高中英语语法讲义

第6讲 动词时态和语态
【概述】
英语动词根据其在句中的作用可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。谓语动词存在有时态和语态形式，非谓语动词有一般式，进行式，完成式，否定式，被动式和其复合结构。动词以上的变化是国语中没有的，这也正是一个中国学生最难掌握的，在使用英语时常犯这类错误。动词时态和语态是英文基础知识的一个重点，也是一个难点，同时也是高考的一个必考点。
湖北省高考英语对动词时态和语态知识的直接考查实放在写作部分（完成句子和书面表达）。
英文常见的谓语动词时态有一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，现在完成进行式和过去将来时十一种时态。
英文语态有两种，即主动语态和被动语态，在主动语态中，主语为谓语动词动作的执行者；在被动语态中，主语为谓语动词动作的承受着，以上十一种时态都有其相对应的被动形式。被动语态的基本构成方式是“be + 实义动词的过去分词”，换句话说，在被动语态中一定要有be (包括其变形being, been),但一个句子谓语部分中有be 时，并非就一定是被动语态，这时，还要看实义动词的形式。
在英文动词被动语态中，除了以上各种时态的被动语态外，同学们还需注意：（1）含情态动词的被动语态（2）含短语动词的被动语态（3）主动形式表示被动的情况。
英文谓语部分中的时态和语态为谓语部分的两个方面，并非两个独立存在的谓语部分。
例如：We speak English. (时态为一般现在时，语态为主动语态)
English is widely spoken all over the world. (时态为一般现在时，语态为被动语态)
【知识储备】
1、各种时态和其被动语态的构成方式。（熟记）
2、各种时态和语态的用法。
3、弄清几对易混时态的区别---一般过去时和现在完成时，现在完成时与现在完成进行时，一般过去时与过去完成时，特别要对过去完成时和过去将来时进行慎重运用。
4、主动表被动的情况。（谓语动词和非谓语动词形式）
5、短语动词的被动语态。
6、情态动词的被动语态。
【应试技巧】
1、根据已知的时间，另一谓语动词的时态形式，上下文的语境或汉语提示来敲定时态，同时也要考虑其语态形式。
2、动词时态和语态与句子的主语存在有人称和数一致的情况。



英文常见动词时态的构成与用法
时态 动词形式 用法
主动结构 被动结构
一般现在时 ①be为am. is, are;
②have/ has
③行为动词原形
（主语为第三人称单数时，用V-s(es)形式。 be（am. is, are）
+done 1、表示经常性、习惯性的动

作或存在的状态。
2、表示计划、安排好的将来动作，只限于go, come, leave, start, begin, arrive, take off等短暂性动作动词中。
3、表示客观事实和普遍真理。
4、在时间、条件状语从句中，表示一般将来时。
一般过去时 ①be为was/were
②have/has为had
③动词的过去式 be(was/were)+done 表示过去某一时间的某一点或某一段时间的动作或存在的状态；或是过去经常或反复发生的动作。
一般将来时 ①shall/will+V.
②be to do sth.
③be going to do
④be about to do ①shall/will be+done
②be to be done
③be going to be done
1、表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，用①。
2、表示按计划要发生的事。用②。
3、表示现在打算在最近或将来要做的事；或表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为很可能要发生之事。用③
4、表示即将、就要做某事，一般不用时间状语，常与when（这时）从句连用。用④
现在进行时 be(am, is, are)+doing be(am, is, are) being done 1、表示现在正在进行或现阶段正在进行且此时此刻在进行的动作。
2、某些短暂性动作动词可用进行形式表示一个将要发生的动作。
过去进行时 be(was,were) doing be(was.were)being done 表示过去某一时间或某段时间正在进行的动作。
将来进行时 will be doing will be being done 表示在将来某一时间点（段）正在进行的动作。
现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在（也许还会继续下去）的动作或状态，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。
过去完成时 had done had been done 1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作；即表示“过去的过去”。
2、表示意愿、意图等的动词，如think, hope, believe, want, mean等。其过去完成时表示本打算做却没有做的事。
过去将来时 ①should/would+V.
②was/were to do sth.
③was/were going to do
④was/were about to do ①should/would be+done
②was/were to be done
③was/were going to be done
表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
将来完成时 shall/will have done shall/will have been done 表示在将来某一时刻或某一时刻之前已完成的动作，这一动作可能会继续下去。


【要点点拨】
一、时态
（一） 现在进行时用法注意点：
1.状态性动词不用进行时态，包括（1）be和have,或者含有be 和have意义的动词，如：belong to, contain, depend on, own, possess等；（2）feel, sound, smell, taste等连系动词；（3）hear, see, find等表示结果的动词；（4）表示心理或情感状态的动词，如：believe, love, want, understand, wish等；
2.进行时态和副词always, forever等连用时，往往带有一定的感情色彩，如赞扬、批评、不满、抱怨等；
（二） 一般过去时

