美国第26任总统 西奥多·罗斯福就职演说

就职演说

1905年3月4日* *西奥多·罗斯福于1901年9月第二十五任总统威廉·麦金莱遇刺身亡后继任总统，1904年正式当选总统。这里刊登的是他正式就职时发表的演说。

同胞们：

世界上没有哪一个民族比我们更有理由感到欣慰，这样说决无炫耀我们自己的实力之意，而是满怀虔诚地向上帝表达感激之情，感谢他为我们创造条件，使我们能够获得如此巨大的物质财富和如此美好的幸福生活。我们作为一个民族，已经得到上帝许可，在这片新大陆上奠定我们国民生活的基础。我们是过去一切时代的继承者，但我们却几乎不必承受那些古老国家中由某种以往文明的传统势力所强加的惩罚。我们从未为生存所迫而与任何异族作战，但我们的生活却仍然一直在呼唤活力和奋斗，因为舍此我们那些更加雄健刚毅的美德就会丧失殆尽。在这样的条件下，倘若我们仍然遭到失败，那就是我们自己的过失；我们在过去已经获得的成功，以及我们确信未来将带给我们的胜利，不应在我们心里激起狂妄自大的情绪，而毋宁应使我们对生活赋予我们的一切，保持深刻而恒久的意识，使我们充分认识自己肩负的责任，并以坚定不移的决心展示，一个处于自由政府之下的强大民族一定能够兴旺发达，无论在物质生活还是在精神生活方面都会如此。

赋予我们的东西既然很多，那么期望于我们的理所当然也就不少。我们对他人和对自己都负有种种责任，对此我们都不能逃避。我们已成为一个伟大的国家，我们在同世界上其他国家交往时，这一事实促使我们的行为举止必须像一个负有这种责任的民族。我们对其他所有的国家都应抱有真心实意的友好态度，而不问其国家的大小强弱。我们不仅应当用言辞而且应当用行动来显示，我们热切地期望本着公正和宽厚地承认其一切权利的精神对待他们，从而博得他们的好感。但公正和宽宏大量之于一个国家正如对个人一样，只有由强者而不是弱者表现出来才最有意义。我们从来都小心地避免损害他人，因而我们同样应当分毫不减地坚持自己不受虐待。我们盼望和平，但我们盼望的是正义的和平，是光明正大的和平。我们盼望和平，是因为我们认为和平乃是正确的，而绝非出于胆小怕事。任何处事果敢正当的弱国，绝对不应有畏惧我们的情由，我们也决不允许任何强国得以唯独挑选我们作为蛮横人侵的对象。

我们与世界其他强国的关系固然重要，但更具重要意义的是我们自己之间的各种关系。在过去的一又四分之一个世纪①里，美国的国民生活在财富、人口和国力各个方面均有极大的发展；但与此同时，每一个走向强盛的国家都曾遇到的各种问题，也不可避免地随之兴起。力量始终同时意味着责任和危险。我们的先辈曾经面临的某些危机，随着时光推移我们已不复可能再度遇到。但目前我们却面临其他一些危机，②它们的出现乃是先辈们无法预见的。现代生活既复杂而又紧张，最近半个世纪工业的超凡发展，带来种种巨大的变化，对此我们社会和政治肌体的每根神经末梢都有感觉。在民主共和制的形式下来管理一个大陆的事务，这是一个前人从未尝试过的巨大而艰难的实验。我们获得了惊人的物质财富，并且把我们的能量、自立能力和个人首创精神发展到很高的程度，这得益于一些条件，而这些条件同时也带来了与巨大的财富向工业中心集中密不可分的关切和焦虑。许多的事情都取决于我们实验的成功，因而它不仅关系到我们自己的幸福，而且关系到整个人类的幸福。如果我们遭到了失败，那么全世界自由的自治政府的根本将从基础上发生动摇，因此我们不仅对自己、对当今的世界，而且对那些尚未出生的子孙后代都负有重大的责任。我们决无正当的理由惧怕未来，但我们却有充分的理由认真地面对未来，既不隐瞒我们面前问题的严重性，也不害怕处理这些问题，而要用不屈不挠、毫不畏缩的意志来正确地加以解决。

①指美国自1776年独立至1905年的一个多世纪的时间。

②美国进入工业社会后面临一些严峻问题，如大公司兴起所造成的社会冲击、政治中的腐败现象、对自然资源的浪费、激烈的劳资冲突等。为了革除这些流弊，大致在1900年左右美国兴起了一场大规模的改革运动，史称“进步主义运动”。罗斯福在任内进行的改革，把这一运动推向高潮。

