软件工程中英文翻译

Internet of electronic information resources

development and utilization

The development and utilization of Internet richness of the electronic information resource, which can be directly consider E-mail, file transfer, Telnet approach, also can indirectly consider using several common information retrieval tool, the paper made a detailed introduction and analysis, aims to help help user well using the Internet. For information institutions or library is concerned, to learn and use well, not only can enlarge Internet information resources development and utilization of the scope, but also able to enhance the level of service to users.

Keywords Internet electronic information resources development and utilization

Exploitation andUtilization of Electronic Information Resources on Internet

- The Internet can be extensive communication in the world every person, connect all the computer and provides a wealth of information resources, and provide A variety of service tool to obtain these resources. Information institutions or libraries in the Internet for information resources, retrieval electricity The son journals and newspapers, orders and electronic publications, retrieval online catalogue and union catalog, a searchable database system, access journals to discuss, through the file transfer (FTP) receiving documents. So we can use Internet richness of the information resources to expand its collection, still can use directly these information resources to carry on the information retrieval consulting services. In searching available in the email, database retrieval, file transfer, remote login, and information query tools etc. In order to enrich the exploitation and utilization of Internet information resources, the author thinks that should through the following ways.

1 directly use the Internet

E-mail (hereinafter Email) Electronicmail,

E-mail is a based on computer network to store, forward form various data, images, and exchange information in words of exchange System, sending and receiving and managementare in computer Internet E-mail systems management software. Email software generally provide teleport, browse, storage, transfer, delete, restore E-mail and the reply, and other functions, can match a communication, also can spread, each user has a particular coding mailbox, can with any users online information transmission, spontaneous since the received or forwardingletters. User simply equipped with a modem, a telephone lines and thcorresponding communication software, can in any part of the microcomputer with communication phase even on sending and receiving information, to realize communication. Email take storage, forwarding way, open E-mail program is adopted, the web server machine online way 24 hours working around-the-clock, always receive emails from all of the world, no matter what, when and where will the computer connected server only, can scoop out your E-mail. Need to send electronic information, users first the arbitrary length of letters for its input computer plus addressee address, and send button, the information being sent to the information high male road. On the other side of the addressee open

a computer, information will be sent into his E-mail, can be read. Through E-mail can access the Internet richness of the database and files resources. But on the Internet use E-mail to the other party requests, told to want borrowed books or want to copy a in the journal papers. Users can also use E-mail to information institutions (or library) rapporteur retrieval request, will soon be in the home received E-mail sent back the retrieval results.

via E-mail to obtain information resources of several ways

(1) what service

(2) information service

Provide consulting services, get all kinds of information resources on the network.

Internet information service center compiled the Mail server (E-mail Erver), so as to let the user's query the information they provide. Archie server to send an email, the mail service Device will automatically read, analyze mail, and will execute

commands in the results by E-mail sent users. When the user wants to nets the

specific information service center inquires the material, can be directly to the

center send an contains a series of electric information query command son Mail, the center's Mail server (E-mail erver) of procedures will automatically collect read, analyze received E-mail of life makes, then for users to search, retrieval results by E-mail sent back to the user E-mail.

(3) electronic Bulletin Board system (Bulletin Board ystem, abbreviation BB)

The electronic bulletin board content includes news, notification, conference news, composition, the latest weather conditions, the telephone directory and so on, can to a group of users, and not a single user provide telecommunication services, 24 hour at all times to located in the world of a group of people to transmit information, is the information communication is a very effective tool.

(4) user group discussion group) (i.e. User group

(Mailing List) is in accordance with the different project organization, attract the world 56,936 or have a common interest Old people to the discussion, exchange views. To become a discussion group members, users need to apply a panel

discussion of the principal (usually send an electronic mail), he (she) name was

included in the recipient list, then duly received networks offer letter interest, the user can his ideas entry computer, transmitted to other members of the group inside, so everyone may at any time, any place engage in conversation. In a foreign country, by E-mail for academic discussion already commonly, the same professional or

related field experts, scholars between academic discussions and information

exchange. Join or exit the group of users only to the relevant E-mail send an

containing have join (by) or exit (unsubscribe) the E-mail address.

