科学原理后，制造原子武器、建造核电厂的艰难工作则由电力、化学和机械工程师来完成。土木工程是以向人类提供安全、舒适住所为目的的工程分支。住所是人类的基本需要之一，它由土木工程师负责提供。供水和灌溉系统的有效规划能增加一个国家的粮食产量。住所除了简单的掩蔽功能外，土木工程师还能将其建造来为居住者提供安宁、舒适的生活。世界上的工程奇迹——从塔形结构到今天的薄壳结构——都是土木工程发展的结果。道路、铁路、桥梁等交通网线是土木工程师的劳动果实，没有这样的交通网线，社会将不可能得到发展。任何工程学科都是由各种专业分支构成的巨大领域，土木工程的主要专业分支如下： 1.结构工程结构工程是土木工程的最重要专业分支，结构的建造需要有效的规划、设计和施工方法，以实现完整的建造目的。一般地，结构工程建造包含五个步骤： ●定位，并合理排列结构构件，形成确定的形式，以实现最佳的使用功能。 ●决定作用于结构上不同力的大小、方向和性质。 ●结构分析，弄清受上述作用力的结构构件的行为特征。 ●结构设计，以保证不同载荷作用下的结构稳定性。 ●结构施工，采用精心选择的材料，由熟练工人完成。 2.岩土工程为了实现建筑于地面结构的有效功能，必须知道土的特征。岩土工程给出土的基本知识体系，这一分支涉及以下方面： ●土——“土力学”下的材料——的性质和行为特征。 ●结构、机器等基础的不同类型及其稳定性。岩土工程也涉及基础的分析、设计和施工。 3.流体力学、水力学和水力机械

土木工程专业英语考试题集电子教案

精品文档精品文档一单元 [1.4] Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids,principally water ．整句的意思是：水利工程主要涉及流体的流动和传输，尤其是水的流动和传输。 [1.5] As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types‘of civil engmeenng ． firms ．manY construction engineers tend to take on a role that is more business 。like in nature ：drafiing and reviewing contracts ，evaluating logistical operations ，and cl osely 。monitoring pnces of necessary supplies 。整体的意思是：由于建筑公司比其他类型的民用建筑公司往往承担更高的商业风险，许多建筑工程师往往会本能地扮演一种公事公办的角色：起草和修改合同、评估后勤的运作、严密监控必需供应品的价格等。结构工程 structural engineering 岩土工程 geotechnical engineering 水利工程 hydraulic engineering 海岸工程 coastal engineering 环境工程 environmental engineering 施工工程 construction engineering 6段 Its charter defined civil engineering as the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man ,as the means of production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river nanvigation and docks for internal intercourse and exchang, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses and in the art of navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns. 把民用工程定义为直接为人类的使用和便利的自然界的伟大力量的来源的艺术，也定义为在各国的生产资料和交通手段，包括外部和内部的贸易，如为内部往来和交易为目的的道路，桥梁，沟渠，运河、航运和码头的建设中的应用，在港口、码头、防浪堤、防波堤和灯塔的建设中的应用，在以商业为目的的人工航运的应用，在建筑和机械以及城镇排水系统中应用的。二单元 [1]In many countries the ratio of concrete consumption to steel consumption exceeds ten to one.在许多国家,水泥消费与钢铁消费的比例已经超过了十比一. [2]Therefore,the selection and proportioning of materials for the concrete mixture was governed primarily by consid eration of the spread of construction by slip-forming and durability of hard ened concrete to the hostil e environment.所以,混凝土材料和配比的选择主要考虑滑模施工速度的影响,以及不利环境中坚硬混凝土耐久性的影响. [3]Depe nding on the components’ transportation cost, in certain geographical locations the price of concrete may be as high as U.S. 75 to $100 per cubic meter, at other it may be as low as U.S. $60 to $70 per cubic meter. 根据材料的运输成本,在某些特定地区,水泥的价格会高达每立方米75至100美元,而在其他地方则会低至每立方米60至70美元. [4]Since an adequate concrete cover on reinforcement or tendons is required for structural integrity in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, the protection against failure due to excessive heat is provid ed at the same time. 由于在钢筋混凝土和预应力钢筋混凝土结构中,要求有一个足够结实的混凝土封面来确保建筑的一体性,所以,同时还要求必须提供因温度过高而导致失败的保护措施. 三单元 3.1.1 The placement location of the steel reinforcement within the concrete is specified by the concrete cover, which is the clear distance between the surface of the concrete and the reinforcement. 混凝土中加固钢筋的布置要根据混凝土覆盖层的具体情况决定，混凝土覆盖层和加固钢筋之间应保持有条理的间距。 3.1.2To construct concrete structures of even greater structural strength, very high-strength steel such as Grade 270 strands, may be used instead of Grade 60 reinforcement bars. 要建造更为坚固的混凝土结构，就要使用强度非常高的钢筋，例如，要使用270号得加固钢筋，而不是60号得。 3.1.3Therefore,designs that replicate member sizes and simplify reinforcement placement to result in easier and faster construction will usually result in being more economical than a design that achieves minimum material quantities. 因此，那些复制了构件尺寸和简化钢筋位置的设计能促使更容易更快捷的建设，这样的建设通常会比那些只能获得最小量材料的设计显得更经济 3.1.4The final design will generally be conservative even though the analysis does not refl ect the actual nonlinear structural behavior because member design is based on ultimate strength design and the ductility of reinforced concrete enable force redistributions. 最终的设计通常是保守的，即使这种分析没有表现出实际上的非线性结构行为，但因为构件设计是建立在极限强度基础之上，而且钢筋混凝土的延展性又使强度进行了重新分配。力矩： moment 轴力：axial force 剪力：shear force 扭矩：torsion 构件：member 内力：internal force 混凝土隔板：concrete diaphragm 3.3what design criteria is for reinforced concrete ？ Safety 、Aesthetics 、functional requirement 、economy 。第六单元 6-1 The vertical l egs and the horizontal links are themselves frames with large dimensions in the plane of the frame. 垂直支架和水平连接的自身就是在一个平面结构上拥有巨大尺寸的框架结构 6-2 the corner truss legs need strong horizontal connections at frequent modular intervals to make them function together like an equival ent cantil ever 为了使角落桁架支柱的功能等效于等效悬臂，它需要强有力的有频繁模块化间隔的横向连接来保证 6-3 the aerodynamic behaviour was greatly assisted by the apertures which reduced the cross-wind accelerations and forces due to vortex shed ding by as much as 25% 由于涡脱落多达25％从而降低了风切变加速度和力的孔大大增强了空气动力性能。 6-4 this framing resulted from the concept of a tetrahedral framed solid form where all the non-essential el ements were eliminated to create the tube and the external shaping of it 这个框架源于一个四面体框架固体状的概念，这种框架形式的所有的非基本要素被淘汰来创造管与它的外部塑造。第七单元 7.1Design process involves the selection and or detailing of the components that make up the structural system . 设计过程包括组成结构系统元件的选择和细节设计。 7.2Two components of reaction are d eveloped in hinged support and three reaction component , one moment and two forces parallel to horizontal and vertical axis are developed in fixed support . 铰支座产生2中构件反作用力，固定支座能产生3中反作用力，即1个弯矩，以及两种分别与水平轴和纵轴平行的力。 7.3Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and predict the behavior of structures . The subjects of structural analysis are