然而，这毕竟是一些新问题，而且摆在我们面前的任务，与缔造和维护这个共和国的先辈们当年面临的任务有所不同；尽管如此，但必须承担这些任务和正视这些问题的精神却并无二致，只要我们想出色地履行我们的责任，这种精神就不会发生根本的改变。我们深知自治诚非易事。我们也懂得，我们这个由自由人所组成的民族，力求通过自由表达的意志来正确管理自己的事务，因而对高尚品质的要求，即非一般民族所能比拟。然而，我们依然充满信心，我们决不会辱没有着辉煌过去的先辈们留下的声誉。他们尽了自己的力量，并且传下一份光辉的遗产供我们今天享用。我们自己也具有坚定的信心，我们一定能够完整无损地保存和扩大这份遗产，把它传给我们的子孙后代。要达到这一目的，我们不仅要在重大的危机中，而且要在日常生活的事务中，显示出务实的智慧、勇气、刚毅和坚韧不拔的精神，尤其要显示出为崇高理想而献身的力量。正是由于有了这些品质，华盛顿时代缔造这个共和国的人们才得以成为一代伟人，亚伯拉罕·林肯时代维护这个共和国的人们也才得以成为一代伟人。

（陈亚丽译李剑鸣校）

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罗斯福 美国第32任总统富兰克林·D·罗斯福（Franklin D. Roosevelt）（1933—1945），一直被视为美国历史上最伟大的总统之一，是20世纪美国最孚众望和受爱戴的总统，也是美国历史上惟一连任4届总统的人，从1933年3月起，直到1945年4月去世时为止，任职长达12年。曾赢得美国民众长达7 周的高支持率，创下历史记录。 富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福出生于纽约。父亲詹姆斯·罗斯福是一个百万富翁。母亲萨拉·德拉诺比父亲小26岁。罗斯福曾就读于哈佛大学和哥伦比亚大学。1910年任纽约州参议员。1913年任海军部副部长。1921年因患脊髓灰质炎致残。1928年任纽约州长。1932年竞选总统获胜。执政后，以“新政”对付经济危机，颇有成效，故获得1936年、1940年、1944年大选连任。第二次世界大战初，美国采取不介入政策，但对希特勒采取强硬手段，以“租借法”支持同盟国。1941年底，美国参战。罗斯福代表美国两次参加同盟国“三巨头”会议。罗斯福政府提出了轴心国必须无条件投降的原则并得到了实施。罗斯福提出了建立联合国的构想，也得到了实施。63岁时由于脑溢血去世。 罗斯福扯起美国之帆 1945年4月12日，一位现代历史上的巨人与世长辞，他就是富兰克林·罗斯福。雅尔塔会议结束后两个月，身心疲惫的罗斯福在佐治亚温泉休养时，悄然逝去。 架双拐登上总统宝座 1882年1月30日，富兰克林·罗斯福出生在纽约哈得孙河畔一个显贵的家庭里。命运赐给他的是英俊的容貌、善良的性格和聪明的天赋。他14岁进入著名的格罗顿公学学习，四年后来到哈佛大学，并于1901年加入共和党人俱乐部，开始了自己的政治生涯。也正是这一年，他的堂叔西奥多·罗斯福成了美国历史上最年轻的总统。 罗斯福决心仿效堂叔进入政界，并在1910年找到了一鸣惊人的机会。他打算竞选纽约市参议员，但却是以民主党候选人的身份出现。当他把这个决定告诉身为共和党人的总统叔叔时，对方怒而骂道：“你这个卑鄙的兔崽子！你这个叛徒……”但是富兰克林·罗斯福没有改变前进方向。他乘着一辆红色的汽车，每

