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英语语法学习讲解

英语语法学习讲解
英语语法学习讲解

英语语法学习第一部分英语语法结构图

语法词法

词性(9种)

名词

代词

数词

冠词

介词

连词

形容词

副词

动词

谓语动词

非谓语动词

助动词与情态动词

时态与语态

虚拟语气

句法

一般规则

3:三类句子

简单句

并列句

复合句

定语从句

名词性从句

状语从句

9:九种句子成分

6:六种简单句句子

特殊规则

不定式

分词

动名词

倒装

比较

反义疑问句

时态(16种)

语态

第二部分词法

第一节词性

一、副词

(一)概念

副词(Adverb)是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。

(二)副词的位置

1、一般规则

副词一般放在be动词、助动词或情态动词之后,实义动词之前。如果实义动词后有宾语,则放于宾语之后。

I am also Bush.

我也是布什。

I can also do that.

我也可以这样做。

I also want to play that games.

我也想玩这游戏。

She didn't drink water enough.

她没有喝足够的水。

I have seen this film twice with my friends.

这部电影我和朋友看过两次。

2、简化结构中副词位置的变化

(1)be动词

简化前:He is really nice.

简化后:He really is.

(2)助动词

简化前:He can hardly do it.

简化后:He hardly can.

3、状态副词在被动语态中的位置

表示状态的副词在被动语态中,要置于过去分词前。

主动语态:He did the job well.

被动语态:The job was well done.

4、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中,地点副词在前面,时间副词在后面。

We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.

5、副词修饰形容词、副词时,一般放在被修饰词之前,但enough除外。

It's rather easy, I can do it.

He didn't run fast enough to catch the train.

6、句子要部分倒装。

Never have I felt so excited!

(三)重要的副词用法

1、very,much的用法

(1)very可修饰一般形容词或副词,但形容词或副词变成比较级时,则只能用much 修饰。

He walked very slowly.

He walked much more slowly than I

(2)修饰too时只能用much,不能用very。

He is much too young.

注:修饰比较级或too的副词通常有六个:much,far,a lot,a great deal, still, even.

2、little、a little

(1)little做副词时,视为否定副词,译为“一点儿都不”,等于no;

The patient’s condition is little better than yesterday. 病人的情况并没有比昨天好到哪里去(2)a little做副词时,译为“有点儿”

3、sometimes、sometime

(1)sometimes 有时候

Sometimes he comes here for a visit.

(2)sometime 某时

可用于一般过去时或一般将来时,使用时通常与另一明确的时间副词或副词短语连用。

I saw him sometime yesterday morning.

4、ago、before

(1)ago表“距现在若干时间以前”,时态用一般过去时,须与具体时间连用。

He came here a few days ago.

(2)before表“距过去某时若干时间以前”,时态用一般过去时或过去完成时,可单独使用。

I have met him before.

5、since、after

(1)Since可做副词连词,连接状语从句:I have studied English since I moved here in 2001.

Since可做副词用,修饰主句,译为“从那时候起”,句型结构一定为:He left town in 2002 and I haven’t seen him since.

Since可做介词用,之后加明确的时间名词作宾语:I have been studying English since 2002./ I have been studying English for ten years.

(2)since之前可以用ever修饰,用于加强语气

Ever since he came here, he has been arguing with Mary.

(3)after做副词时,译为“之后”,与since不同的是,since修饰完成时,after修饰过去时,等于later或afterwards

He fell ill on Monday and died three days after.

6、someday、the other day、some other day

(1)someday表示将来有一天,用于将来时。

Keep on working hard, and somehow you’ll be successful.

(2)the other day 表示前些时候,用于过去时

I went to the National Park for a visit the other day.

(3)some other day 改天,用于将来时

I will visit you some other day.

7、somewhat、somehow、anyhow

(1)somewhat 有一点儿

It’s somewhat cold today.