与过去进行时的区别：
1.过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性，着眼于动作的过程；一般过去时表示动作的完成，即动作发生过，且已结束，着眼于结果；如：
She was writing a report last night and I don’t know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在写)
She wrote a report last night.（表示昨晚写了，并且写好了）
2.过去进行时与always, forever等词连用表示一定的感情色彩；
He was always throwing things about. (表示不满或讨厌)
（三） 将来时的几种表达：
A B C D
be going to 表示“计划、打算、安排将要做的事”时，主语只能是人 说话人说话之前已考虑过的 主语是物时，表示说话人根据某种迹象主观推测可能发生的事 不能用于含有条件句的主句中
will 表示将要发生某事或主语的“意愿” 说话人说话时刻才考虑到的 表示客观规律必然发生的 可用于含有条件句的主句或从句中表示“意愿”
be to 表示安排、计划要做的事 与第二人称连用，表示转述第三者的话 表示命令，相当于should / must 表示“能”“该”“想要”“注定、不可避免”
be about to 表示动作马上发生；句中不能再加at once, immediately和表示具体时间的词语；
常有“be about to…..when”结构；
还可用一般现在时、现在进行时表示将来发生的动作；
（四） 将来进行时与将来完成时：
1.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻发生的动作，结构为：will / shall be doing
2.将来完成时表示到将来某时刻某动作已发生，结构为：will / shall have done,时间状语为：by+表将来时间的词语；
如：I’ll be climbing the mountain this time the day after tomorrow.
By the time he graduates from the college, he will have learned three foreign languages.
（五） 现在完成时及过去完成时的用法注意点：
1.瞬间性动词与延续性动词的正确使用：与how long, for, since等表示一段时间的状语连用时须用延续性动词，如：buy-have, keep-borrow, die-be dead, marry-be married, begin-be on, begin to know-know等；
2.注意have / had been to与have/ had gone to的区别；
3.现在完成时用在时间、条件等状语从句中，表示从句中的动作在主句动作前完成，如：
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.
4.by+过去时间状语用过去完成时；
5.有些动词的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望，这类动词为：think, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose等；
I had intended to visit you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.
（六） 现在/过去完成进行时的用法：强调动作延续到说话时且还在进行；结构：have (has) / had been doing
比较：They have repaired the road.(表示路已修好)
They have been repairing the road. （表示路还在修）
有时两者可替

换：She has taught in this middle school for ten years.
She has been teaching in this school for ten years.
注意：完成进行时不可与瞬间性动词连用，如：finish, go, marry等；
（七） 某些固定句型中时态是固定的：
1.This / That / It is the first time +从句（用现在完成时）
2.It’s / has been +一段时间+since从句（用过去时）
3.Hardly / No sooner had sb. done when / than +从句（用过去时）
4.It will be +一段时间+before从句（用一般现在时）/ It was +一段时间+before从句（用过去时）
5. It’s time+从句（用过去时或should do）
6.would rather+从句（用一般过去时/过去完成时）
It’s getting late. I’d rather you took a taxi there.
The film was boring. I’d rather I hadn’t gone to see it.
二、语态
1.动词sell, write, read, open, lock, shut, wear, wash, keep, cook, cut, burn, run等与well, smoothly, easily等连用时，说明主语内在的“性能”“特点”，用主动代替被动；
2.表示状态特征的连系动词如smell, taste, feel, sound, look, prove等用主动语态表示被动意义；
3.不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态：come up（被提出）, run out（用完）, give out（耗尽）, go out（熄灭）, come out（出版）, come to light（显露，暴露，被发现）, belong to（属于）, break out（爆发）, lose heart（灰心）, die out（消失，消灭）, happen（发生），take place(发生，举行), occur（发生）等；
4.当want, require, need作“需要”解，后接doing/ to be done作宾语，此时动词do与主语为动宾关系；
5.be worth后接doing作宾语，用主动形式表示被动意义；
6.不定式to let（出租）, to blame（该受责备）表示被动意义；
7.在“主语+be+形容词（for sb.）+to do”结构中，to do用主动形式；
8.在“主语+谓语+宾语（名词）+动词不定式to do（作定语修饰前面的名词，且为动宾关系；主语与to do为主谓关系时，此动词不定式用主动形式；如：I have a meeting to attend.
【实战演练】
多项选择
1. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3000 more than he _______ for the wedding.
A. will plan B. has planned C. would plan D. had planned
2. As you can see, the number of cars on our roads ______ rising these days.
A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping
3．The house belongs to my aunt, but she ______ here any more.
A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t lived C. hadn’t lived D. doesn’t live
4. We ______ the last bus and didn’t have any money for taxi, so we had to walk home.
A. reached B. lost C. missed D. caught
5. The water ______ cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.
A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels
6. Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it ______ yesterday.
A. was happening B. happ

ens C. has happened D. happened
7．—______leave at the end of this month. — I don’t think you should do that until _____ another job.
A. I’m going to, you’d found B. I’m going to, you have found
C. I’ll, you’ll find D. I’ll, you’d found
8．— Your job______open for your return. — Thanks.
A. will be kept B. will keep C. had kept D. had been kept
9.—Where did you put the car keys?
—Oh I ______ I put them on the chair because the phone rang as I ____in.
A. remembered, come B. remembered, was coming
C. remember, come D. remember, was coming
10．I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I ______ to half a dozen other groups.
A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given
11. In a room above the store, where a party ______, some workers were busily setting the table.
A. was to be held B. has been held C. will be held D. is being held
12. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane ______.
A. takes off B. is taking off C. have taken off D. took off
13. The moment the 28th Olympic Games ______ open, the whole world cheered.
A. declared B. have been declared C. have declared D. were declared
14．I have to work by taxi because my car _______ at the garage.
A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
15. Customers are asked to make sure that they _____ the right change before leaving the shop.
A. will give B. have been given C. have given D. will be given
16. I _____ in London for many years, but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China.
A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived
17．My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ______ there for a few months then went to America.
A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working
18．— You look very tired. ________ at all last night?
— No, not really. I’m tired out now.
A. Do you sleep well B. Did you sleep well C. Were you sleeping D. Had you slept
19. The construction of the two new railway lines _____ by now.
A. has been completed B. have been completed C. has completed D. have completed
20. Faced with a bill of $ 10,000, ________.
A. an extra job has been given to John B. the boss has given John an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken D. John has taken an extra job
完成句子
1. An expert, together with some assistants___________________(已派去帮助)in the new area.(send)
2.We have only a small sum of money with us. By the time we return from the trip, we_______________________________(就会花光所有的钱)。 （run）
3.It was the first time that the flights from the mainland_________________________(着陆)in Songshan airpots. (land)
4.When we saw her in the school for t