(5) electronic journal (EJournal)

Subscriber may through email to E-mail server @ RTFM. MIT. Edu address can be checked to the electronic periodical catalog and their E-mail address, email

addresses to it issued to order the whole of periodicals or ordering the related

articles in the journal letters. There are many online free of electronic journals, as long as you apply for subscription, subscription publications will automatically send to you

Electronic mailbox.

(6) online meeting

Electronic conference in time and place of great flexibility, although lacking

attendees mutual infection, but for travel

Fee less groups speaking, have certain appeal.

library or information institutions using email approach

(1) information consulting services

For readers request access to the literature material, ask knotty problems, find the latest information, when library cannot be resolved, they can make E-mail outside other information or advice, turn to deal with them.

2) information retrieval service

OCLC and DIALOG system, etc. By E-mail way for users provide query and retrieving service always respond to user All of the information required, and user's

requirements to a user's literature deliver E-mail.

(3) provide online sdi intelligence services

E-mail system, user use online inter-library loan system (ILL), first in the unity on the cataloguing books information retrieval, then choose 1! 5 housed the

bibliography, sends out the library borrowing

Book apply, Receive borrowed request of library via E-mail take each other need literature transmission in the past.

(5) book purchasing and newspapers and periodicals order

Many books wholesalers and publishers and set up their own electronic ordering system, used for the transmission of various books trade

File, data and information, ordering personnel want to use based on the systematic terminals, can get from all over the world from the book information such as

E-mail.

(6) literature material exchange business,

(7) collect user opinion

(8) to release a new books catalogues, news and notice

through Email realized on the various service with Internet access service provided

(1) through Email do FTP,

(2) by Email do Archic;

(3) by Email do Gophcr;

(4) by Email do Veronica,

(5) by Email do Usenet;

(6) by Email do WAI retrieval;

(7) by Email do WWW,

(8) by Email do Finger,

(9) by Email do WHOI;

(10) by Email to do the other services.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP Protocol File, abbreviation) '

Is stored in the remote computer system of documents access tool. Need to user

login user name and password files Sharing agreement. According to the FTP access to resources can be considered a special library (or information center), at any time to each take place Need, but not limited to place, also need not dependent on inter-library loan. In any between two computers to transmit data (documents), it is to use Elihu access Internet rich resources important method. File transfer protocol of the basic operation steps: ? and file transfer protocol clothing Affairs editor on-line, # login each other host, ? find necessary files; % definitions are send files the type; & access files, ?exit The other system. Document transmission, the first login to the other computer, just can undertake and file search, transmission related operation, such as the following documents directory, change the current document catalogue, set transport parameters, transfer files etc, using FTP can obtain any field letter interest resources, still can obtain thousands of computer program software.

The FTP connection only being used for searching and transmit various documents, and usually is the literature of full text, allows users to nonlocal calculation In-flight file transfer to this unit hosts, and then set of records to oneself of micro computer reading, printing, or other processing. In the file transfer process, user once found useful information, can immediately they retrieved, sets of record and print them out.

130 Telnet (Telnet)

This is in the TCP/interconnection Protocol (Transission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, abbreviation TCP/IP) of communication protocol terminal agreement Telnet, under the support of user's computer through Internet nets temporarily become one Sets the remote computer terminal process. Users first in Telnet command given in the remote computer's communication domain name or IP address, but according to the other system after the inquiry, the key in the user name and password. In the remote computer user, the first to become ubiquitous tasseled legitimate user, and have corresponding account number and password. Remote login step: with the other system online; ? # login each other department experience.meanwhile, ? decide oneself use terminals, in order to complete simulation type network terminal display data, % of all kinds of resources to the other system using, & exit each other. Once the user login successfully, can be real-time use remote computer opening of all resources. It is unnecessary to consider how far is from another country, users of computer system as connected next door, through remote system as easily as recorded connection, you immediately AD and can search Princeton university library online public readers, as if you were in use directory of the school an online directory public readers terminal. Use this function to use the remote computer on the information resources, to realize information sharing, and can make the information processing. Scientific computing, thus greatly expanded their available resources.

