2015年12月英语六级考试真题(第一套)

It seems to be a law in the technology industry that leading companies eventually lose theirpositions, often quickly and brutally.Mobile phone champion Nokia, one of Europe's biggesttechnology success stories, was no36, losing its market share in just a few years.

In 2007, Nokia accounted for more than 40% of mobile phone sales37But consumers' preferences were already38toward touch-screen smartphones. With the introduction of Apple'siPhone in the middle of that year, Nokia's market share39rapidly and revenue plunged. By theend of 2013, Nokia had sold its phone business to Microsoft. What sealed Nokia's fate was a series of decisions made by Stephen Elop in his position as CEO,which he40in October 2010. Each day that Elop spent in charge of Nokia, the company's marketvalue declined by $ 23 million, making him, by the numbers, one of the worst CEOs in history. But Elop was not the only person at41Nokia's board resisted change, making it impossiblefor the company to adapt to rapid shifts in the industry. Most42, JormaOllila, who had ledNokia's transition from an industrial company to a technology giant, was too fascinated by thecompany's43success to recognize the change that was needed to sustain its competitiveness. The company also embarked on a44cost-cutting program, which included the elimination of which hadmotivated employees to take risks and make miracles. Good leaders left the company, taking Nokia'ssense of vision and directions with them. Not surprisingly, much of Nokia's most valuable design andprogramming talent left as well.

A)assumed I) previous

B. bias J) relayed

C. desperateK) shifting

D. deteriorationL) shrank

E) exceptionM) subtle

F) faultN) transmitting

G) incidentallyO) worldwide

H) notably

Section B

Directions : In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Eachstatement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.

Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by .marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. First-Generation College-Goers: Unprepared and Behind Kids who are the first in their families to brave the world of higher education come on campus withlittle academic know—how and are much more likely than their peers to drop out before graduation.

[ A] When Nijay Williams entered college last fall as a first—generation student and Jamaican immigrant,he was academically unprepared for the rigors of higher

education. Like many first—generationstudents, he enrolled in a medium-sized state university many of his high school peers were alsoattending, received a Pell Grant, and took out some small federal loans to cover other costs.

Given the high price of room and board and the closeness of the school to his family, he chose tolive at home and worked between 30 and 40 hours a week while taking a full class schedule.

[ B] What Nijay didn't realize about his school—Tennessee State University—was its frighteningly lowgraduation rate: a mere 29 percent for its first-generation students. At the end of his first year,Nijay lost his Pell Grant of over $ 5,000 after narrowly missing the 2.0 GPA cut-off, making itimpossible for him to continue paying for school.

[ C ]Nijay represents a large and growing group of Americans: first—generation college students whoenter school unprepared or behind. To make matters worse, these schools are ill-equipped tograduate these students—young adults who face specific challenges and obstacles. They typicallycarry financial burdens that outweigh those of their peers, are more likely to work while attendingschool, and often require significant academic remediation (补习).

[ D ] Matt Rubinoff directs I'm First, a nonprofit organization launched last October to reach out to thisspecific population of students. He hopes to distribute this information and help prospectivecollege-goers fmd the best post-secondary fit. And while Rubinoff believes there are a goodnumber of four—year schools that truly care about these students and set aside significant resourcesand programs for them, he says that number isn't high enough.

[ E ] "It's not only the selective and elite institutions that provide those opportunities for a small subsetof this population," Rubinoff said, adding that a majority of first-generation undergraduates tendtoward options such as online programs, two—year colleges, and commuter state schools.

"Unfortunately, there tends to be a lack of information and support to help students think biggerand broader. "

[ F] Despite this problem, many students are still drawn to these institutions--and two-year schools inparticular. As a former high school teacher, I saw students choose familiar, cheaper options yearafter year. Instead of skipping out on higher education altogether, they chose community collegesor state schools with low bars for admittance.