he first time, she_______________________(唱一首英文歌曲)on the stage. (sing)
5.The patients with AIDS__________________________(正受到很好的照顾)in this hospital. (attend)
6.The company he worked in was closed. He__________________________(一直在寻找)a suitable job since then. (look)
7.Hundreds of jobs___________________________(将丢)if the factory closes. (lose)
8.Visitors _________________________(被要求不碰)the exhibits. (request)
9.The construction of the two new railway lines___________________(已完成) by now. (complete)
10.When we hurried to the theatre, we were informed the tickets_______________(已售完).(sell)
【悟语及困惑】
（请写下你对英文动词时态和语态的感悟之语及困惑，交给你们的各自指挥员老师或我，我们会尽力为你服务）
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第7讲 虚拟语气
【温故】
请根据中文提示和所给之词完成下列英文句子。
1. I haven’t the slightest idea ______ (他正在说什么). (talk) (07湖北高考)
2. Last night, John was answering the letters that ______ (寄给他的) during the past two weeks. (arrive)（07湖北高考）
3. He believes that children ______ (应允许……学习) at their own pace. (allow) （07湖北高考）
4.______ (他是否出过国) doesn’t make much difference. (he, abroad) （07湖北高考）
5. Not only ______ (要帮助)the disabled to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for those who need it. (give) （07湖北高考）
6. Seldom____________(他们玩)video games ever since they entered college.(play) （08湖北高考）
7. At present, lots of food, water, tents, and medicine__________(正在运往)from all over China and other parts of the world to the earthquake-stricken areas.(transport) （08湖北高考）
8. During his last lecture, the scientist______(觉得)easier to explain the theory to those with some background knowledge. (find) （09湖北高考）
9. If times______(变了)，have our ways of thinking changed too? (change) （09湖北高考）
10. My mother was so proud of all ________（我所做的）that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.(do)
（10湖北高考）
11. Last night’s TV news said that by then the death of the missing people _______（未证实）yet.（prove）（10湖北高考）
12. ______(任何计划好了的事)is sure

to change as one puts it into practice. (whatever) （09湖北高考）
虚拟语气
【概述】
虚拟语气表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望，假想，建议，请求等。
虚拟语气是英文三大语气（陈述，祈使，虚拟）中最难学的。可它又是高考的一个必考点。
虚拟语气实际上是属于谓语动词的变化形式类。其复杂性在于谓语动词的变化。
即使其动词变化多样，我把虚拟语气根据其谓语形式分为两大类—过去时态型和should+ v.型。
请同学们务必记住下列表格中的谓语动词时态形式：


1、“过去时态”型
标志
部分 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 与将来事实相反
主句部分 从句部分 主句部分 从句部分 主句部分 从句部分
if引导的
虚拟条件从句 would / could / should
/ might + v. 过去式
（be常用were） would / could / should / might +have+v-ed had + v-ed would / could / should / might + v. 过去式
（be常用were）
were to + v.
should + v.
If only 过去式 had +过去分词 would + 动词原形
but for would / could / should / might +have+v-ed
I wish 过去式
（be常用were） had + 过去分词 would / could + v.
without 过去式 would / could / should / might +have+v-ed would / could + v.
would rather 过去式 had +过去分词 过去式
as if 过去式
（be常用were） had +过去分词 would / could / might + v.
otherwise would / could / might + v. would / could / should / might +have+v-ed would / could / might + v.
2、“should + 动词原形”型
（1）在含有“建议，命令，愿望，请求”等词义的名词性从句中。
demand, suggest, advise, propose, insist, order, command, request, require, desire, urge, recommend 等等。
（2）在It is / was important / necessary / possible / essential / natural / better / best…that…主语从句中。
（3）在It’s (high / about) time that。。。从句中。（此句型中谓语动词可以用过去式）
（4）在in case, for fear that, lest (以防，以免，唯恐)引导的状语从句中，有时也用陈述语气。
【温馨提示】
1、在if引导的虚拟条件的主从复合句中，注意主从句的动作在不同时间点/段中发生/存在的某种状态，这就是错综时间。选用动词的时态形式时，应参照上表的谓语动词形式各取所需。
例如：If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.
(if 从句说的是与过去事实相反的假设，故取其与过去事实相反栏中的从句形式（had +过去分词）；主句则是说明现在所处的一种状态，故取其与现在事实相反的假设的主句形式（would +动词原形）。
2、在if引导的虚拟条件的主从复合句中，当从句的谓语部分中有should, had或were词时，可以将if省略，将should, had或were提至主语之前，构成部分倒装形式。
例如：If y