2 the indirectly USES the Internet

If well track of the information network, find appropriate database, grasp well below the network information inspectionCable tools can be easier, fully, more effectively on the Internet queried and available information resource.

information query software Gop er

April 1991 by the university of Minnesota's earliest development of a menu-driven

interactive type retrieval software, then browse in readers retrieval Internet on the various information resources. Will all kinds of information resources according to the hierarchical menus forms are properly described later to give users access, From top to bottom layers, thus accessing the menu was necessary information. Will the user requests automatically converts FTP or Telnet command, it's common functions are: search text files, The user's query recorded, Call FTP access files.Gopher integrated FTP functions, use Telnet or can be directly obtained menu-driven documents.

Veronica (2.2 VeryEasyRodentOriented leads to a Computerized Arc ives) retrieval System This is a based on the pace of Gopher information retrieval system, to Gopher pace menu further index. User input retrieval words, the system will searching out all containing the search term menu items. Veronica tell users you find food single shown below (documents describing levels). Can retrieve out and retrieval model matching menu, so that the user can be directly enter phase shut menu, get necessary information.

Jug ead

The basic function and Veronica is same, also be retrieval Gopher pace system of a kind of tool, Veronica's search rangeAre the Gopher pace, and Jughead only check Gopher pace is a particular area.

global information nets WWW (Web) number

1992 by European particle research center (CERN) launched the based on a super text (Hypertext) multimedia letterCoupon retrieval or query tool, is a menu type browsing tool, is the tree structure, the user can through cadres menu listWay, inquires into his the information she needed. Using the WWW can not only visit Hypermedia (Hypermedia) organization, and informationAnd still can visit Gopher, WAI, FTP, Archie and Usenet on the various information, and can obtain X500 andWhois and other network directory services. It will be located at Internet at different sites related literatures, data and information organically plait knit together, the use requirements, but only put forward inquires where and how to query is composed of query WWW automatically. The WWW searchable online with nearly all of the information resources, namely a link on the Internet computers in zentraedi, WWW software worldwide information immediately illustrated to appear vividly eyes, even with sound color animation or films, videos slice. Library users can be collected in today's world, WWW various hypertext literature, to build a virtual library. WWW retrieval tools (retrieval engine.this earch search) many, such as Yahoo is an excellent collection Engine, can be said to be a huge libraries of directory room, their web site is: HTTP: / /

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5514749156.html,; 1996 mid-may Hong Kong optimal couplet grams international Co., LTD launched high intelligence collection of Chinese Goyoyo, inquires the material when engine, can according to its classification project retrieval, may also directly enter the keywords to find necessary Chinese material, quite convenient, their web site is:

http://WWW. Goyoyo. Com.

Arc ie document query system

By Canada MCGILL university develops, allow the user to enter a through may appear in the key needed database nameWord on the Internet to inquires resources. User input keywords, Archie can be automatically query online documentation, and will

name descriptorClose inquires the conditions of the database retrieval out. Users are searching the types of files with hope filename, document server (ArchieServer) can point out that in which the FTP server to deposit such documents.For according to index search and find articles according to content with strong function, can use one or more keywords to search rapidly, tulameen bottom of information, can be in millions of database searches for any information Internet service tool, is a kind of keywords search information relevant documents in the host address, document catalogue and filenames) tool, is an information retrieval system, can cycle connected to the world of anonymous FTP server, will these servers offer can carry document file name and path collect together to form Archie database, and through the retrieval procedure for Internet users provide compulsory inspection cable service. Archic search out a file of the corresponding anonymous FTP address, namely tell users you seek filename where (filename level). Can help inquires the carrying specified file or directory anonymous FTP, and returning to our information.

