英语独立主格结构用法小结
英语独立主格结构用法小结
非谓语动词作状语时, 它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语, 从而在结构上与主语不发生关系, 我们称之为独立主格结构( Absolute Construction) 。其实, 所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立, 它还是一种从属的结构。
一、非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中, 非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。请看下面的例子：
Such an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。(不定式)
such an able man和to help you 之间存在着主谓关系, 即Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后, 他母亲开始给他讲故事。(现在分词)
He seating himself at the desk 拥有了自己的逻辑主语he, 即When he se ated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙, 他只好步行去学校。(过去分词)
the key 是lost 的逻辑主语, lost 也可以用完成式having been lost，即B ecause the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.
1、不定式独立主格结构
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中, 动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来, 他正在忙着准备饭菜。
(As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.)
——Will you go to the concert tonight?
——Sorry. So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any tim e.
你今晚去听音乐会吗？
对不起, 有这多的作业要批, 我真的抽不出时间。
( Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really can't aff ord any time.)
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干, 每人翻译全书的四分之一。
( The four of us agreed on a division of labor and each is to translate a quarter of the book.)
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will l ook even more beautiful.
种上许多的树, 花和草后, 我们新建的学校将看上去更美。
(If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)
2、现在分词ing形式独立主格结构
动词的-ing形式作各种状语时, 其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致，ing 的独立结构相当于一个状语从句。
Being ill, he went home.
( As he was very ill, he went home.)
由于生病, 他回家了。
Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
( When he had seated himself at the desk...)
在课桌旁坐好后, 他开始看杂志
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
(When everyone was ready...)
每个人都准备好后, 老师开始上课。
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
( After everyone was seated...)
每个人坐好后, 主席开始开会。
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
( Because the boy led the way)
由那个男孩带路, 我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.
( As many eyes were watching him)
许多眼睛看着他, 他感到有点儿紧张。
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
( If time permits...)
时间允许的话, 我们下星期将进行一次野炊。
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
(If my health allows....)
我的健康许可的话, 我愿工作到深夜。
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in fr ont of his chest.
( and each wears a card in front of his chest)
学生们快乐地在学校里走着, 每个人胸前都带着一张卡。
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
( and his eyes were looking at the sky)
男孩躺在草地上, 眼睛看着天空。
注意：系动词be 也可以用分词形式的独立结构。例如：
It being National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
(As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.)
今天是国庆节, 街上很拥挤。
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
(As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.)
没有别的事可讨论, 我们都回家了。
3、过去分词-ed形式的独立主格结构
如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话, 就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.
该书是用简单英语写的, 英语初学者也能看懂。
(As the book was written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.)
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高, 他们工作得更起劲了。
(As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked stil l harder.)
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲, 眼睛紧盯着黑板。
(He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the bla ckboard.)
The task completed, he had two months' leave.
任务完成以后, 他休了两个月的假。
( When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.
4、非谓语动词独立结构析比较
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生, 动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束, 动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried, many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。
( 事情还没有处理, 而且是由经理本人来处理, 用不定式to settle)
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了, 经理看上去很轻松。
( 事情已经处理好了, 用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
小孩一边做饭, 一边看电视。
( 两个动作同时进行)
The food cooked, the boy went to bed.
饭做好了, 小孩去睡了。
( 两个动作有先后, 饭已做好, 小孩才去睡觉的)
二、无动词独立主格结构
在含有being 的独立主格结构中, being 往往可以被省去。这种省去being 的结构, 称之为无动词独立主格结构。
1、逻辑主语+名词
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛, 年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
( the youngest being a boy of 12 省去了being)
注意：独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略, 一是在“T here being + 名词”结构中, 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车, 我们只好走回家。
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.
因为是星期日, 所有办公室都关门。
2、逻辑主语+形容词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地转向我。
( his eyes being sleepy 省去了being, 等于He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. )
He stood there, his mouth wide open.
他站在那里, 嘴张得大大的。
( his mouth being wide open，等于He stood there, and his mouth was w ide open.)
3、逻辑主语+副词
School over, we all went home.
放学了, 我们都回家了。
( school being over，等于= School was over, and we all went home. )
He sat at his desk, his shoes off.
他坐在课桌旁, 没穿鞋子。( his shoes being off，等于He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.)
4、逻辑主语+介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
他站在黑板面前, 背对着我们。
(He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards u s.)
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
新老师面带微笑走了进来。
(The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.)
The teacher came into the classroom, a rule in his hand.
老师走进教室, 手里拿着一把直尺。
(The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.)