ou had come earlier, you would have caught the bus.
=Had you come earlier, you would have caught the bus.
3、英文中某些动词，表示希望、想法、打算、意图的动词（intend, hope, want, plan, mean等）的过去完成时或不定式的完成式，均表示与过去相反的虚拟语气。
例如：He had hoped for a better job, but he didn’t get it.
I had meant to ho to the party, but I had to work extra hours to prepare a speech.
I intended to have helped you, but I was very busy at the time.
【即时操练】
1. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him.
A. knew, would B. had known, would have sent C. know, would send D. knew, would have sent
2. If they ____ earlier than expected, they ____ here now.
A. had started, would be B. started, might be
C. had started, would have been D. will start, might have been
3. I didn’t know his telephone number. ____ it, I ____ then.
A. Had I known, would ring him up B. Should I know, would have rung him up
C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up
4. Mary is ill today. If she _____ , she ____ absent from school.
A. were not ill; wouldn't be B. had been ill; wouldn't have been
C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn't been ill; could be
5. Were I to do it, I ________ it some other way.
A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do
6. Without your help, we________ so much.
A. won ' t achieve B. didn’t achieve C. don't achieve D. wouldn't have achieved
7. You didn't take his advice. ________ his advice, you ________ such a mistake.
A. Had you taken; wouldn't have made B. If you had taken; would make
C. Were you lo take; shouldn’t have made D. Have you taken; won t have made
8. She wishes she ____ to the theatre last night.
A. went B. would go C. had gone D. were going
9. My sister advised me that I ________ accept the invitation.
A. could B. must C. should D. might
10. What do you think of Wang Fang's suggestion that he ________ Mr. Li to the party?
A. will invite B. have invited C. is invited D. invite
11. I insisted that he ________ at once.
A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go
12. Li Ming insisted that he ________ anything at all.
A. hadn’t stolen B. shouldn’t steal C. don’t steal D. doesn’t steal
13. It is quite natural that my coming late again ________ them very angry.
A. had made B. would make C. makes D. make
14. He acted as if he ________ everything in the world.
A. knew B. knows C. has known D. won't know
15. It is high time we ________ home.
A. will go B. would go C. have gone D. went
16. I 'd rather that you ________ home.
A. went B. have gone C. will go D. had gone
17. If only I _________ to the lecture!
A. listen B. will listen C. am listening D. had listened
18. Without electricity, human life ________ quite d

ifferent today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
19. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
20. I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I ______ him.
A. had telephoned B. would telephone C. would have telephoned D. telephoned
完成句子
1. But for your great efforts, the work___________________________(不可能完成)on time. (finish)
2. I lost my keys, otherwise____________________(我将在睡觉)comfortably in bed now. (sleep)
3. You ________________________(不会被责备)if you had spoken the truth out. But you were as quiet as a mouse. (blame)
4. If_______________________(不采取措施)， we could have lost all our tropical forests. (take)
5.What a pity! I ___________________________(本可以待在)Hong Kong for three more days, but something urgent needed to be dealt with back in Changsha. (stay)
6.I’d rather you________________________(没告诉她那个消息)。 How san she looks now! (tell)
7.---Your composition is full of mistakes. ----I wish I___________________(更细心些). (careful)
8.When Helen met Tom on the way, she acted as if________________________(没看到他). (see)
9.If it had one more bedroom, the house__________________________(会很完美). (perfect)
10.If they had studied hard, they_______________________(干得就会容易些) now. (do)

【悟语及困惑】
（请写下你对英文动词虚拟语气的感悟之语及困惑，交给你们的各自指挥员老师或我，我们会尽力为你服务）
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第8讲 情态动词
【知识储备】
1、情态动词有can, could, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare等。
2、情态动词本身有词义，但它不能单独充当谓语，它需要接动词原形一起构成谓语。它表示说话人对某一行为的态度或认识。如必须， 应该， 需要， 必要， 可能， 能力，请求， 允许， 拒绝， 意愿，命令，敢于或猜测等情态。
3、情态动词没有人称和数的变化，其单数第三人称的现在时也不用加-s(es)。它们只有现在式和过去式两种时态形式。它们的现在式也可以表示将来时；同时，它们的过去式

也可以用于表示委婉的现在时。
4、情态动词的否定式是在其后加not.
5、情态动词的具体用法如下：
（1）表示“能力”用can, could（能力状态）或be able to（特定情况下做成某事）
（2）表示“禁止”用can’t / mustn’t / may not
（3）表示“允许”用can / may（现在或将来）；can / could / may / might（疑问句）, could（过去）
（4）表示“必须”用must / have to
（5） 表示“可能”用 can / could / may / might+动词原形；表示“过去可能”用can / could / may / might +have+过去分词；表示“可能正在”用can / could / may / might +be+现在分词。（表示“可能”时，can一般用于疑问句和否定句；may用于陈述句； may not / might not表示“可能不”）
（6）表示“肯定”；“一定”用must+动词原形；表示“过去一定”用must+have+过去分词；表示“现在一定”用must be+现在分词。
（7）表示“不必”用needn’t+动词原形，或don’t have to+动词原形（现在或将来）；或needn’t have +过去分词（过去）。
（8）表示“（不）应该”用shoul(n’t) / ought(n’t) to +动词原形（现在或将来）；或shoul(n’t) / ought(n’t) to+过去分词（过去或完成）
（9）表示“习惯”用will+ 动词原形（现在或将来）；would / used to+动词原形（过去）。
（10）表示“意愿”用will+动词原形（现在或将来）；would+动词原形（过去）。
（11）shall在问句中表示征求对方意见或请求（用于第一、三人称）；在陈述句中表示说话人的允诺、命令或威胁（用于第二、三人称）和表示决定或决心（用于第一人称）。
【考点导航】
情态动词的基本用法和表示“推测”。
【实战演练】
多项选择
1.—Did you pass the driving test?
—No .I ______it ,but I had little time practising.
A．could have passed B．must have passed
C．can’t have passed D．shouldn’t have passed
2.He had been knocking at the door for a long time, but no one came to open it. He said to himself,”No one____in doors.”
A.must be B.can be C.may be D.should be
3.As is natural, a man as old as he_____be very forgetful.
A.can B.should C.would D.must
4.---We want someone to design the new art museum for us.
---____the young fellow have a try?
A.May B.Shall C.Will D.Need
5.---Why does Alinda know so much about Betty’s birthday party last night?
---She_____have been there, or….
A.must B.oughtn’t to C.may D.can’t
6.I____you, but I didn’t think you would listen to me.
A.could have told B.must have told C.should tell D.might tell
7. ---_____Peter get disappointed if we tell him the news ? ---I think he ______.
A. Will; shall B. Shall; need C. Will; may D. Shall; can
8. ---Jane has j