2.6 wide-area information server WAIS (Wide AreaInformation Service)

Apple Computer, know by Dow Jones Machines and jointly sponsored by know Machines Develop and provide the user inquires the distribution in the Internet on each kind of database of a generic interface software. Is a distributionType information retrieval system, searchable database, involving more than 500 index range of content is great, suitable for searching text files, reading newspapers around the world, scanning all kinds of professional database. Using the WAI than other tools can more accurately retrieving of user's file.

Internet 电子信息资源的开发和利用

开发和利用Internet 上丰富的电子信息资源, 可直接考虑电子邮件、文件传输、远程登录的途径,也可间接考虑利用各种常用的信息检索工具, 本文分别作了较详细的介绍和分析, 旨在帮助用户很好地使用Internet。对信息机构或图书馆而言,学好、用好Internet, 不仅可扩大信息资源的开发和利用的范围,而且能提高为使用者服务的水平。

关键词因特网电子信息资源开发利用

Exploitation andUtilization of Electronic Information Resources on Internet

Internet 能广泛沟通世界上每一个人,连接所有的计算机和提供丰富的信息资源, 并提供

了多种服务工具来获取这些资源。信息机构或图书馆可在Internet 上查找信息资源, 检索电子期刊和报纸, 订购电子出版物,检索上网馆藏目录和联合目录, 检索数据库系统,查阅期刊目次,通过文件传输(FTP)接收文件等。这样就可利用Internet 上丰富的信息资源来扩展自己的馆藏,还可直接利用这些信息资源来开展信息检索咨询服务。在查新中可利用电子邮件、数据库检索、文件传输、远程登录、和信息查询工具等。为了开发与利用Internet 上丰富的信息资源,笔者认为应通过以下这些途径。

1 直接使用Internet

电子邮件(Electronicmail,简称Email)

电子邮件是一种基于计算机网络以存储、转发形式交换各种数据、图像及文字信息的交换

系统, 发送、接收和管理均在计算机网络上电子邮件系统管理软件下进行。电子邮件软件通常提供传送、浏览、存储、转发、删除、恢复邮件以及回信等功能, 可以一对一通信, 也可以一对多传播, 每个使用者都有特定的编码信箱,可同网上任何用户进行信息传递, 自发自收或转发信件。使用者只需配备一个调制解调器、一条电话线路和相应的通讯软件,就可在任何一部与通信相连的微机上发送、接收信息,实现通讯。收发邮件采取存储、转发的方式,打开电子邮箱采用计算机联机方式, 网络服务器24 小时昼夜值班工作, 随时都接收到来自各地的电子邮件,无论何时、何地只需将计算机连通服务器,就可从中取出你的电子邮件。需要发送电子信息时, 用户先将任意长度的信件录入计算机,为其加上收件人地址, 击发送键, 信息便被送上信息高速公路。另一方的收件人打开计算机时,信息将被送入他的电子信箱, 即可被阅读。通过电子邮件可访问Internet 上丰富的数据库和文件资源。可在网络上利用电子邮件向对方请求, 告知需要互借的书籍或想要复制的某期刊中的论文。用户也可利用电子邮件向信息机构( 或图书馆) 工作人员提出检索要求, 不久可在家中收到用电子邮件寄回的检索结果。

1.1.1 通过电子邮件获取信息资源的几种途径

( 1)快信服务

(2)信息查询服务

提供查询服务, 获取网络上各种信息资源。网上的信息服务中心编制了邮件服务器(Mail erver) , 以便能让用户查询他们提供的信息。向Archie 服务器发出一个电子邮件, 邮件服务器将自动读取, 分析邮件中的命令, 并将执行结果以电子邮件形式发回用户。当用户想要向网上的某个信息服务中心查询数据时,就可直接向该中心发一封含有一系列信息查询命令的电子邮件,该中心的邮件服务器( Mail erver) 中的程序会自动收读,分析收到的电子邮件中的命令,然后将为用户进行检索,将检索结果以电子邮件形式发回到用户的电子邮箱。

