句子结构常见错误
句子结构常见错误
Sentence Structure Problems
英语句子是受严格的语法规则制约的，在写作中如果违背这些规则，那么写出的句子就会使人无法理解，或引起歧义。要想避免发生这些情况，在写作时就必须处理好句子结构方面的几个问题。我们对常犯的写作错误进行了归纳。残缺句、接排句、误置修饰语和悬垂修饰语是句子结构中最常见的错误。我将对这些问题逐一进行分析，以帮助大家弄清写作中出现这些问题的原因，并掌握纠正错误的方法
残缺句(Sentence Fragments)
所谓残缺句，顾名思义，就是指不能独立成句的一个不完整的句子片断。尽管残缺句在形式上像句子一样是以大写字母开头，并在结尾处带有标点，然而在逻辑上并不能单独表达一个完整的意思,仅是一组词而已。请看下列句子：
Fragment Wondering what his son was going to do ．
Revised Sentence Mr ．Smith had been wondering what his son was
going to do ．
Fragment Some errors in writing are serious ．For example，
fragments and run —on sentences．
Revised Sentences Some errors in writing are serious ，for example ，
fragments and run —on sentences．
OR Some errors in writing are serious ，among which are
fragments and run-on sentences
虽然句子的残缺以各种形式出现，但最常见的形式是被分隔开的从句和以各种形式拆开的短语，如句号错误(period fault) 。Fragments
Having driven across the desert ．We enjoyed the cool weather ．
He enjoys flowers and shrubs ．Which help screen his yard from the street．
Revised Sentences
Having driven across the desert ，we enjoyed the cool weather ．He enjoys flowers and shrubs ，which help screen his yard from the street ．
0R
He enjoys flowers and shrubs ．They help screen his yard from the street．
在写作中要经常检查句子的残缺问题，特别要注意那些以从属连词或短语等开头的句子，这些词都是“危险词”。要确定以这些词开始的每个从句，都应附属于一个独立的句子。
避免残缺句的最好办法是注意区别句子和句子的一部分。我们知道句子的最基本特点是在语法和逻辑上是一个完整的意义表达单位。它至少具有一个主语和谓语。动词的非限定形式不能在句中作为谓语单独使用，除非是在如Where to go tonight? 简
短的问句中。因此在写句子时要特别注意。
改写残缺句主要有以下两种方法：
1 将句中用的句号变成逗号，或把分隔开的短语或从句同它所属的句子合并成一个能
表达完整意思的句子。例如：
Fragments
Since there is a lack of interest ．There is a great lack of information ．
You should make a determined effort to avoid sentence fragments ．
Because they are considered serious mistakes in writing ．
I look forward to holidays ．For example, Thanksgiving and Christmas．
Revised Sentences
Since there is a lack of interest ，there is a great lack of information.
You should make a determined effort to avoid sentence fragments because they are considered serious mistakes in writing ．
I look forward to holidays ，for example ，Thanksgiving and Christmas．
2）把残缺句扩展到主句中，或通过添加或减少某些成分。把残缺改写为独立、完整的句子。例如：
Fragments
I am interested only in the properties of citrus fruit ．Such as lemons，oranges，and grapefruit．
Having no money and being lonely in the big city.
It was difficult to decide. which choice to make ．To return to school or to accept the
job ．
Revised Sentences
I am interested only in the properties of citrus fruit. Examples are lemons，oranges，
and grapefruit．
Having no money and being lonely in the big city ，the women committed suicide ．
It was difficult to decide whether to return to school or to accept the job ．
Directions ：Try to revise the following fragments in one or more than one way．1．Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to going to school
2．The table was covered with fresh vegetables ．Such as lettuce，carrots，spinach，and squash．
3．Joe tries to call home once a week ．To be in touch with his family
4. He made a point of entering each misspelled word in a notebook. Which he kept for
that purpose.