(2)somehow 不知怎么的/设法

He is nice; but somehow I don’t like him.

We must find the money somehow.

(3)anyhow 况且/不管如何

I don’t have time to go to the movies; they’re too expensive anyhow.

Anyhow, we can try.

8、Short Response 简应句

(1)肯定句用so或too,其中so需要倒装

He is nice, and so is she.

He is nice, and she is, too

(2)否定句用neither或either,其中neither需要倒装

He isn’t nice, and neither is she.

He isn’t nice, and she is ,either.

9、more than 与倍数的关系

More than 应置于倍数之前:He has more than three times as much money as you do.

10、避免双重否定

(1)never 不能再与否定词共用

He hasn’t never been to Japan before (×)

He has never been to Japan before

He hasn’t ever been to Japan before

(2)scarcely/hardly/almost not 为否定副词,译为“几乎不”,不可再与no 或not连用,但可以与any连用

He has hardly no money (×)

He has hardly any money.

11、在think、hope、believe、be afraid、imagine等动词后面加so,可代替肯定句,加not代替否定句

A: Is he nice?

B: yes, I think so.

No, I think not.

12、容易混淆的副词

(1)most(最)、mostly(大部分)

(2)near(近)、nearly(几乎,=almost)

He lives near, not far

He was nearly drowned

二、动词

(一)谓语动词

谓语动词指的是在句子中可以单独作谓语的动词,主要由实意动词充当。主要划分为完全不及物动词、不完全不及物动词、完全及物动词、不完全及物动词和授予动词。

1、完全不及物动词

完全不及物动词,就是意思很完全的不及物动词,这类动词位于主语之后,可以单独存在,之后不须加任何词类意思就很完全。如

Something happened.

He died

在完全不及物动词之后,可接副词或副词对等语(如介词短语、状语从句等),以修饰该动词。

Something happened yesterday.

He died in an accident.

He left because he didn’t want to see Mary again.

不及物动词无被动语态。

2、不完全不及物动词(亦称系动词)

这类动词意思不完全,因而无法单独存在,之后要接名词、形容词或名词对等语,以补充其意思的不足,我们称为表语。

(1)be 动词

Be 动词之后可用名词(含名词对等语,如名词性从句、名词短语、动名词、不定式等)或形容词(含作形容词的现在分词、过去分词、介词短语)和副词(地点副词或地点副词短语等)作表语。

Be 动词后面有是一种表语:

表语种类表语种类例句

名词或名词对等语

名词He is a great hero.

名词性从句

The trouble with me is that I lack money.

The problem is whether he can join us.

The question is what he is doing?

名词短语The question is when to set out?

动名词短语My hobby is collection stamps.

不定式短语My purpose here is to see him.

形容词或形容词对等语

形容词She is beautiful.

作形容词用

的现在分词

The story is interesting.

作形容词用

的过去分词

I am interested in the story

作形容词用

的介词短语

此类介词短语由“of + 抽象名词”

The book is of great value.= The book is valuable.

副词或副词对等语

地点副词She is there.

地点副词短

本短语由“介词+ 地方名词”

She is in town.

They are at home.

(2)become(变成)

Become 可用任何名词、形容词或可作形容词用的现在分词或过去分词作表语。

He became angry.

You’ll become a good student if you study hard

(3)turn(变成)

Turn 通常只用形容词作表语,而且所能使用的形容词多与颜色或情绪有关

The leaves were turning yellow.

(4)get(变成)

Get 通常表“生气”或“激动”的形容词作表语。若用其他形容词时,宜用become。He got mad.

若get用于进行时的结构中,之后可接任何形容词的比较级形态作表语。

She is getting more and more beautiful.

(5)seem(似乎)= appear

Seem 之后用不定式短语作表语

He seems to know it.

但在seem to be + 名词/形容词结构中,to be可以省略,直接用名词或形容词作表语。

He seems to be happy. = He seems happy.