(3) 电子公告板系统(Bulletin Board ystem, 简称BB )

电子公告板的内容包括新闻、通知、会议消息、征文、最新天气情况、电话号码簿等,可向一组用户而不是单个使用者提供通信服务, 24 小时随时向分别位于世界各地的一组人传送信息, 是信息交流的一种很有效的工具。

(4)用户组( 即讨论小组)

用户组(Mailing List)是按照不同的专题组织的, 吸引世界各地从事同样工作或有共同兴

趣的人参加讨论,交流观点。要想成为讨论小组成员, 用户只需向讨论小组的负责人提出申请(通常是发一封电子信件),他( 她) 的姓名便被列入收件人名单中, 即可按时收到网络提供的信息,用户可将自己的想法录入计算机,传送给组内的其它成员,于是每个成员都可在任何时候、任何地点参与对话。在国外, 以电子邮件方式进行学术研讨已经普遍,相同专业或相关领域的专家、学者之间的学术讨论和信息交流。加入或退出使用者组仅需向有关的电子信箱发一封含有加入(subscribe)或退出(unsubscribe) 的电子邮件即可。

(5) 电子期刊(EJournal)

订户可通过发送电子邮件给mail server @ rtfm. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5514749156.html, 地址, 就可查到电子期刊目录及其电子邮件地址, 向它的电子邮件地址发出订购整本期刊或订购期刊中的相关文章的信件。网上还有许多可以免费获得的电子期刊,只要你申请订阅,所订阅的刊物就会自动寄到你

的电子信箱里。

(6)联机会议

电子会议在时间和地点上有很大的灵活性,虽然缺乏与会者之间的相互感染,但对于差旅

费较少的团体来说, 具有一定的吸引力。

1.1.2 图书馆或信息机构利用电子邮件的途径

( 1)信息咨询服务

对于读者要求查阅的文献数据、询问疑难问题、查找最新信息等, 当本馆不能解决时, 可使用电子邮件发给馆外其它信息或咨询机构,求助于他们办理。

(2)信息检索服务

OCLC、DIALOG 系统等均以电子邮件的方式为用户提供查询和检索服务, 随时响应使用者

的各种信息要求,并将用户所需的文献传递到用户的电子信箱。

(3)提供联机定题情报服务

(4)馆际互借服务

OCLC和DIALOG 系统都有用于文献传输的电子邮件系统,用户利用联机馆际互借系统(ILL), 先在统一编目上检索出书目信息, 然后选择1! 5 个藏有该书目文献的图书馆, 发出借

书申请;收到互借请求的图书馆,通过电子邮件把对方需要的文献传输过去。

(5) 图书期刊采购与报刊订购

许多书刊的批发商和出版商都建立了自己的电子订购系统, 用于传输书刊贸易中的各种

文件、数据、信息等, 订购人员只要利用建立在这些系统的终端,就可得到从世界各地发来的新书信息等电子邮件。

(6)文献数据交换业务;

(7) 收集用户的意见

(8)发布新到书刊目录、消息与通知

通过Email 实现Internet 上的各种服务具提供的存取服务

( 1)通过Email 做FTP;

(2)通过Email 做Archic;

(3)通过Email 做Gophcr;

(4)通过Email 做Veronica;

(5)通过Email 做Usenet;

(6)通过Email 做WAI 检索;

(7)通过Email 做WWW;

(8)通过Email 做Finger;

(9)通过Email 做WHOI ;

( 10) 通过Email做其它服务。

文件传输协议(File Transfer Protocol,简称FTP)

是对存储在远程计算机系统中的文件进行存取的工具。需用户登录用户名及密码的文件共享协议。按FTP存取的资源可看作是一个特殊的图书馆( 或信息中心), 随时从中各取所需,而不再限于地点,也不必依赖于馆际互借。在任意两台计算机之间传输数据(文件), 是用