[ G]"They underestimate themselves when selecting a university,"said Dave Jarrat, a marketingexecutive for Inside Track, a for—profit organization that specializes in coaching low-income studentsand supporting colleges in order to help students thrive. "The reality of it is that a lot of low-incomekids could be going to elite tufiversities on a full ride scholarship and don't even realize it. "

[ H] "Many students are coming from a situation where no one around them has the experience ofsuccessfully completing higher education, so they are coming in questioning themselves and theircollege worthiness," Jarrat continued. That helps explain why, as I'm First's Rubinoffindicated,the schools to which these students end up resorting can end up being some of the poorestmatches for them. The University

of Tennessee in Knoxville offers one example of this dilemma. Aflagship university in the South, the school graduates just 16 percent of its first—generationstudents, despite its overall graduation rate of 71 percent. Located only a few hours apart, TheUniversity of Tennessee and Tennessee State are worth comparing. Tennessee State's overallgraduation rate is a tiny 39 percent, but at least it has a smaller gap between the outcomes forfirst—generat.ion students and those of their peers.

[I] Still, the University of Tennessee deserves credit for being transparent. Many large institutionskeep this kind of data secret—or at least make it incredibly difficult to find The University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill, for instance, admits only that the graduation rate for its first—generation pupils is "much lower" than the percentage of all students who graduate within fouryears (81 percent). [J] It is actually quite difficult to fred reliable statistics on the issue for many schools.Highereducation institutions are, under federal law, required to report graduation rates, but thesereports typically only include Pell recipient numbers —not necessarily rates specific to fLrst—generation students. Other initiatives fail to break down the data, too. Imagine how intimidating itcan be for prospecitive students unfamiliar with the complexities of higher education to navigatethis kind of information and then identify which schools are the best fit.

[ K] It was this lack of information that prompted the launch of I'm First in 2013, originally as an annof its umbrella organization, the Center For Student Opportunity."If we can help to directstudents to more of these types of campuses and help students to understand them to be realisticand accessible places, have them apply to these schools at greater frequency and ultimately get inand enroll, we are going to raise the success rate," Rubinoff said, citing a variety of colleges ranging from large state institutions to smaller private schools.

[ L] Chelsea Jones, who now directs student programming at I'm First, was a first —generation college student at Howard. Like other student new to the intimidating higher—education world, she often struggled on her path to college, "There wasn't really a college—bound cnlture at my high school," she said. "I wanted to go to college but I didn't really know the process. " Jones became involved with a college —access program through Princeton University in high school. Now, she attributes much of her understanding of college to that: "But once I got to campus, it was a completely different ball game that no one really prepared me for. "

[ M] She was fortunate, though. Howard, a well—regarded historically black college, had an array of resources for its first—generation students, including matching kids with counselors, comecting first— generation students to one another, and TRIO, a national program that supported 200 students onHoward's campus. Still, Jones represents a small percentage of first-generation students who areable to gain entry into more elite universities, which are often known for robust financial aidpackages and remarkably high graduation rates for first—generation students.(Harvard, for example, boasts a six—year graduation rate for underrepresented minority groups of 98 percent. )

[ N]Christian Vazquez, a first—generation Yale graduate, is another exception, his success story settinghim far apart from students such as Nijay. "There is a lot of

support at Yale, to an extent, after awhile, there is too much support," he said, half—joking about the countless resources available atthe school. Students are placed in small groups with counselors ( trained seniors on campus) ;they have access to cultural and ethnic affinity (联系) groups, tutoring centers and also have a summer orientation specifically for first—generation students ( the latter being one of the mostcommon programs for students).

[ O]"Our support structure was more like : ' You are going to get through Yale; you are going to dowell,' " he said, hinting at mentors (导师), staff, and professors who all provided significantsupport for students who lacked confidence about "belonging" at such a top institution.

46. Many first—generation college—goers have doubts about their abilities to get

a college degree.

47. First—generation college students tend to have much heavier financial burdens than their peers.

48. The graduation rate of first—generation students at Nijay's university was incredibly low.

49. Some top institutions like Yale seem to provide first—generation students with more support than they actually need.

50. On entering college, Nijay Williams had no idea how challenging college education was.

51. Many universities simply refuse to release their exact graduation rates for first-generation students.

52. According to a marketing executive, many students from low-income families don't know they could have a chance of going to an elite university.

53. Some elite universities attach great importance to building up the first—generation students' serf—confidence.

54. I'm First distributes information to help first-generation college-goers find schools that are most suitable for them.