(6)感官动词

感官动词一共有五个,分别为look, sound, smell, taste, feel,一律译成“……起来”,后面一律用形容词作表语。

His idea sounds good.

I feel tired.

感官动词后绝不可用名词作表语,若要与名词连用时,感官动词后要加like:

It sounds like a good idea.

3、完全及物动词

完全及物动词是加了宾语后意思才完全的动词,有主动和被动两个语态。

4、不完全及物动词

不完全及物动词是加了宾语后意思还不完全的动词,需要在宾语后面添加宾补成分。

(1)使役动词

种类动词用法例句

叫……Make

Have

Make/have + 宾语+ 原形动

I made him wash the car.

I had John report to me. Get Get sb to do I got him to wash the car.

让……Let

Let + 宾语+ 原形动词I let him wash the car. Let + 宾语+ 作副词用的介

词(in、out、down)

I let him in.

强迫/要求/怂恿/催促……

Force

Ask

Compel

Push

Encourage

此类动词+ 宾语+ 不定

I forced him to recite the lesson.

I asked him to write the letter.

He compelled me to do that.

I pushed her to be in charge of the

work.

使……成

为Make Make + 宾语+ 形容词/名词

His teacher make him a good

student.

(2)知觉动词

此类动词有三类:

看:see, observe, watch, look at, notice.

听:hear, listen to

感觉:feel

此类动词可以做完全及物动词,也可以做完全不及物动词

A)表事实时,用原形动作作补语,译成“……了”

I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞了。

B)表进行状态时,用现在分词作补语,译成“……正在……”

I saw him dancing when I walked in. 我进来的时候,看见他正在跳舞。C)表被动语态时,用过去分词,译成“……被……”

I saw him killed.

I heard the door closed.

I feel myself lifted.

(3)任命动词

此类动词多表“选举”、“指派”之意,其宾语后面接表职位的名词作补语,通常该职位名词之前要省略冠词。此类动词常有:elect, assign, appoint:

I was appointed director of claim and recovery division.

My boss appoint me director of claim and recovery division.

(4)认定动词

此类动词均表“视……为”之意,常有:regard, think of, see, view, think, believe, deem, consider等。

(5)转变动词

此类动词均表“使……变成……”,常用的有change与turn两个,通常要与介词into 连用:

The experience turned/changed him into a good student.

(6)其他重要的不完全及物动词

Set: 将……置于……:They set him free.

Paint: 将……涂成……:They painted the door green.

Name: 给……取名……:They named the baby Tom.

5、授予动词

授予动词是接了两个宾语的及物动词,第一个宾语叫间接宾语,表授予的对象;第二个宾语叫直接宾语,表授予的东西。常见的授予动词有give, buy, ask, offer等

I will give you this watch. 其中you为间接宾语,this watch为直接宾语。

(1)间接宾语与直接宾语倒置原则

A)表“给予”的概念,要用to

I gave him the book = I gave the book to him.

B)表“代劳”的概念,要用for

I bought him the book = I bought the book for him.

C)表“从……中”的概念,要用of

He required me nothing = He required nothing of me.

(2)与of连用的授予动词

以下授予动词均与of连用,即在直接宾语前要加of

Rob / Deprive / Relieve / Rid / Break / Cure

I cannot rid myself of the painful memory.

(二)非谓语动词

非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。

非谓语动词使用条件:一个句子当中,已经存在一个主句(谓语动词),又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时,就需要使用非谓语动词。

非谓语动词的句法功能:

主语宾语定语状语宾语补足语表语同位语

不定式√√√√√√

动名词√√√√√√

分词√√√√

1、不定式

动词不定式:(to)+ do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

否定式:not + (to) do

(1)不定式不同时态与谓语的先后关系

A)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.