提示：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”的独立主格结构里, 如果名词用单数, 可以不用冠词, 同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。例如：
The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.
音乐老师站在门口, 手里拿着一把小提琴。
( a violin in his hand.)
三、with / without 引导的独立主格结构
在上面所讲的独立结构前，都可以加上介词with / without，构成了“with / without +宾语+宾语的补足语”的独立主格结构形式。例如：
1、with+名词、代词、形容词
He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.
他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
他站在雨中, 衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.
注意：在with 的独立主格结构中, 也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。例如：
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望, 老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.
父亲如此出名, 儿子不想读书。
2、with+名词代词、副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
所有的灯都打开时, 我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前, 小孩在后走着。
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
3、with+名词代词、介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或
He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口, 手里拿着一部电脑。
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或
Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.
文森特坐在课桌前, 嘴里衔着一支笔。
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.
4、with+名词代词、动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
作业做好了, 彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
With the signal given, the train started.
信号发出了, 火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started.
I wouldn誸dare go home without the job finished.
工作还没完成, 我不敢回家。
= I wouldn't dare go home because the job was not finished.
5、with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围, 那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting
around him.
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来, 没有人知道它在哪里。
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
他趁没人注意的时候, 从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
6、with+名词代词、动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
有这么多的家庭作业要做, 小男孩看上去很不开心。
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观, 小孩很激动。
The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.
[注意] 在with / without 的复合结构中, 多数情况下with 能省略, 但with out 不能省略。
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。( without不能省略)
四、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当各种状语外, 还能作定语。在形式上, “独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾, 并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
1、作状语
独立主格结构作状语, 其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
(1) 表示时间
Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
夜幕降临, 我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
( = When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.)
All the guests seated, they began their dinner.
所有的客人就坐后, 他们才开始吃饭。
( = When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.)
With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.
所需要的都买好后, 格雷斯打的回家了。
( After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.)
(2) 表示原因
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is h aving a hard time.
有许多难题要解决, 新当选的总统日子不好过。
( = As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected pres ident is having a hard time.)
There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnigh t.
由于在半夜没有交通工具了, 他只好步行回家。
(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at mi dnight.)
(3) 表示条件
Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
如果天气允许的话, 我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
( = If weather permits, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next wee k.)
All the work done, you can have a rest.
所有工作做好后, 你可以休息。
( =As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.)
Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.
如果从各方面考虑, 你的计划似乎更实际些。
( = If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.)
[注意] 表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首, 并且不能保留连词。
【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.
【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom.
下课了, 学生都离开了教室。
【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.
【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.
月亮出来了, 他们继续赶路。
(4) 表示伴随情况或补充说明
The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.
那个奇怪的男人在街上走着, 手里拿着根手杖。
( = The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.)
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
杀人犯被带了进来, 手被捆在背后。
( =The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his bac k.)
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
有两百人在事故中丧生, 其中许多是儿童。
( Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were childr en.)
2、作定语
独立主格结构作定语, 其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语, 修饰the student)
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的复合结构作定语, 修饰bottle)
你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without的复合结构作定语, 修饰the road )
= He was walking along the road that didn誸have any street lights
on its both sides.
[注意] 在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是, 不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If you stand on the top of the mountain, the park looks more beautiful.