55. Elite universities tend to graduate fn'st-generation students at a higher rate.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. andD . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer

Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

Saying they can no longer ignore the rising prices of health care, some of the most influentialmedical groups in the nation are recommending that doctors weigh the costs, not just the effectivenessof treatments, as they make decisions about patient

care.The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it,suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively aboutindividual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent. In practical terms, the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drugover another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment—at the end of life, forexample—is too expensive. In the extreme, some critics have said that making treatment decisionsbased on cost is a form of rationing. Traditionally, guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine, and the latest ones areexpected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions, eventhough there's no obligation to follow them. Medical society guidelines are also used by insurancecomoanies to help determine reimbursement (报销) policies. Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and fmancial Overseers."There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget, but they shouldn'tbe functioning simultaneously as doctors," said Dr. Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital. He saiddoctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients, "I'm not going to do what I think is bestfor you because I think it's bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts. " Doctors can face some grim trade —offs. Studies have shown, for example, that two drugs are about

equally effective in treating macular degeneration, and eye disease. But one costs $ 50 a dose and theother close to $ 2,000. Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used thecheaper drug, Avastin, instead of the costlier one, Lucentis. But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye. and using itrather than the alternative, Lucentis, might carry an additional, although slight, safety risk. Shoulddoctors consider Medicare's budget in deciding what touse?"I think ethically (在道德层面上) we are just worried about the patient in front of us and nottrying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole," said Dr. Donald Jensen. Still, some analysts say that there's a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not manyothers are doing so. "In some ways," said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, "it represents a failure of wider society to take up the issue. "

56. What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do?

A. Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take.

B. Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments.

C. Take costs into account when making treatment decisions.

D. Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care.

57. What were doctors mainly concerned about in the past?

A. Specific medicines to be used.

B. Effects of medical treatment.

C. Professional advancement.

D. Patients' trust.

58. What may the new guidelines being developed lead to?

A. The redefining of doctors' roles.

B. Overuse of less effective medicines.

C. Conflicts between doctors and patients.

D. The prolonging of patients' suffering.

59. What risk do doctors see in their dual role as patient care providers and financial overseers?

A. They may be involved in a conflict of interest.

B. They may be forced to divide their attention.

C. They may have to use less effective drugs.

D. They may lose the respect of patients.

60. What do some experts say about doctors' involvement in medical cost analysis?

A. It may add to doctors' already heavy workloads.

B. It will help to save money for society as a whole.

C. It results from society's failure to tackle the problem.

D. It raises doctors' awareness of their social responsibilities.

Passage Two

Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

Economic inequality is the "defining challenge of our time," President Barack Obama declared in aspeech last month to the Center for American Progress. Inequality is dangerous, he argued, not merelybecause it doesn't look good to have a large gap between the rich and the poor, but because inequalityitself destroys upward mobility, making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty. "Increasedinequality and decreasing mobility pose a fundamental threat to the American Dream," he said. Obama is only the most prominent public figure to declare inequality Public Enemy No. 1 and thegreatest threat to reducing poverty in America. A number of prominent economists have also arguedthat it's harder for the poor to climb the economic ladder today because the rungs (横档 ) in that ladderhave grown farther apart.

For all the new attention devoted to the 1 percent, a new damset from the Equality of OpportunityProject at Harvard and Berkeley suggests that, if we care about upward mobility overall, we're vastlyexaggerating the dangers of the rich—poor gap. Inequality itself is not a particularly strong predictor ofeconomic mobility, as sociologist Scott Winship noted in a recent article based on his analysis of this data. So what factors, at the community level, do predict if poor children will move up the economicladder as adtdts? what explains, for instance, why the Salt Lake City metro area is one of the 100largest metropolitan areas most likely to lift the fortunes of the poor and the Atlanta metro area is oneof the least likely?

Harvard economist Raj Cherty has pointed to economic and racial segregation, community density,the size of a community's middle class, the quality of schools, commtmity religiosity, and familystructure, which he calls the "single strongest correlate of upward mobility. " Chetty finds thatcommunities like Salt Lake City, with high levels of two-parent families and religiosity, are much morelikely to see poor children get ahead than communities like Atlanta, with high levels of racial andeconomic segregation. Chetty has not yet issued a comprehensive analysis of the relative predictive power of each of thesefactors. Based on my analyses of the data. of the factors that Chetty has highlighted, the followingthree seem to be most predictive of upward mobility in a given community:

1. Per-capita (人均) income growth

2. Prevalence of single mothers ( where correlation is strong, but negative)

3. Per-capita local government spending In other words, communities with high levels of per-capita income growth, high percentages oftwo-parent families, and high local government spending-which may stand for good schools-are themost likely to help poor children relive Horatio Alger's rags-to-riches story.