ust come back from China and she looks very happy. ---She_____ her trip very much.
A. must enjoy B. must have enjoyed C. may enjoy D. should have enjoyed
9. We ______ preparations for the party. Mrs. Brown called it off.
A. needn't make B. needn't have made C. needn't to make D. shouldn't make
10. I would love ______ to your birthday party last night, but I had to attend an important meeting.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
11. The teacher suggested not only ______ to the party but also give a performance.
A. would I go B. I should go C. should I go D. I going
12. Since she is angry, we______ her alone.
A. might as well leave B. had better to leave
C. would rather leave D. shall as well leaving
13. There used to be a lot of birds years ago,______?
A. wasn't there B. usedn't there C. weren't they D. didn't they
14. ---What has happened to the boy ? ---I don't know, He______ lost.
A. must be B. may get C. may have got D. can have got
15. Mr. John must have seen the film last night,______?
A. didn't he B. mustn't he C. didn't John D. hasn't he
Keys: 1~5 ABCBC 6~10 ACBBB 11~15 CABCA
完成句子
1. He believes that children ______ (应允许……学习) at their own pace. (allow) （07湖北高考）
2. It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he ______ (可能参与) in planning the monument, or in helping transport and pull up the stones. (hand) （07湖北高考）
3.He looks sleepy.He must________(熬夜了)last night,writing the essay.(stay) （08湖北高考）
4.After circling around the earth for three days, Shenzhou Spaceship received the command from the ground that _____（它着陆）as scheduled the next day. (land) （09湖北高考）
5. It’s said that they have swum to the island from the continent, but they _______（不可能做到）because the ocean in between is too wide.(do) （10湖北高考）
6.---Why did you leave without a word of warning to your husband?
---But what_______________________(我能说)？ He never listens to me. (say)
7.The man you met yesterday__________________(肯定不是)Jack; you know Jack is fairly tall and strong. (be)
8.The order came that all the money_________________________(送到)to the earthquake-stricken areas without delay. (send)
9.There is nobody here. They__________________(必定回家了)， （must）
10.Mr Brown, the secretary of our firm, _____________________________(不可能已被解雇了)， for she just told me she would come back to work. (fire).
【悟语及困惑】
（请写下你对英文情态动词的感悟之语及困惑，交给你们的各自指挥员老师或我，我们会尽力为你服务）
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第9讲 非谓语动词
【知识储备】
1、非谓语动词基本形式：
动词不定式、V-ing（现在分词）、 V-ing（动名词）、V-ed（过去分词）。
2、非谓语动词在句中的不同表现形式：
形式 一般式 进行式 完成式 否定式 被动式 复合结构
不定式 to do to be doing to have done not to do to be done 1、…for / of sb. to do sth.
2、…宾语+（to ）do sth.
现在分词 doing doing having done not doing being done 1、独立名词/人称代词的主格+V-ing （独立主格结构）
2、…宾语+doing+ sth.
动名词 doing doing having done not doing being done 1、名词所有格/形容词性物主代词+V-ing。
2、with + n. / pron. + doing / being done。
过去分词 V-ed 无 无 not V-ed 无 1、独立名词/人称代词的主格+V-ed （独立主格结构）
2、…宾语+done
3、with + n. / pron. + done。
3、非谓语动词在句中的作用：
形式 主语 表语 宾语 宾补 定语 状语 独立/插入成分
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
现在分词 × √ × √ √ √ √
动名词 √ √ √ × √ × ×
过去分词 × √ × √ √ √ √
4、要求用不定式作宾语的动词：
afford（担负得起）, manage（设法）, agree（同意）, mean（打算）, arrange（安排）, ask（要求）, attempt（试图）, offer（主动给予）, plan（计划）, bother（打扰）, prepare（准备）, care（关心）, pretend（假装）, choose（选择）, promise（答应）, prove（证明）, decide（决定）, refuse（拒绝）, demand（要求）, determine（决定）, seek（寻求）, fail（不，不能，忘记）, seem（似乎）, happen（碰巧）,hesitate（犹豫不决）, try（尽力）, hope（希望）, learn（学会）, like（喜欢）, want（想要）, long（渴望）, wish（希望）等等。
5、要求用动名词作宾语的动词：
mind（介意）, miss（错过）, excuse（原谅）, escape（逃避）, enjoy（享受）, encourage（鼓励）, imagine（想象）, include（包括）, forbid（禁止）, finish（完成）, practise（练习）, prevent（阻止）, permit（允许）, dislike（讨厌）, delay（耽搁）, allow（允许）, advise（建议）, suggest（建议），admit（承认）, appreciate（感谢）, stop（停止）, keep（保持）, consider（考虑）, understand（理解），avoid（避免）, risk（