例如:

It's nice to meet you.很高兴见到你。

He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。

We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划去参观。

He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家。

The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术。

The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。

B)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:

The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。

He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。

C)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:

I regretted to have told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。

I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。

He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。

(2)不定式的句法功能:

A)作主语:

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。

To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。

动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。

It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。

常用句式有:

It+be+名词+to do

It takes sb.+some time+to do

It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示赞扬或批评的形容词。

It is very clever of him to finish the hard task.

B)作表语:

Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。

He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。

C)作宾语:

常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer。如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。

D)作宾语补足语:

在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite。

E)作定语:

动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:

①动宾关系:

I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。

注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:

He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。

The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。

What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它?

如果不定式修饰time,place,way,可以省略介词:

He has no place to live. 他无处安身。

This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。

如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:

Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗?

Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗?

②说明所修饰名词的内容:

We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。

③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:

He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。

F)作状语:

①表目的

He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。

She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。

注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:

wrong:To save money,every means has been tried.

right:To save money,he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数。

wrong:To learn English well,a dictionary is needed.

right:To learn English well,he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语,他需要一本词典。

②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之外):常放在never only后

He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了。

I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他,只见他出去了。

③表原因:常放在形容词后面

They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。

④表程度

It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我们什么也看不见。

The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。

2、动名词

动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。

动名词的形式:Ving

否定式:not + 动名词

(1)动名词的时态和语态

A) 一般式:

Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

B) 被动式:

He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

C) 完成式:

We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。

D) 完成被动式:

He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.

他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

E) 否定式:not + 动名词

I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。

F) 复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词

He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。

His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。

(2)动名词的句法功能:

A)作主语:

Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。

Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。

当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。

B) 作表语:

In the ant city,the queen's job is laying eggs.

在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。

C) 作宾语:

They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。

We have to prevent the air from being polluted.

我们必须阻止空气被污染。

注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:

We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

D) 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:

enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid(避免),excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit(承认),deny(否认),mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒险),appreciate(感激),be busy,be worth,feel like,can't stand,can't help(情不自禁地),think of,dream of,be fond of,prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…(from),protect…from,set about,be engaged in,spend…(in),succeed in,be used to,look forward to,object to,pay attention to,insist on,feel like

E) 作定语:

He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。

Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?

F) 作同位语:

The cave,his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。

His habit,listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.

他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。

3、现在分词

现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。

现在分词的否定式:not + 现在分词

(1)现在分词的语态和时态

A) 现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:They went to the park,singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。

Having done his homework,he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。

B) 现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。

The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。

Having been told many times,the naughty boy made the same mistake.

被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。

(2)现在分词的句法功能:

A) 作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。

In the following years he worked even harder.

在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。

The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.

正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.

B) 现在分词作表语:

The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。

The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。

be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。

C) 作宾语补足语:

如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:

see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。例如:

Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?

He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。

D).现在分词作状语:

①作时间状语:

(While) Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.

在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。

②作原因状语:

Being a League member,he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。

③作方式状语,表示伴随:

He stayed at home,cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。

④作条件状语:

(If) Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.

要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。

⑤作结果状语:

He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。

⑥作目的状语:

He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。

⑦作让步状语:

Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.

虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。

⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:

I waiting for the bus,a bird fell on my head.

我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。

All the tickets having been sold out,they went away disappointedly.

所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。

Time permitting,we'll do another two exercises.

如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。

有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式

With the lights burning,he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。

⑨作独立成分:

Judging from(by) his appearance,he must be an actor.

从外表看,他一定是个演员。

Generally speaking,girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。

4、过去分词

过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。

A) 过去分词作定语:

Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。

Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。

注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做

定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

B) 过去分词作表语:

The window is broken. 窗户破了。

They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。

注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:

The window is broken.(系表)

The window was broken by the boy.(被动)

有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:

boiled water(开水)fallen leaves(落叶)

newly arrived goods(新到的货)the risen sun(升起的太阳)

the changed world(变了的世界)

这类过去分词有:gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等。

C) 过去分词作宾语补足语:

I heard the song sung several times last week.