户获取Internet 丰富资源的重要方法。文件传输协议的基本操作步骤: ?与文件传输协议服

务器联机; # 登录对方主机; ?查找所需文件; %定义被传送档的类型; &存取文件; ?退出

对方系统。

进行文件传输时,首先登录到对方计算机上, 才可进行与文件搜索、传输有关的操作, 诸如列文件目录,改变当前文件目录,设置传输参数, 传输档等,使用FTP 可获得任何领域的信息资源,还可获取数以千计的计算机程序软件。

FTP 连接仅被用于查找和传送各种档,而且通常是文献的全文,允许用户将外地计算

机上文件传送到本单位的主机上,然后套录到自己的微机上阅读、打印或作其它加工。在文件传送过程中,用户一旦发现有用信息,便可立即将它们检索出来,套录下来并打印出来。

远程登录(Telnet)

这是在传输控制协议/ 互连协议( Transission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol, 简称

TCP/IP)通讯协议的终端机协议Telnet 的支持下,用户的计算机通过Internet 网暂时成为一

台远程计算机终端的过程。用户先在Telnet 命令中给出远程计算机的通讯域名或IP 地址,然后根据对方系统的询问, 键入自己的用户名和口令。要在远程计算机上登录,首先要成为该系统的合法用户, 并有相应的账号和口令。远程登录的步骤: ?与对方系统联机; # 登录对方系统; ?确定自己使用的终端模拟类型, 以便认读网络终端上显示数据; %使用对方系统的各种资源; &退出对方。一旦登录成功, 用户便可实时使用远程计算机对外开放的全部资源。无需考虑距离有多远,使用者接另一个国家的计算机系统如同接通隔壁的系统一样容易,通过远程登录连接,你当即便可查询美国普林斯顿大学图书馆的联机公共读者目录,如同你在使用该校的一个联机公共读者目录终端。利用该功能就可利用远程计算机上的信息资源, 实现信息共享, 并可进行信息处理。科学运算,从而大大扩展了自己的可用资源。

2 间接使用Internet

若想很好地跟踪了解网络中的信息数据,找到合适的数据库,很好地掌握如下网络信息检

索工具才能更容易、更充分、更有效地查询和获取Internet 上的信息资源。

信息查询软件Gop er

1991年4 月由美国明尼苏达大学最早开发的一种菜单驱动的交互式浏览型检索软件,便于读者检索Internet 上的各种信息资源。将各种信息资源按分级菜单形式进行适当的描述后提供给用户进行访问;从上到下逐层访问菜单,从而获所需信息。将用户的请求自动转换成FTP 或Telnet 命令,它的常用功能有:查寻文本文件;查询用户名址录; 调用FTP 索取檔。

Gopher 集成了Telnet 或FTP 功能,采用菜单驱动可直接获取文件。

Veronica(VeryEasyRodentOriented Network University to Computerized Arc ives)检索系统

这是一个基于Gopher pace 的信息检索系统,对Gopher pace 的菜单进行了再索引。用户只需输入检索词,系统将检索出所有包含该检索词的菜单项。Veronica 告诉用户你要找的菜单项如下所示(文件描述层次) 。能检索出与检索式相匹配的菜单,这样用户就可直接进入相关菜单,获得所需信息。

Jug ead

基本功能与Veronica一样,也是检索Gopher pace 系统的一种工具, Veronica 的检索范围

是整个Gopher pace,而Jughead 只检查Gopher pace 的某一特定区域。

全球信息网WWW(WorldWide Web)