冒险）, save（搭救）等等。
6、在下面短语中只能用v-ing作宾语：
prefer…to（比…更喜欢）, object to（反对）, It’s worth…（值得）, can’t help（情不自禁）, It’s no use / good…（没用处）, be fond of（喜欢）, be capable of（有能力或倾向于做某事）, be afraid of（害怕做某事） be proud of（自豪）, think of / about（考虑/想起）, hold off（延期，拖延）, put off（推迟）, keep on（继续）, insist on（坚持）, count on / upon（指望/依赖）, set about（着手）, be successful in（成功）, take up（从事）, give up（放弃）, burst out（突然爆发）, prevent…from（阻止）, admit to（承认）, contribute to（捐助/贡献）, get down to（着手做）, give way to（让位于）, keep to（坚持/遵守）, lead to（导致）, look forward to（期待）, take to（从事）, turn to（求助）, stick to（忠于/坚持）, point to（指向/表明）, see to（注意/处理）, be used to（习惯于）, devote oneself to（献身于）, be equal to（胜任/等于）, be familiar to（为…熟悉）, pay attention to（注意做某事）等等。
7、在下列动词之后的宾语补足语中的不定式符号to常常可以省去。但在被动语态中还需跟上。
Feel, hear, see, watch, observe, notice, listen to, look at 等表示感觉（观）的动词。Let, make, have等表示迫使意义的使役动词。
8、在下列情况中往往省去不定式符号to：
①不定式通常不能直接跟在介词后面，但是可以接在介词but和except后面作宾语。在这一用法中，如介词前面有实义动词do，介词后跟省去to的不定式；否则，要跟带to的不定式。
She can do everything except cook.
I can do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.
I don’t have any choice except / but to give up the plan.
There is nothing for them to do but remain silent.
②当主语部分有实义动词时，作表语的不定式可以省略；如没有实义动词，表语中的不能省去，特别是主语是不定代词或表示惟一意义的及形容词、副词的最高级以及引起的从句时更是如此。
例如：The best thing you can do is write her an apology.
All you have to do is wait for the right opportunity.
The thing for them to do is manage to raise enough money for the project.
③在cannot but, cannot help but, can’t choose but（不得不，不能不）, had better（最好）, would (will, could) you please（你…好吗？）, may(might) as well（不妨，还是…好）, would rather, would sooner（宁愿）等习惯用法中跟不带的不定式。
④在why和why not后常用不带的不定式构成问句。
⑤在下列固定词组搭配中：如let fall（故意说出），let go（放开），let slip（失言，无意说出），make do（凑合），make believe（假装），hear say / tell（听说）等，要用不带to的不

定式。
8、记住某些固定短语，它们常用来充当独立插入成分。例如：
to tell the truth（说实话/真话）, to begin / start with（首先）, generally/ frankly/ strictly speaking（一般（坦率，严格地）说, judging from（根据…来判断） considering…（考虑到）, speaking of…, talking of…（谈到，提到）, supposing…（假如）, seeing that（鉴于）等。
【考点导航】
非谓语动词作状语和定语，
【指点迷津】
问1：何时使用非谓语动词形式？
答：在一个已有谓语动词的句子中，且没有连接词， 分号或破折号时就应该考虑使用非谓语动词形式。
如：Learn English is not easy.(×)
Learning English is not easy.(√)
He wants go there. (×) He wants to go there. (√)
See from the hill, you will find the village more beautiful. (×)
Seeing from the hill, you will find the village more beautiful. (√)
【小试牛刀】
1.____the road round to the right and you’ll find his house.
2. ____the road round to the right ,you’ll find his house.
3. ____the road round to the right ,the blind man asked a boy to guide him.
A.Follow B.Following C.To follow D.Followed
4.____to the top of the hill, and you can see the whole of the town.
A.Get B. To get C.Getting D.Having got
5.____through this book and tell me what you think of it.
A.Look B.Looking C.To look D.Having looked
6.____down the radio---the baby is asleep in the next room.
A.Turn B.Turning C.To turn D.To have turned
7.Why stand there watching---_____and help us!
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/535162153.html,ing https://www.wendangku.net/doc/535162153.html,e C.to come D.to be coming
8.____your hand over your mouth when you cough.
A.Putting B.To put C.Put D.To be putting
9.____French well, she went to France to live with her cousins.
A.Study B.To study C.Studying D.Having studied
问2：如何判断用非谓语动词形式作状语？
答：在已知一个完整的简单句，且没有连接词， 分号或破折号，并用来说明这个句子的谓语动词动作的时间，原因，结果。方式，伴随，条件，让步，地点，目的等关系时。
问3：如果是作状语，那又怎样选用不定式，现在分词还是过去分词呢？
答：1、选用正确的非谓语动词形式作状语的关键是句子的主语与该非谓语动词动作之间的逻辑关系。
2、如果句子的主语是该非谓语动词动作的执行者，应该考虑使用不定式或v-ing形式；如果是承受者时，当虑过去分词也。
3、表示目的时，只使用动词不定式来充当。表示结果时，常用不定式表示偶然的结果；用v-ing形式表示必然的结果。但在下列结构中应该使用不定式：in order (not) to, so as (not) to, too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to等等。
4、当我们使用 “ be + V-ed + 介词

”结构作状语时，常省去be, 保留v-ed形式即可。
5、在含有状语从句的主从复合句中，当从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且谓语部分中含有be时，可以省去从句的主语和be，保留连接词和实义动词形式。
问4：如何使用非谓语动词的一般式，进行式，完成式，被动式和否定式？
答：非谓语动词形式尽管不能单独充当句子的谓语但本身也有动作。只要我们认真将其动作与句子的谓语动词的动作进行比较，我们就会正确使用这些形式了。
一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作在同时或几乎同时，或在它之后发生。
进行式说明该非谓语动词动作正在进行。
完成式说明该非谓语动词动作先于谓语动词动作。
被动式说明它的逻辑主语是其承受者。但要注意英文中的主动表示被动的情况。
否定式说明对该非谓语动词进行否定。
问5：如何使用非谓语动词的独立/复合结构？
答：首先我们应该熟记各种非谓语动词的复合结构表达式。
1、不定式的复合结构：
①…for / of sb. to do sth.常用来充当句子的主语和宾语的。
例如：It’s very important for us to learn English.
I think it very necessary for us to learn English.
It’s very clever of you to do it at once.
It’s very kind of you to say so.
②…宾语+不定式结构。弄清宾语与不定式的逻辑关系。此时不定式动作与句子的主语无关。如果宾语是执行者时，用不定式表示完成一次性动作或将要发出的动作；用v-ing表示进行的动作；用过去分词表示完成且宾语还是其承受者。
2、含现在分词v-ing和过去分词的复合结构：
此结构也称独立主格结构，它只用作状语。该非谓语动词的动作与句子谓语动词动作中不存在任何逻辑关系。它有另外的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。特别注意There being… It being…结构的使用。
3、含动名词v-ing的复合结构：
此结构在句中只充当主语和宾语。例如：
His coming late made the teacher angry.
Would you mind me / my opening the window?
问6：如何使用非谓语动词作定语？
答：首先我们要找准被该非谓语动词所修饰的那个词，然后看该词与非谓语动词之间的逻辑关系。
不定式往往表示未发出的动作。必须放在该修饰词之后。注意不定式的主动和被动形式。注意不定式短语中的介词。
现在分词作定语时则表示该分词动作在进行并含有主动之意，换句话说，被它所修饰的词是该分词的执行者。单个分词作定语时常用在所修饰的词之前；分词短语则用在其之后。
过去分词作定语时则表示该分词动作的完成并含有被动之意。单个分词作定语时常用在所修饰的词之前；分词短语则用在其之后