上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。

有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:

With the work done,they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。

D) 过去分词作状语:

Praised by the neighbors,he became the pride of his parents.

受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)

Once seen,it can never be forgotten.

一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)

Given more time,I'll be able to do it better.

如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)

Though told of the danger,he still risked his life to save the boy.

虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)

Filled with hopes and fears,he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。

5、动名词与现在分词的区别

动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing.在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式".这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分.例如:

Speaking in the public ,he will surely be very cheerful .

(现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的.

She hates speaking in the public.

(动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话.

区别:

(1)动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:

①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:

My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)

②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:

The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.

(2)动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:

动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质?状态或动作等?试比较:

①a swimming boy和a swimming suit

前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming ,动名词swimming 表示suit 的用途?

②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car

前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词child 正处于的状态;而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,动名词sleeping 表示car 的用途?

(三)助动词及情态动词

1、概念

协助主要动词构成谓语的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。助动词用来构成时态和语态。助动词具有语法意义,但没有词汇意义,不可单独作谓语。

情态动词(Modal verbs)本身有一定的词义,表示语气的单词。但是不能独立作谓语,

只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词用在行为动词前,表示说话人对这一动作或状态的看法或主观设想。情态动词虽然数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) must not.

基本助动词:基本助动词只有三个:be, do, have, 它们没有词汇意义,只有语法作用,如协助构成进行体,完成体,被动态,否定句,疑问句等。

2、助动词的用途

(1)表示时态,例如:

He is singing. 他在唱歌。

He has got married. 他已结婚。

(2)表示语态,例如:

He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。

(3)构成疑问句,例如:

Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?

Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?

(4)与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:

I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。

(5)加强语气,例如:

Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。

He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。

3、be的用法

be+动词不定式

(1)表示最近、未来的计划或安排。如:

He is to go to New York next week. 他下周要去纽约。

We are to teach the fresh persons. 我们要教新生。

但应注意:这种用法也可以说是一种将来时态的表达法。

(2)表示命令。如:

You are to explain this. 对此你要作出解释。

He is to come to the office this afternoon. 他今天下午要来办公室。

(3)表示征求意见。如:

How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?

Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?

(4)表示相约、商定。如:

We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.

我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

4、have的用法

5、do的用法

6、shall和will的用法

shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:

I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。

He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。

7、should和would的用法

(1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:

I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.

我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。

比较:

"What shall I do next week?"I asked.

"我下周干什么?"我问道。(可以说,shall变成直接引语时,变成了should。)

(2)would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:

He said he would come.他说他要来。

比较:

"I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。"

变成间接引语,就成了:

He said he would come.

原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。过去式从原来的go变为came。

(3)would,should,could,might 无词义,与动词的原型构成虚拟语气。如:

We would have finished our paper if we had been given five more minutes.

假如再有5分钟,我们就答完试卷了。

(4)would rather + 动词原形宁愿……

I would rather go than stay here.

8、can和could的用法

(1)can有以下意思和用法:

A)表示“能力”(= be able to),译成“能够”

He can cope with the problem.

B)表示“可能性”,译成“有可能”

He can be wrong to say so.

C)表示“许可”(= may),译成“可以”

You can go home now.

(2)could与would一样,可以使用在问句中,以表示客气的语气。

Could you please do it for me?

9、may和might

(1) may之后接原形动词,有以下意思:

A)表“许可”,译成“可以”

You may take whatever you like.

B)表“推测”,译成“可能”

It may be true.

(2) may的惯用语

A)may well + 原形动词大可/足可以……

He knows so many things that he may well be called a genius.

B) may as well + 原形动词不妨……(语气缓和)

比较

Had better + 原形动词最好……(语气较强)

You may as well stay home.

You had better stay home.

C) may as well + 原形动词+ as + 原形动词与其……倒不如……

You may as well stay home as go out with them.