61. How does Obama view economic inequality?

A. It is the biggest obstacle to social mobility.

B. It is the greatest threat to social stability.

C. It is the No. 1 enemy of income growth.

D. It is the most malicious social evil of our time.

62. What do we learn about the inequality gap from Scott Winship's data analysis?

A. It is fast widening across most parts of America.

B. It is not a reliable indicator of economic mobility.

C. It is not correctly interpreted.

D. It is overwhelmingly ignored.

63. Compared with Atlanta, metropolitan Salt Lake City is said to

A. have placed religious beliefs above party politics

B. have bridged the gap between the rich and the poor

C. offer poor children more chances to climb the social ladder

D. suffer from higher levels of racial and economic segregation

64. What is strongly correlated with social mobility according to economist Raj Cherty?

A. Family structure.

B. Racial equality.

C. School education.

D. Community density.

65. What does the author seem to suggest?

A. It is important to increase the size of the middle class.

B. It is highly important to expand the metropolitan areas.

C. It is most imperative to focus our efforts on the elimination of income inequality.

D. It is better to start from the community to help poor children move up the social ladder.

Part IVTranslation(30 minutes)

名词：B.bias偏见，倾向；D.deterioration变质，退化，恶化；E)excephon例外；F)fault 过错，过失动词：A.assumed承担(权力，责任)；J)relayed接替，转播，转告；K)shiftin9改变，略微移动；L)shrank收缩，缩减；N)txansmitting传导，传播

形容词：C.desperate绝望的，孤注一掷的；I)previous先前的；M)subtle微妙的，不易察觉的副词：G)incidentally顺便地，附带；H)notably显著地，尤其；0)worldwide在全世界

36．E.exception。详解：该空格位于主系表结构的句子中，且位于系动词Was和形容词n0之后，此处可以理解为形容词作定语修饰名词，因此应填入名词exception作整个句子的表

语，结合上下文综合分析，本句含义为：手机生产商诺基亚公司也并不例外。故答案为E)exception“例外”。备选项中bias，deterioration，fault与上下文语义不符，故应排除。

37．O.worldwide。详解：该空格位于主谓结构的句子中，并处于句子的末端，本句主要成分齐全，因此应填人副词worldwide作地点状语，起修饰作用。本句含义为“2007年时，诺基亚公司占全世界手机销量的40％以上”。故答案为O)worldwide“在全世界”。备选项中incidentally及notably与上下文语义不符，故应排除。

38．K.shifting。详解:该空格位于句子的谓语动词位置，系动词were之后，介词toward 之前，因此可填人现在分词，构成过去进行时，描述过去某一时间正在发生的动作或行为，本句含义为“但此时客户的偏好正在向触屏智能手机转变”。故答案为K)shifting“改变，略微移动”。备选项中transmitting与上下文语义不符，故应排除。

39．L.shrank。详解：该空格位于句子主语之后的谓语动词位置，根据上下文判断此处应为一般过去时，因此应填入动词过去式，本句的含义为“诺基亚市场份额缩小，收入骤降”。故答案为L)shrank“收缩，缩减”。备选项中assumed及relayed虽然满足语法要求，但其与上下文语义不符，故排除：

40．A.assumed。详解:该空格位于以which引导的定语从句中，且处于定语从句的谓语动词位置，又因出现了明确的时间状语in October 2010，因此应填入动词过去式，本句的含义为“他于2010年l0月开始担任诺基亚公司首席执行官一职”。故答案为A.assumed“承担(权力，责任)”。备选项中relayed与上下文语义不符，故应排除。

41．F.fault。详解:该空格位于介词at之后，应填入名词，构成介宾短语，at fault为固定搭配，含义为“有责任，有过错”，本句含义为“但出问题的并不仅仅是埃洛普一人”。故答案为F)fault“过错，过失”：备选项中bias及deterioration与上下文语义不符，故应排除。