。动名词作定语时则表示该修饰的词的用途，功能的。
例如：①a sleeping boy , a sleeping car, a falling object, some fallen leaves, a swimming pool, a wounded soldier, the developing countries, the developed countries, boiling water, boiled water, the oppressing class, the oppressed class, burning forest, burned skin
②I have several questions to ask you.
His attempt to solve the difficult problem failed again.
There are some problems to solve ( to be solved)
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
She was the only one to look after the children.
Please give me some paper to write on.
Is this something to be proud of?
Give the book to the man sitting at the desk.
The room facing south is our bedroom.
The question to be discussed tomorrow is very important.
The question being discussed now is very important.
The question discussed yesterday is very important.
同学们需注意以下这点：有些单个的过去分词作定语也可以后置。但比较有限。请比较：
a concerned look（关切的神情） the students concerned （有关的学生）
a used car （旧车） the textbooks used（用过的教科书）
the given time （特定的时间） the time given （给予的时间）
the involved problem （复杂的问题） the problem involved（所涉及的问题）
【技巧点拨】
同学们在掌握了以上的有关非谓语动词的基本用法之后。这只能说明你有了一定的知识储备，但要想做好有关题目，还要掌握一定的技巧，方可取胜。
现在高考命题专家们往往从句子结构中去考查学生的非谓语动词的掌握情况。因此，我们要想取得好成绩，必须在选择之前认真分析好题干的句子结构。下面请同学们先进行一下实战演练，好吗？
【实战演练】
多项选择
1.Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could ___a good college.
A. enter B. to enter C. entering D. entered
2.He ran as fast as he could ____to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope C. hoping D. hoped
3.He spent every minute he could____spoken.
A. practise B. practsing C to practise D. practised
4.Before going abroad he devoted all he could____his oral English.
A.improve B.to improve C.improving D.to improving
5.He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help____any of your work.
A.doing B.to do C.being done D.to be done
6.Which do you enjoy____your weekend, swimming or fishing?
A.spending B.being spent C.spend D.to spend
7.What the boy enjoys____to have a room of his own.
A.being B.to be C.is D.are
8.He looked around and caught a man_____his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A.put B.to be putting C.to put D.putting
9.I felt it a great honour______to speak to you.
A.to ask B.asking C.to be asked D.havng asked
10.Finding her car stolen, _____

_.
A.a policeman was asked to help B.the area was searching thoroughly.
C.it was looked for everywhere D.she hurried to a policeman for help

完成句子
1.They sat together around the table, with______________(门关着). (shut)（07湖北高考）
2.—You’d better go and ___________________(把你的轿车洗洗). (wash) （08湖北高考）
---No, I’ll do it myself.
3.________________(多亏了) her assistance, we succeeded in starting the engine. (owe) （09湖北高考）
4.When you are finished with the electric iron, don’t forget__________(关掉它). (turn) （09湖北高考）
5._______________________(获得奖学金)gave Martin the chance to go to a college in one of the northern states. (win) （09湖北高考）
6.Such knowledge is still useful______________(当应用)to similar situations in other countries. (when) （09湖北高考）
7.____________________(油漆成)red, the building stands out among the rest and looks very attractive. (paint) (10湖北高考)
8.______________________(不会用)a computer makes it more difficult for him to do his academic research. (use) (10湖北高考)
9. After she completes the project, she’ll have____________________(没什么要担心的). (worry)
(10湖北高考)
10.________________(尝起来不错), the food was sold out soon. (taste)
11.When she heard her mother’s steps on the stairs, she pretended______________(在写)her composition. (write)
12.______________(已经失败了很多次), the young scientist still kept on making his experiments in chemistry. (fail)
13.---Will the Smiths go abroad this summer?
---No, they finally__________(决定不去). (decide)
14. He hurried to the airport, ___________________(结果却被告知)the film star had left. (tell)
15._________________________(听到这个坏消息)，she burst into tears. (hear)
【悟语及困惑】
（请写下你对英文非谓语动词的感悟之语及困惑，交给你们的各自指挥员老师或我，我们会尽力为你服务）
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第10讲 英文三大句式
【概述】
英语是一门结构性语言。一个学英语之人在使用英语时必须具备三个意识，即词形变化意识，时态和语态意识和句子结构意识。如果我们具备以上三意