1992 年由欧洲粒子研究中心(CERN)推出的一个基于超级文本(Hypertext) 的多媒体信

息检索或查询工具, 是一个菜单式的浏览工具,是树型结构,用户可通过一级一级的菜单列表

方式,查询到自己所需的数据。利用WWW 不仅能访问超媒体(Hypermedia) 组织的信息,而

且还可访问Gopher、WAI 、FTP、Archie 以及Usenet 上的各种信息, 并且可获取X500 和Whois 等网络目录服务。它将位于Internet 网上的不同地点相关文献、数据和信息有机地编织在一起,用户仅需提出查询要求, 而到什么地方查询及如何查询则由WWW 自动完成。利用WWW 可检索网上几乎所有的信息资源, 即一台联接Internet 上的计算机在WWW 软件的调遣下,全球范围的信息立即图文并茂地跃然眼前, 甚至是带有声音的彩色动画或电影、录像片。图书馆用户使用WWW 可搜集当今世界的各种超文本文献, 建立一个虚拟的图书馆。WWW 的检索工具(检索引擎earch Engine) 很多, 如Yahoo 是一个优秀的搜集引擎, 可以说是一个巨大的图书馆的目录室,其网址是:http:/ /https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5514749156.html,; 1996 年5 月中旬香港优联克国际有限公司推出高度智能的中文搜集引擎Goyoyo,查询数据时, 既可按它的分类项目进行检索,也可直接输入关键词查找所需的中文数据, 相当方便, 其网址是: http://WWW. goyoyo. com。2.5 Arc ie文文件查询系统

由加拿大MCGILL 大学研制, 允许用户通过输入有可能出现在所需数据库名称上的关键

词来查询因特网上的资源。用户输入关键词后,Archie便可自动查询网上的文档, 并将名称符

合查询条件的数据库检索出来。用户给出希望查找的文件类型用文件名、文档服务器(Archie server)就可指出在哪个FTP服务器上存放着这样的档。

对于根据索引查询和按内容查找文章具有较强的功能, 可以用一个或多个关键词迅速、彻底地搜索大量信息, 是一种能够在几百万个数据库中搜索任何一个信息的Internet 服务工具, 是一种用关键词查找信息源(有关文件所在的主机的地址、文件目录和文件名) 的工具,是一个信息检索系统, 能周期地联接世界各地的匿名FTP 服务器,将这些服务器提供的可载文件的文件名和路径收集在一起组成Archie数据库,并通过检索程序义务地为Internet 用户提供检索服务。Archic可检索出某个档所对应的匿名FTP 地址, 即告诉用户你要找的文件名在何处(文件名层次) 。可说明查询载有指定文件或目录的匿名FTP 主机, 并返回我们所要的信息。

广域信息服务器WAIS(Wide AreaInformation Service)

是由Apple Computer、Thinking Machines 和Dow Jones 共同发起, 由Thinking Machines

发展起来的,提供用户查询分布在Internet 上各类数据库的一个通用接口软件。是一个分布

式信息检索系统,可检索500多个索引数据库,涉及的内容范围极大, 适合检索文本文件, 阅读世界各地的报纸,扫描各种专业数据库。利用WAI 较其它工具更能准确地检索出用户要求的文件来。

spss软件的菜单及所有单词中英文翻译大全

SPSS 统计软件的主菜单及子菜单

spss软件的中英文翻译 Absolute deviation, 绝对离差 Absolute number, 绝对数 Absolute residuals, 绝对残差 Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵 Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度 Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度 Acceleration vector, 加速度向量 Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设 Accumulation, 累积 Accuracy, 准确度 Actual frequency, 实际频数 Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量 Addition, 相加 Addition theorem, 加法定理 Additivity, 可加性 Adjusted rate, 调整率 Adjusted value, 校正值 Admissible error, 容许误差 Aggregation, 聚集性 Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设 Among groups, 组间 Amounts, 总量 Analysis of correlation, 相关分析 Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析 Analysis of regression, 回归分析 Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析 Analysis of variance, 方差分析 Angular transformation, 角转换 ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析 ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型 Arcing, 弧/弧旋 Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换 Area under the curve, 曲线面积 AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计 Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸 Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

中英文翻译(修改)