42．H.notably。详解:该空格位于主系表结构的句子中，且该句主要成分齐全，空格位于Most之后，应填入副词，构成最高级形式，本句含义为“最显著的就是JormaOllila”。故答案为H)notably“显著地，尤其”。备选项中incidentally与上下文语义不符，故应排除。

43．I.previous。详解:该空格位于名词所有格the company’S之后，名词success之前，可填人形容词进一步修饰名词success，本句含义为“但他过于迷恋公司以前所取得的成就”，故答案为I)previous“先前的”。备选项中desperate及subtle与上下文语义不符，故应排除。

44．C.desperate。详解:该空格位于不定冠词a之后，名词短语cost．cutting program 之前，应填入形容词进一步修饰名词短语的中心词program。本句含义为“公司还开始了一场孤注一掷的降低成本运动”。故答案为C.desperate“绝望的，不顾一切的，孤注一掷的”。备选项中subtle与上下文语义不符，故应排除。

45．D.deteriorationo详解:该空格位于定冠词the之后，介词of之前，应填人名词。本句含义为“这有损于公司原本生机勃勃的企业文化”。“故答案为D.deterioration“变质，退化，恶化”。备选项中bias与上下文语义不符，故应排除。

详解详析

46. Many first-generation college goers have doubts about their abilities togetacollege degree.

译文；很多第一代大学生怀疑自己是否有能力拿到大学文凭。

定位；由题干关键词havedoubts about their abilities定位到原文画线处。

47. First-generation college students tend to have much heavier financial burdens than their peers.

译文：第一代大学生的经济负担往往比同龄人更重。

定位：由题干关键词heavier financialburdens定位到原文画线处。

48. The graduation rate of first-generation studentsatNijay'suniversitywas incredibly low.

译文：尼杰所就读大学的第一代大学生毕业率低得令人难以置信。

定位：由题干关键词graduation rate，Nijay’s和low定位到原文画线处。

49. Some top institutions like Yale seem to provide first-generation studentswithmoresupport than they actually need.

译文：像耶鲁这样的顶尖大学似乎给其第一代大学生提供了超过他们实际需求的帮助。

定位：由题干关键词Yale和more support定位到原文画线处。

50. On entering college, NijayWiflliamshadnoideahowchallenging college education was.

译文：尼杰·威廉姆斯刚进入大学时，并不知道大学教育会有多大的挑战。

定位：由题干关键词enteringcollege和Nijay Williams定位到原文画线处。

51. Many universities simply refuse to release their exact graduation rates for first generation students.

译文；很多大学直接拒绝公布第一代大学生毕业率的准确数据。

定位：由题干关键词graduation rates及first—generation students定位到原文画线处。

52. According to a marketing executive,many students from low-income families don't know they could have a chance of going to an elite university.

译文：根据某位市场部高管所说，很多来自低收人家庭的学生并不知道自己能有机会上一所名校。

定位：由题干关键词marketing executive，students from low—income families和all eliteuniversity定位到原文画线处。

53. Some elite universities attach great importance to building up the first-generation students' self- confidence.

译文：一些精英大学很看重培养第一代大学生的自信心。

定位：由题干关键词Some elite universities和confidence定位到原文画线处。

54. I'm First distributes information to helpfirst-generationcollege-goersfind schools that are most suitable for them.

译文：我是第一代”传播信息以帮助第一代大学生找到最适合他们的学校。

定位：由题于关键词I'm First，distributes information和couege—goers定位到原文画线处。

55. Eliteuniversitiestendtograduate first-generationstudents at a higher rate. 译文：很多精英大学第一代大学生的毕业率往往很高。

定位：由题干关键词Eliteuniversities和at a higher rate定位到原文画线处。

56．C.。定位：由题干关键词influential medical groups定位到文章首段的后半部分．．．．that doctors weighthe costs，not just the effectiveness of treatments，as they make decisions about patient care．

详解：事实细节题。定位句指出医疗集团建议医生在决定病人的治疗方案时，不仅要考虑疗效，还要考虑医疗成本费用，故答案为C.