You might as well die as make friends with him.(表较小的可能性)

10、must(= have to)

在口语中,have to 经常被have got to 或gotta取代

I have to tell you the truth.

I have got to tell you the truth.

I gotta tell you the truth.

11、ought to

12、need

在肯定句中,need为一般动词,同样具有人称及时态的变化,译成“必须”或“需要”,之后接不定式短语或名称做宾语。

在否定句中,need与not连用,此时need为助动词。

13、dare

14、used to

三、代词

(一)概念

代词是代替名词或一句话的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。

1、人称代词主格:I我you你he他she她they他们we我们

宾格:me我you你him他her她them他们us我们

2、物主代词my我的his他的your你的(your你们的)their他们的her她的

3、指示代词this这that那these这些those 那些

4、反身代词myself我自己himself他自己themselves他们自己

5、疑问代词who谁what什么which哪个

6、不定代词some一些many许多both两个;两个都either 两者之一neither 两者都不any 三者或以上任一none 三者或以上都不all 三者或以上都

7、关系代词which……的物who……的人that……的人或物who谁that引导定语从句

8、相互代词each other 两者互相one another三者或以上互相

9、连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever

(二)人称代词

(三)it的强调用法

1、强调主语或宾语

I love him

It is I who love him

2、强调介词短语或状语冲击

It was in 1974 that I began to study English

(三)不定代词的用法

1、each other 与one another

The two students like each other.(两者彼此)

The five students hate one another. (三者或三者以上彼此)

2、one after the other 与one after another

He raised his hands one after the other.(两者相继地)

All the students came in one after another.(三者或三者以上相继地)

3、either、neither、both、all、any、none

I don’t care whether you serve coffee or tea; either will do.(两者中任一)

I don’t like any of the four chairs.(三者或以上任一)

Neither of the two books is good.(两者中都不)

None of the three students is diligent.(三者或以上都不)

Both of the two students are lazy.(两者中都是)

All of the five apples are rotten.(三者或以上都是)

四、介词

(一)概念

介词(preposition 简写prep.)又称作前置词,表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,表示与其他成分的关系。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语,定语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词、数量介词和其他介词。

1、简单介词

包括in,on,with,by,for,at,about,under,of等。

2、合成介词

包括into,within,throughout,inside,outside,without等

3、重叠介词

包括from among从...当中,from behind从...后面,until after直至...之后,at about在大约...,after about在大约...之后等

4、短语介词

一个或两个简单介词和一个或几个其他词类构成一个短语,作用相当于一个介词,这就叫做介词短语。这类介词的末尾总是一个简单介词,如according to,because of,by means of,in addition to,in front of, in spite of,into等。

5、分词介词

有极少数介词的词尾是“-ing”,形似现在分词(其中也有些可做分词)。常用的有:considering,regarding,respecting,including。

(二)主要介词的使用方法

1、at

(1)at + 建筑物:在建筑物

(2)at + 人:朝某人laugh at sb.

(3)at + work/ church/scholl/rest:从事某活动

(4)at + price/age/speed:以什么价格/年龄/速度进行

2、by

(1)在……旁边:by the window

(2)经过:pass by my house

(3)表差距:be older than sb. by two years。

(4)按照:sell eggs by the dozen

(5)by + 时间:最迟不超过某时间:come back by ten

3、for

(1)表赞成:Are you for his idea?

(2)表“当作”:I took John for a girl because he wears long hair.

(3)表“持续一段时间”:I have learned Japanese for three years.

(4)表“以……价格”:I bought the book for only $10.

4、to

(1)表“配合(音乐、曲调、节拍等)”dance to the music

(2)be up to + 事表“从事某事”:What are you up to?

5、behind、after

Behind表静态的:He is sitting behind me.

After表动态的:He is chasing after Mary.

6、into

Run into 表示与某人巧遇:I ran into an old friend on the street yesterday. Be into 表热衷于……:He is into classical music.