识，在平时有意识地进行必要的训练，在短短几个月中完全可以大幅度地提高自己的英语水平的。
湖北省在2007年高考试卷中增加了“完成句子”题目。很多学生对此题无所适从，及格（9分）人数不多。从学生答题情况来看，学生主要存在于对英文的句法结构掌握不够，换句话说，他们几乎没有英文结构意识。为此，我在此谈谈英文的句子结构。英文有三大句式，四大句种和一些特殊构式，只要我们弄清了这三种结构，我们就可以具备有分析长难句子的能力了。
英文句子根据其结构可分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。
一、简单句（Simple Sentences）
简单句只有一个主谓结构。有些句子可能有两个或者更多的主语，也可能有两个或更多的谓语，只要句子只有一个主谓结构，这样的句子就是简单句。
简单句有五种基本句型：主语+谓语， 主语+系动词+表语， 主语+谓语+宾语， 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语， 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。英语里形形色色，千变万化的句子皆由这五种基本句型演变而来。学好简单句是学好并列句和复合句的前提。需要特别注意的是谓语动词的时态以及主谓语一致。
1、主语 + 谓语 。
此句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，常带状语。
例如：The fruit shop has closed.
They have been singing and dancing for two hours.
The plane will take off soon.
They will fly to London.
2、主语 + 系动词 + 表语。
此句型结构中的谓语动词是系动词，后接表语。常用的系动词除be（是）外，还有become（变成）, look（看起来）, seem（似乎）, appear（显得）, get（变得）, feel（觉得，摸起来）, grow（变得）, turn（变成）, remain（仍然是）,fall(变得)， come（变得）, hold（保持）, keep（保持）, stand（保持）, stay（保持）,smell（闻起来）, sound（听起来）, taste（尝起来）等等。
例如：The motor is out of order.
Her mother has fallen ill.
The weather is getting quite hot.
The roses smell sweet.
Silk feels soft and smooth.
The plan sound perfect.
3、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，后面跟宾语。
例如：He studies English.
The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once.
We should help the disabled.
4、主语+ 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
直接宾语和间接宾语合称双宾语，间接宾语一般为人，直接宾语一般为物。常见的能带双宾语的及物动词有：give, bring, tell, send, leave, pass, read, write, take, wish, show, teach, get, award, lend, rent, buy, pay, hand, recommend，spare, save, order等。
双宾语的正常排列是间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。有时，也可将直接宾语置

于间接宾语之前，不过此时需用一个适当的介词（for / to / of）于间接宾语之前。
有时即使间接宾语在前，也需要加上一个介词to。如：explain, suggest, announce 等。
例如：This new way saved us much time.
Could you do me a favor please?
I paid him fifty yuan.
He ordered (要，订购)himself a soft drink.
Mr Smith lent me his car.
I found him a new textbook.
Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?
The president awarded（授予）him the first prize.
He suggested to me that the work should be finished ahead of time.
5、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
常见的带复合宾语的及物动词有：elect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, make, notice, see, let, smell, start, watch, appoint, believe, call, catch, allow, ask, cause, consider, expect, know, tell, think, want, wish, listen to, look at 等。
例如：We elected him monitor of our class.
We found her rather difficult to work with.
I warned him not to be late again.
My father saw him steal the money.
I found the glass broken.
The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time.
The woman caught her husband reading her diary.
二、并列句结构
并列句是由并列连接词连接两个或两个以上的简单句结构。
常用的并列连接词有：
（1）表示并列，递进关系and, both…and, not…but, not only…but(also)…, neither…nor…
（2）表示转折/对比关系but, while, (and) yet, when
（3）表示选择关系or, either…or…, otherwise
（4）表示结果关系so, (and) therefore, (and) thus
（5）表示原因关系for
三、主从复合句结构
复合句是由一个主句和一个从句或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体；从句只用作句子的某一个成分，不能单独成句，但它也有主语和谓语，一般由连接词引导。复合句中的从句按其语法作用可分成两种：名词性从句和修饰性从句；名词性从句又分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句；修饰性从句有定语从句和状语从句。
【实战演练】
完成句子
1. Mr Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention_____________(讨论)at the meeting. (discuss)
2. My mother was so proud of all_____________(我所做的)that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.(do)
3. The news _____________(房价将要下跌)has caused many people to sell their houses at lower prices．(fall)
4. I haven’t the slightest idea (他正在说什么).(talk)
5.The fact________(他失败了数次)makes him very upset. (he, fail)
6. (他是否出过国)doesn’t make much difference.(he, abroad)
7. The city__________(我成长的)is very hot and damp in summer.(grow)
8. With the rapid development of science and technology, I can’t imagine________(我的家乡会是什么样子)in

ten years.(what)
9. ______(任何计划了的事)is sure to change as we puts it into practice.(whatever)
10. Such knowledge is still useful ______(当应用) to similar situations in other countries.(when)
11. Last night, John was answering the letters that (寄给他的) during the past two weeks.(arrive)
12._________(我花了)one thousand dollars to buy the painting last week.(cost)
【悟语及困惑】
（请写下你对英文三大句式的感悟之语及困惑，交给你们的各自指挥员老师或我，我们会尽力为你服务）
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

第11讲 英文的四大句种
英文句子根据其作用可分为四大句种：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句。
一、陈述句(Declarative Sentences)
陈述句是用来说明事实、陈述看法等的句子。陈述句有两种形式：肯定和否定。句末用句号，朗读时一般用降调。
陈述句的肯定句如同中文一般。只是排列的顺序有些差异。
基本排列：主语+谓语（+宾语+宾补）
注意：在英文句中，有时把主语置于句后部，此时需要用一个形式主语It来填充；有时也把宾语置于宾补之后，此时也需要用一个形式宾语it来代替，以保持一个句子的平衡。
例如：He works very hard （主语 + 谓语）
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.（主语+系动词+表语）
We are doing our homework. （主语+谓语+宾语）
My uncle bought me an English-Chinese dictionary. （主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语）
We find our school very beautiful.（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语）
It is necessary for us to learn English. We think it our duty to serve the people.
定语的位置中英文有别。中文的定语始终位于其所修饰的名词之前。标志词是“的”。然而英文的位置就有别了。
1、单个的形容词,名词，数词，代词，v-ing和过去分词通常置于所修饰词之前。
注意：（1）当形容词修饰的词为something, anything, everything, nothing, somebody, everybody, anybody, nobody等不定代词时，需要后置。
例如：He told us all something important in the class.
The doctors did everything possible to save the young man who was suffering from