点睛：A“反思他们所应承担的责任”，在原文并没有明确提示，可以排除；B“对其治疗效果更加注意”，这与原文要表达的意思正好相反，可以排除；D“从削减医保的角度重新调整其操作”，原文虽然提到医生要考虑医疗费用，但并没有明确提出让医生们直接考虑削减医保，可以排除。

57．B。定位：由题干关键词doctors，concerned和in the past定位到文章第二段后半部分．Ifrombeingconcerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars arespent．

详解：推理判断题。从定位句及其所在段落可以看出，作者提到一个关于医生角色的关键性的变化，即从单纯考虑病人个体转为对医疗费用的使用施加影响，可见，医生过去只考虑治疗效果，故答案为B。

点睛： A“具体使用哪种药品”，过于片面，可以排除；C“行业的进步”，原文中没有提

及，可以排除；D“患者的信任”，尽管后文提到了医生如果一味考虑医疗成本，极可能会失去患者的信任，但从整体看，医生过去首要关注的还是疗效，患者的信任也是基于疗效，可以排除。

58．A。定位：根据题于关键词new guidelines和lead to定位到文章第三段首句．．．．the new guidelinesbeing developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or evendeciding that a particular treatment--at the end of life．for example--is too expensive．

详解：事实细节题。定位句指出，医生会基于价格考虑，从而决定药品的使用和医疗方案，这与上一段首句提到的redefine their roles相呼应，医生从仅仅只考虑疗效到在决定中引入费用因素，其角色确实发生了转变，故答案为A。

点睛：B.“过度使用疗效较差的药品”，文中只是提到医生会在使用药品的决策上考虑费用，并没有说会更多使用疗效较差的药品，可以排除；C.“医患之间的矛盾”，第六段虽然提到医生考虑经济因素可能引发患者的不信任，但还没有上升到医患矛盾，故不是新政策的主要后果，可以排除；D.“延长患者的痛苦”，文中没有提到新的医疗指导方针会产生这样的后果，可以排除。

59．D。定位：由题于关键词risk和providers，financial overseers定位到文章第五段：Some doctors see apotential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and fmancial overseers．和第六段第二句：He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients…

详解：事实细节题。第五段首先提到医生作为医疗服务提供者和医疗成本监察员，本就存在着潜在矛盾，而在随后的第六段第二句中又明确指出，这样会使医生失去病人的信任，故答案为D。

点睛： A“他们可能陷入利益矛盾中”，该句说法过于笼统，可以排除；B.“他们可能被迫分散精力”，文章并没有明确提出医生身兼两种角色时可能会分散精力，可以排除；C.“他们可能不得不使用效力较差的药品”，本题考查的是医生身兼两种角色的风险，对于不同药物药力的比较，虽然原文有所提及，但这并不是医生们面临的风险，可以排除。

60．C。定位：由题干关键词experts和medical cost analysis定位到文章最后一段：Still，some analysts saythat there’s a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing So．“In someways．”said Dr．Daniel Sulmasy．it represents a failure of wider society to take up the issue．’’

详解：推理判断题。最后一段首句指出，尽管医生兼任医药成本监察员的职责并不合适，但又不得不为之，因为很少有其他群体能做到，而作者更进一步引用丹尼尔·赛尔马西医生的话指出，整个社会没能成功处理这一问题，故答案为C。

点睛：A“它可能增加医生本已沉重的负担”，医学专家并没有就医生的负担轻重进行讨论，可以排除；B“它可以帮助整个社会节省经费”，专家们并没有提到这一点，可以排除；D.“它提升了医生的社会责任意识”，这种说法完全偏离了本文的中心思想，可以排除。

61．A。定位：由题干关键词0bama和economic inequality定位到文章第一段第二句：Inequality isdangerous，he argued，not merely because it doesn’t look good to have a large gap between the richand the poor，but because inequality itseff destroys upward mobility，malting it harder for the poor toescape from poverty．

详解：事实细节题。定位句提到，奥巴马把不公平称为“我们这个时代决定性的挑战”，并指出不公平之所以危险是因为它破坏了社会阶层的提升，令贫困者难以摆脱贫困，故答案为A。

点睛：B“它是社会稳定的最大威胁”，本文主要探讨的是社会阶层的提升，而不是社会稳定性，可以排除；C“它是收入增长的头号敌人”，这是对原文的曲解，社会不公平影响的主要是穷人社会经济地位的上升，文章并没有提到不公平和收入增长的关系，可以排除；D “它是我们这个时代最恶毒的社会罪行”，原文并没有从道德角度进行阐述，可以排除。62．B.。定位：由题干关键词the inequality gap和Scott Winship’s data analysis 定位到文章第三段最后一句：Inequality itself is not a particularly strong predictor of economic mobility，as sociologist ScottW111ship noted in a recent article based on his analysis of this data．