5. It was a wonderful week. Fishing and swimming every day and dancing every night.
Revised sentences
1．Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to full-time class work ，they have very little free time ．
2．The table was covered with fresh vegetables such as lettuce spinach and
carrots squash ．
3．Joe tries to call home once a week to keep in touch with his family
4．He made a point of entering each misspelled word in a notebook which he kept for that purpose ．
5．It was a wonderful week ．We went fishing and swimming every
day and dancing every night ．
OR：It was a wonderful week ．We fished and swam every day and danced every night
2．接排句(Run-on Sentence) 所谓接排句就是两个或更多的句子混合交织在一起，而
没有正确的标点符号标明它们之间关系的句子。这样的句子，意思含混不清，使读者不能理解各部分之间的关系。接排句有两种形式:一是
融合句(fused sentenee),即在句子之间没有标点符号和句间连接词；另一种更为常见的形式是逗号连接(comma splice)，即没有并列连
词,只用逗号代替分号和句号,把两个完整的意思连接起来.请看
例句:
Fused Sentences
1. The girls scored higher in math the boys scored higher in verbal skills ．
2. Gestures are a means of communication for everyone they are
essential for the hearing-impaired ．
Comma Splices
1. Education is an elusive word, it often means different things
to different people ．
2. Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National
Park, the park consists of two million acres of backcountry．
改正接排句的基本方法可根据句子之间的不同关系分为以下 5 种
1. 用句号分隔。当长句或两个句子之间的关系不是很密切或毫无关系时,可使用这种
方法。例如：
Revised Sentences
The girls scored higher in math ．The boys scored higher in verbal skills ．
Gestures are a means of communication for everyone．They
are essential for the hearing-impaired ．
Education is an elusive word ．It often means different things to different people ．
Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National
Park．The park consists of two million acres of backcountry
2 用分号隔开。用分号连接两个独立的分句时，它们之间的关系在意义和语法结构上
比起使用句号时，关系较紧密。
Revised Sentences
The girls scored higher in math ；the boys scored higher in verbal skills ．
Gestures are a means of communication for everyone ；they are essential for the hearing—impaired ．
Education is an elusive word ；it often means different things to different people ．
Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National Park；the park consists of two million acres of backcountry ．
3 使用并列连词连接。当接排的句子之间关系紧密，容易辨别且合乎逻辑时，可以借
助并列连词来连接，通常在这些连词前要加上逗号。
Revised Sentences
The girls scored higher in math ，and／but the boys scored higher in verbal skills ．
Gestures are a means of communication for everyone ，but they are essential for the hearing —impaired．
Education is an elusive word ，for it often means different things to different people ．
Yellowstone National Park consists of two million acres of backcountry ，and hikers would especially enjoy a vacation there．
4 使用连接副词连接。根据作者的意图和句子的需要。接排的句子可以使用连接副词来连接。这时，句子之间要用分号。在连接副词的后面还要加逗号，但是一般在单音节的连词后不加逗号。如so，yet。thus 等.
Revised Sentences
The girls scored higher in math ；however ，the boys scored higher in verbal skills ．
Gestures are a means of communication for everyone; neverthe1ess，they are essential for the hearing-impaired ．
Education is an elusive word; indeed, it often means different
things to different people ．
Yellowstone National Park consists of two million acres of backcountry; therefore, hikers would especially enjoy a vacation there ．
5. 使用从属连词、关系副词或关系代词连接
. 当可以判断出一个
句子从逻辑上或意义上从属于另一个句子时, 可以将此接排句改写成复合句。
Revised Sentences
The girls scored higher in math ，while the boys scored higher in verbal skills ．
Although gestures are a means of communication for everyone ，they are essential for the hearing-impaired ．
The power failure caused a blackout which created a lot of problems．
Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National Park，which consists of two million acres of backcountry
Directions: Revise the following run-on sentences
1．Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths．
2．I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town ，all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival ．
3．Eric was late to work he ran all the way ．
Revised sentences
1． Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions ， for they
have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths ．
OR ： Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions ； they have already opened most of the doors to
desirable career paths ．
OR ： Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions ． They have already opened most of the doors to
desirable career paths ．
OR ： Because women have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths
， they no longer need to move into the
traditionally male professions
． 2． I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town
All the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival
OR ： I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town all the tables
were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival
OR ： I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town however ， all
the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival ．
OR ： I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town
the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival
． OR ： Although I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in
town ， all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival
3． Eric was late to work
，so he ran all the way ． or ： Eric ran all the way
；otherwise ，he could have been late to work ．
or ： Because Eric was late to work ，he ran all the way ．
or ： Eric ran all the way because he was late to work
． or ： Eric was late to work although he ran all the way Directions: Identify and correct serious errors(such as fragments fused sentences and comma splices)in each of the following ．
1． Without telling anyone ，even her sister ， Mary ， going to the park ， meeting her
friends ． ， but ；all