7、without

It goes without saying + that 从句:不用说,……

It goes without saying that money can’t buy everything.

8、over

与咖啡、茶、三餐等连用,表“吃/喝……了一段时间”,常与talk连用We talked over a cup of tea.

9、beneath

It is beneath sb. To + 原形动词:从事……有失某人的身份

It is beneath you to do this kind of thing.

10、through

Through the day/night 一整个白天/晚上

He wandered around on the street through the day.

五、复合形容词(形容词)

复合形容词就是两个以上的词加连字符形成的形容词,通常有以下几种:1、数词+名词

five-year plan

此种复合形容词中,无论数词是否是单数,后面的名词均采用单数。

2、数词+名词+形容词

A five-years-old boy

此种复合形容词仅限于与年龄有关的形容词中,如果数词是复数,则中间的名词应用复数。

3、名词+现在分词

Man-eating animal

A heart-breaking girl:会伤人的女孩

此种复合形容词中,名词一定为单数。

4、副词+现在分词

A low-lying area

5、名词+过去分词

A heart-broken girl:心碎的女孩

6、形容词+名词变成的过去分词

Kind-hearted

Big-eyed

One-legged

此类复合形容词均与身体部位的器官或组织有关

7、well/ill + 过去分词

Well-mannered

Ill-considered

第二节时态及语态

一、时态

(一)时态的种类

1、16种时态

一般时进行时完成时完成进行时

表示经常发生的动作或某种状态表示正在进行的

动作

表示已经完成的

且对现在有影响

动作或一直持续

的动作

表示从某一时间开始,

一直持续到现在,或者

刚刚终止,或者可能仍

然要继续下去的动作

现在状态一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去状态一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时将来状态一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时过去将来状态一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时

2、16种时态的谓语形势

一般时进行时完成时完成进行时

现在状态do/does Am/is/are doing Has/have done Has/have been doing 过去状态did Was/were doing Had done Had been doing

将来状态Shall/will do Shall/will be

doing

Shall/will have

done

Shall/will have been

doing

过去将来状态Should/would do Should/would be

doing

Should/would

have done

Should/would have been

doing

3、例句

(1)一般现在时

概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

时间状语:always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, etc.

例句:I play basketball every week.

(2)一般过去时

概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.

例句:I played basketball yesterday.

(3)一般将来时

概念:将来某个时间里发生的动作或状态;将来习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

时间状语:tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week,etc

例句:I will play basketball next Monday.

(4)一般过去将来时

概念:一般过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或呈现的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。一般过去将来时的出发点是过去,即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态。

时间状语:

例句:I told him that I would play basketball next Monday.

(5)现在进行时

概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.

例句:I am playing basketball now.

(6)过去进行时

概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

例句:I was playing basketball when he called me.

(7)将来进行时

概念:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始,并继续下去的动作。一般用延续性动词表示。

时间状语:soon, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等等。

例句:I will be playing basketball on 6:00 to 8:00 next Monday.

(8)过去将来进行时

概念:过去将来进行时表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。主要用于宾语从句中,尤其多用于间接引语中。

时间状语:

例句:I told him that I would be playing basketball during 6 to 8 p.m next Monday.

(9)现在完成时

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时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.

过去时与现在完成时的区别:现在完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系,或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况,或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要

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all the same 仍然,照样的as regards 关于,至于anything but 根本不as a matter of fact 实际上 apart from 除...外(有/无) as a rule 通常,照例 as a result(of) 因此,由于as far as ...be concerned 就...而言as far as 远至,到...程度as for 至于,关于 as follows 如下as if 好像,仿怫 as good as 和...几乎一样as usual 像平常一样,照例 as to 至于,关于all right 令人满意的;可以 as well 同样,也,还as well as 除...外(也),即...又

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yours he him his his she her her hers it it its its

us our ours they them their theirs

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