考研英语英译汉注意事项

2007考研英语英译汉四步定位翻译法

胡敏主编

英语和汉语的十大区别：

一、英语重结构，汉语重语意

就句子的结构而言，英语是“法治”的，汉语是“人治”的。请看例句：

这个句子由4个独立的句子并列组成，前三个都是简单将来时，最后一个是将来完成时，句子之间的关系通过时态，逗号和并列连词and, but表示得一清二楚，而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述，至于句子间的关系完全是靠句意表示出来，前三个句子可以看做是并列句，最后一个则表示结果。

二、英语多长句，汉语多短句

由于英语是“法治”的，只要结构上没有错误，许多意思往往能够放在同一个长句中表达，汉语则相反，由于是“人治”，所以不同的意思要通过不同的句子表达出来。例如：

利用语法结构将其化整为零：less through……more ……构成了一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen ，在中文翻译中，产生兴趣这一内容由一个独立的句子表达，两个原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零：产生兴趣……与其说……不如说……

下面再看一个简单的例子：

如果把它译为“门口放着至少有十二把大小不一五颜六色的雨伞”，中文明显别扭，效果很差。

三、英语多从句，汉语多分句

英语句子的从句翻译为汉语，多成了分句。例如：

On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the children can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the rest as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

译文：总地来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：一是能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；二是他没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

再如：

Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me ?

译文：我有一个问题不明白，想请教你，你能回答么？

汉语用三个分句分别表达原文的意思，效果很好。

四、英语多代词，汉语多名词

在长而复杂的英语句子中，为了避免重复，往往使用很多代词，在翻译的时候，这些代词要翻译成名词，例如：

There will be a television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.

译文：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目以及装有污染检测器的汽车，一旦这些汽车污染超标，检测器就会使其停止。

五、英语多被动，汉语多主动

英语喜欢被动语态，科技英语尤其如此。因此，英语中的被动在汉语里往往要变成主动。例如：

As it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

译文：许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，并且这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。

原文中的三个被动语态，译为汉语时都变成了主动。

It must have been taken away by him.

译文：那一定是被他拿走了。

You will be drowned if you are not careful.

译文：如果你不仔细，一定会淹死。

有些英语需要把主语译为汉语的宾语，才能更符合中文的表达方式，例如：

New resources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that 译文：必须找到新的能源，这需要时间，而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的状况不太可能出现了。

六、英语多变化，汉语多重复

英文表达中，相同的意思通常用不同的词语表示，相比之下，汉语则注重反复。

例如：

The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.

译文：这只猴子最了不起的成就就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。

由于英语喜欢用代词，汉语多用名词，也是英语多变化，汉语多重复的特点。例如：He had failure; he had conquered it all his life; risen above it; and despised it in others.

译文：他讨厌失败，他一生中战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。

七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体

英语的难就在结构复杂和表达抽象上，其中，后者尤其注重对原文的理解。例如：Ardent loyalty 赤胆忠心

Careful consideration 深思熟虑

Perfect harmony 水乳交融

On the verge of destruction 危在旦夕

Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.

译文：除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度——使地球能为所有人提供足够的食物，否则人们不得不接受“人造食物”。

原文中的三个抽象名词：sense,point, support和两个抽象形容词：comfortable 和unnatural，如果不进行具体化处理，会变成这样：

除非人类有这样的感觉，把人口减少到这样的点，使地球能够提供舒服的支持，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“非自然食物”。

八、英语多引申，汉语多推理

词典对词语的定义是死的，实际运用当中确实活得，因此要仔细斟酌上下文。力求准确地表达出本意。例如：

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

译文：尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多，现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即把历史看成是过去重大历史的再现和解释。

Recreate 的定义是“再造；娱乐”，但是历史不可能再造，更不可能娱乐，这里只能翻译为重现。

九、英语多省略，汉语多补充

英语一方面重句子结构，另一方面又喜欢使用省略。在英语中省略的部分，在汉语中通常要补充重复。例如：

Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.

野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。

十、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心

在表达逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或者结论在前，事实或描写在后，即重心在前；

汉语则是由因到果，由事实到结论，即重心在后，因此，在翻译的时候，必然要交换重心。例如：

There is no argument weather methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

译文：方法论究竟是指一般历史研究中独有的概念，还是指历史研究适合各个分支的研究方法，人们对此还没有统一意见。

四步定位法：

1.结构分析

2.句子切分

3.词义推敲

4.检查核对

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