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肯尼迪《就职演说》中的语域分析

摘要：肯尼迪一九六一年的就职演说被称作是二十世纪最令人难忘的两次美国 总统就职演说之一，引起了国际上的广泛关注。然而当前对政论性演说的研究主要集中于文体学、修辞学领域，从系统功能语言学角度进行的研究显得相对匮乏。本文从语场、语旨、语式三个方面分析了被奉为政治演说词经典的肯尼迪《就职演说》中的语域，进而发掘了该演说词的语言特征，加深了对演说者演说意图的理解。文章不仅丰富了政治演说词已经取得的研究成果，而且验证了语域理论用于政治演说词分析的有效性。 关键词：就职演说；语域特征；语域分析 一．引言 历届美国总统的就职演说的特点较其他形式的公开演说更为突出，表现在其时间的固定性（一月二十日）、地点的固定性（白宫）、演说者身份的固定性（当选为美国总统的人）、听众的固定性（美国民众和世界各国）、内容的相似性（施政纲领、国内国际形势等）。此类演说均是历任总统先生经过深思熟虑、字斟句酌的成果，因此往往成为学者和研究者们科学研究的语料。美国第35届总统约翰??菲茨杰拉德?肯尼迪于1961年1月20日发表的就职演说无论是在内容上还是形式上，均堪称政论性演说中的经典。对该就职演说的研究集中于文体学和修辞学领域，鲜有从语域角度进行的分析。本文将语域理论运用于对肯尼迪就职演说词的分析，从一个全新的角度探索政治演说词的特点，一方面可以丰富政治演说词已有的研究成果，另一方面可以验证语域理论用于演说词分析的有效性。 二．文献回顾 语域是语言学中的一个重要概念，它初是Reid在1956年研究双语现象时提出来的。英国籍波兰人类学家马林诺夫斯基（Malinowski）把语境分为三类：话语语境（context of utterance）、文化语境（context of culture）和情景语境（context of situation）。此后韩礼德等人将文化语境与情景语境的概念与语言系统相结合，并在其著作中进行阐释从而形成了语域理论。他将语域（register）定义为“语言的功能变体”（functional variety of language）,即因情景语境的变化和产生的语言变化形式。支配语域的情景因素包括三个部分：语场（field）、语旨（tenor）和语式（mode）。 国外对于语域的研究以系统功能语言学派主要人物韩礼德为代表，而人类学家马林诺夫斯基对于语域理论的发展研究也功不可没。以上研究者均对语域理论的形成和发展起到了极大的促进作用。随着系统功能语言学在国内的发展与盛行，对语域理论的应用研究也取得了一定的成果。最先把语域理论引进国内的学者是张德禄，其后，一些学者开始探讨语域理论在语言教学、语篇分析、翻译、诗歌、文体等领域的用途。张德禄分析了语域理论对于教学的意义，认为根据语域变异理论进行外语教学就是根据情景的变化决定语言的变异的教学法，强调意义决定形式这一基本语言学原理。陈丽江等认为语域理论对英语写作的语篇连贯有莫大帮助，在英语写作中我们不能一概而论，单纯教学生模仿或套用，或者教词汇和语法，改错句，而要把写作和语域分析结合起来。程晓堂认为从语场、语旨和语式三个方面分析英语诗歌的语义和语用特征，能够帮助我们深入领会诗歌的意义，

1933年美国总统罗斯福就职演说

First Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt SATURDAY, MARCH 4, 1933 I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the Presidency I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our Nation impels. This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself--nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance. In every dark hour of our national life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory. I am convinced that you will again give that support to leadership in these critical days. In such a spirit on my part and on yours we face our common difficulties. They concern, thank God, only material things. Values have shrunken to fantastic levels; taxes have risen; our ability to pay has fallen; government of all kinds is faced by serious curtailment of income; the means of exchange are frozen in the currents of trade; the withered leaves of industrial enterprise lie on every side; farmers find no markets for their produce; the savings of many years in thousands of families are gone. More important, a host of unemployed citizens face the grim problem of existence, and an equally great number toil with little return. Only a foolish optimist can deny the dark realities of the moment. Yet our distress comes from no failure of substance. We are stricken by no plague of locusts. Compared with the perils which our forefathers conquered because they believed and were not afraid, we have still much to be thankful for. Nature still offers her bounty and human efforts have multiplied it. Plenty is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes in the very sight of the supply. Primarily this is because the rulers of the exchange of mankind's goods have failed, through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence, have admitted their failure, and abdicated. Practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds of men. True they have tried, but their efforts have been cast in the pattern of an outworn tradition. Faced by failure of credit they have proposed only the lending of more money. Stripped of the lure of profit by which to induce our people to follow their false leadership, they have resorted to exhortations, pleading tearfully for restored confidence. They know only the rules of a generation of self-seekers. They have no vision, and when there is no vision the people perish. The money changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization. We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths. The measure of the restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit. Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort. The joy and moral stimulation of work no longer must be forgotten in the mad chase of evanescent profits. These dark days will be worth all they cost us if they teach us that our true destiny is not to be ministered unto but to minister to ourselves and to our fellow men. Recognition of the falsity of material wealth as the standard of success goes hand in hand with the abandonment of the false belief that public office and high political position are to be valued only by the standards of pride of place and personal profit; and there must be an end to a conduct in banking and in business which too often has given to a sacred trust the likeness of callous and selfish wrongdoing. Small wonder that confidence languishes, for it thrives only on honesty, on honor, on the sacredness of obligations, on faithful protection, on unselfish performance; without them it cannot live. Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. This Nation asks for action, and action now. Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the Government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of our natural resources. Hand in hand with this we must frankly recognize the overbalance of population in our industrial centers and, by engaging on a national scale in a redistribution, endeavor to provide a better use of the land for those best fitted for the land. The task can be helped by definite efforts to raise the values of agricultural products and with this the power to purchase the output of our cities. It can be helped by preventing realistically the tragedy of the growing loss through foreclosure