建筑结构在冲击负载作用下连续倒塌分析方法 摘要：建筑物在冲击负载作用下的连续倒塌已经引起了全世界的极大关注。对于一个经济的，安全的，能够抵抗冲击负载作用下连续倒塌的建筑结构设计，连续倒塌分析是必不可少的。因为连续倒塌的灾难性特点，和为了抵抗它而潜在的建造和改造建筑物的高额费用，所以连续倒塌分析方法是绝对必要且可信的。对于工程师们而言，他们估算连续倒塌的方法不仅仅要求精确和简要，而且容易上手，立竿见影。因而，最近许多研究者都在发展可靠有效和直接的连续倒塌分析方法上花费了很多的精力。在最近的干物上，当前在文献资料中找得到的关于连续倒塌的分析方法被重新审阅。人们广泛讨论它们的适宜性、适用性和可靠性。我们也提出了最近刚刚完成的关于钢筋混凝土框架在爆破荷载下的连续倒塌新分析方法。 关键词：连续倒塌分析；建筑结构；爆炸荷载；冲击荷载 连续倒塌被定义为“由于一个基本的局部构件失效在构件之间扩散最终造成整个结构或者是不成比例的一大部分倒塌”。其含义为一个或者一组关键承重构件的失效造成周围构件的失效和部分或者是整个结构的倒塌。建筑结构的连续倒塌可能由一系列的意外和人为的因素造成，比如：错误的建造顺序，偶然过载造成的局部失效，爆炸和地震造成的关键组件的损坏。这篇论文仅仅研究了特殊荷载（如：爆炸和冲击），造成的建筑结构连续倒塌的分析。 随着最近Alfred P．Murrah联邦大楼和世界贸易中心（WTC）的倒塌，许多的研究更多的关注如何建造抵抗由于爆炸和冲击荷载造成连续倒塌的建筑。对于一个经济的，安全的，能够抵抗冲击负载作用下连续倒塌的建筑结构设计，连续倒塌分析是必不可少的。因为连续倒塌的灾难性特点，和为了抵抗它而潜在的建造和改造建筑物的高额费用，所以连续倒塌分析方法是绝对必要且可信的。对于工程师们而言，他们估算连续倒塌的方法不仅仅要求精确和简要，而且容易上手，立竿见影。因而，最近许多研究者都在发展可靠有效和直接的连续倒塌分析方法上花费了很多的精力。

土木工程专业英语原文及翻译

土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections． In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface． Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：

工程管理专业毕业设计外文翻译(外文+翻译)

Study on Project Cost Control of Construction Enterprises By: R. Max Wideman Abstract With the increasing maturity of construction market, the competition between construction enterprises is becoming fierce. The project profit is gradually decreasing. It demands that all construction enterprises enhance their cost control, lower costs, improve management efficiency and gain maximal profits. This paper analyses the existing problems on project cost control of Chinese construction enterprises, and proposes some suggestions to improve project cost control system. Key Words ：Construction enterprises, Project management, Cost control After joining the WTO, with Chinese construction market becoming integrated, the competition among architectural enterprises is turning more intense. Construction enterprises must continually enhance the overall competitiveness if they want to develop further at home and abroad construction market. Construction Enterprises basically adopt the "project management-centered" model, therefore, it is particularly important to strengthen project cost control. 1.The Current Domestic Project Cost Classification and Control Methods Cost refers to the consumption from producing and selling of certain products, with the performance of various monetary standing for materialized labor and labor-consuming. Direct and indirect costs constitute the total cost, also known as production cost or manufacturing cost. Enterprise product cost is the comprehensive indicator to measure enterprise quality of all aspects. It is not only the fund compensation scale, but also the basis to examine the implementation of cost plan. Besides, it can provide reference for product pricing According to the above-mentioned definition and current domestic cost classification, construction project cost can be divided into direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs include material cost, personnel cost, construction machinery cost, material transportation cost, temporarily facility cost, engineering cost and other direct cost. Indirect costs mainly result from project management and company's cost-sharing, covering project operating costs (covering the commission of foreign projects), project's management costs (including exchange losses of

土木工程专业外文文献及翻译

（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：

英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the

土木工程专业英语翻译(武汉理工大学出版社段兵廷主编)完整版

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他

英文翻译工具

五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译【你想要的工具都在这里】 五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 工具大全https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5514749156.html,/node/2151 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。

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