详解：事实细节题。定位句指出，不公平本身并不是社会流动性的强预警信号，也就是说不公平不是社会流动性的可靠指标，后文还论证并列举了与社会活动性相关度较高的若干因素，故答案为B。

点睛： A“它在美国大部分地区迅速蔓延”，文章只是提到美国社会有贫富差距，但并没有对发展趋势进行任何说明，可以排除；C“它没有得到正确诠释”，该项的说法太过笼统，可以排除；D“它完全被忽视了”，文章开头就高调地论述奥巴马对经济不公平现象的观点，可见，这个问题并没有被忽视，可以排除。

63．C定位：根据题干中的地名Atlanta和Salt Lake City定位到文章第五段最后一句：Chetty finds thatcommunities like Salt Lake City，with high levels of two—parent families and religiosity，are muchmore likely to see poor children get ahead than communities like Atlanta，with high levels of racialand economic segregation．

详解：事实细节题。定位句指出，像盐湖城这样兼具双亲的虔诚宗教家庭比例较高的社区，比亚特兰大那种种族和经济隔离程度高的社区更能为贫困孩子提供上升机会，可见，它能为贫困孩子提供更多攀登社会阶梯的机会，故答案为C。

点睛：A.“将宗教信仰置于政党政策之上”，文章只提到宗教问题，并没有说到政党政策，可以排除；

B.“已经缩小了贫富之间的差距”，比较两个城市时，作者只谈到了社会流动性，并没有提到其内部的贫富差距，可以排除；D.“为严重的种族和经济隔离所困”，这种说法与原文相反，种族和经济隔离程度高的是亚特兰大，而不是盐湖城，可以排除。

64．A.。定位：由题干关键词strongly correlated和RaiChetty定位到文章第五段首句：Harvard economistRaj Cherty has pointed to economic and racial segregation，community density，the size of acommunity’s middle class，the quality of schools，community religiosity，and family structure，whichhe calls the“single strongest correlate of upward mobility．”

详解：事实细节题。根据定位句可知，在查蒂提到的若干影响社会活动性的因素中，家庭结构是“社会阶层提升的唯一强相关因素”，故答案为A。

点睛：B.“种族平等”，该项没有被列入查蒂所说的若干因素中，可以排除；C“学校教育”，查蒂虽然提到这个因素，但它不属于强相关因素，可以排除；D“社区密度”，与选项C一样，虽然提及，但不属于强相关因素，可以排除。

65．D.。定位：根据题文同序原则，定位至文章最后一段：In other words，communities with high levels ofper-capita income growth，high percentages of two-parent families，and high local governmentspending-which may stand for good schools-are the most likely to help poor children relive HoratioAlger’s ragstoriches story．

详解：推理判断题。从定位段中可看出，作者提到如何帮助穷苦孩子提高社会经济地位时，一直都是从社区层面进行分析的，前文也多次有类似的提示，故答案为D。

点睛：A“加大中产阶层的规模非常重要”，这虽然是作者提到的重要影响因素之一，但不足以集中概括作者的观点，可以排除；B“扩大城市规模十分重要”，影响社会流动性的因素中未涉及城市规模，可以排除；C“我们应该努力消除收入不均”，作者在第三段就提出，贫富差距并不像很多公众人物指出的那样，对社会流动性有关键性的影响力，可见，文章并没有集中讨论收入不均的问题，可以排除。

In China, parents always try every means to help their children, and even make important decisions forthem. They never care what the children really want because they believe that it is good for the children. As aresult, children's growth and education tend to surrender to the wills of their parents.

If parents decide to sign up for their children to take an extra class to increase their chances of beingadmitted to a key school, they will stick to their decision, even if their children are not interested in it.

In the United States, however, parents are likely to respect their children's opinions, and to pay moreattention to their opinions in making decisions.

It may be worthy of praise for the Chinese parents to attach great importance to education. However, theyshould learn how to balance the relationsop between parents and the children from American parents when itcomes to education.

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