如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。( 不要改为独立主格结构)
If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话, 有些错误是可以避免的。( 不要改为独立主格结构)
独立主格结构
独立主格结构 概念：由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与主句不发生句法上的联系。 构成：逻辑主语+逻辑谓语 特点：1. 用逗号与主句分开； 2. 逻辑主语与主句主语不同，单独存在。 位置：句前、句末或句中，位置相当灵活。 注意：独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词 句法功能： 1.作时间状语All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. = After/ when all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. 2.作条件状语All the work done, you can have a rest. = All the work is done, and you can have a rest. 3.作原因状语The boy leading, we had no trouble finding the strange cave 4.作伴随状语或补充说明I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, the people filling back respectfully on either side. (Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome) 5.作定语，其功能相对于一个定语从句Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 基本结构： 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 e.g.: There being no bus, we had to walk home. （由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走路回家。） 2. 名词（代词）+过去分词 e.g.: City born and city bred, I have always regards the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasional visit during the week. 3. 名词（代词）+不定式 e.g.: Many trees, flowers, and glass to be planted, out newly-built school will look even more beautiful. （种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。） 4. 名词（代词）+形容词 e.g.: The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. （特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里面悄悄爬了出来。） 5. 名词（代词）+副词 e.g.: The lights off, we could not go on with the work. （灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。） 6. 名词（代词）+名词 e.g.: His first shot failure, he fired again. （他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。）
英语独立主格结构说明
英语独立主格结构说明 一、独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语)，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的用法 它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相 当于一个状语从句或并列句
(1)作时间状语 The work don e(二After the work had bee n done) , we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。 (2) 作条件状语 Weather permitt ing( = If weather permits) , they will go on an out ing to the beach tomorrow. 女口果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 (3) 作原因状语 An importa nt lecture to be give n tomorrow(二As an importa nt lecture will be give n tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 (4) 作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed un der his head(二a nd his hands were crossed un der his head). 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 (5) 表补充说明 A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。 注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状 语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式 独立主格结构(the absolute structure )是由名词或代词加上分词或 分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结
3高中英语语法通霸独立主格结构和with的复合结构
高中英语语法通霸3： 独立主格结构和with的复合结构 考点1.独立主格结构的构成 A.独立主格结构可以看作是把一个分句破坏了谓语 前面我们学过，两个分句放在一起而不用句子连词连接只以逗号隔开，这样的句子是错误的（参看P. 错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）。 His homework was finished, he went out to play.× 这时，我们可以把一个分句的谓语破坏掉，把其谓语变成非谓语或不用动词。上句可以变为： His homework finished, he went out to play. 这样，这个分句被破坏后就成了独立主格结构。独立主格结构可以使句子更简练，有利于表达复杂内容。 破坏谓语的方法：含有be的，把be去掉（主系表结构表原因的，be也可变为being）；不含be的，谓语和主语是主动关系的，把谓语变为现在分词；是被动关系的，把谓语变为过去分词；谓语表将来动作的，变为不定式。 练习：合并下列句子，把画线句子改为独立主格结构。 1.His wife was ill. He had to stay at home. 2.He arrived at home. His face was red. 3.My homework was finished. I went out to play football with my friends. 4.I rode a bike along the street. My dog was following me. 5.I had to stay at home. A lot of homework had to be done. 6.It rained last Sunday. I had to stay at home. B.独立主格结构的构成 ①名词(代词)+现在分词（与前面构成主动关系） Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityou tomorrow. ②名词(代词)+过去分词（与前面构成被动关系） The test finished, we began our holiday. ③名词(代词)+不定式（表将来） He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. ④名词(代词)+副词The game over, the crowd rushed to the exit. ⑤名词(代词)+形容词A hunter came in, his face red with cold. ⑥名词(代词) +介词短语 Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm. ⑦名词(代词) +名词The villagers, most of them women and children, were killed that night. 考点2.with的复合结构与独立主格结构的区别和联系看下面两个句子： ①W ith the traffic light green, the bus got moving. （前面粗体部分是with的复合结构）②The traffic light green, the bus got moving. (前面粗体部分是独立主格结构) 可以看出，作状语时，独立主格结构和with的复合结构在用法上是相同的，可以通过添、去with相互转换。但是作定语时，常用with的复合结构。 The woman with a baby on her back is my aunt. 背上背孩子的那个女的是我阿姨。 在独立主格结构中，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均可以不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。 但 with 的复合结构不受限制。 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. A policeman ran after him, with a stick in his hand. 1.With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settledB. settling C. to settle D. being settled 2.With all the magazines I needed ______, I left the post office. A. buying B. to buy C. bought D. to be bought 3.With electricity ______, we couldn’t drive the machine. A. was cut off B. being cut off C. cut off D. having cut off 4.Everything ______ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions. A. to takeB. takenC. to be takenD. taking 5.______ more and more forests damaged, some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out. A. AsB. ForC. WithD. By 6.【2010山东】The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ______ for a meal to be cooked. A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid 7.Many students ______ around, I explained the story into details. A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing 8.【2012辽宁】The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ______ them. A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows 9.Tom looked at Jenny, tears ______ his eyes, and shouted the words ______ in his heart for years. A. filling; having been hidden B. filled; hidden C. filling; hidden D. filled; hiding 10.With the boy ______ the way, we had no trouble ______ the way ______ to ZhongshanPark. A. leading; finding; leading B. to lead; found; to lead C. led; finding; led D. leading; found; led 11.______, he had to stay at home q329950885 looking after her. A. Being ill B. His wife was ill C. His wife being ill D. Because he was ill 12.______,John returned to school from his hometown. A. The summer vacation being over B. The summer
独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构的用法 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、名词等构成，在句中常作状语。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子主语不同，它独立存在。 2、名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3、独立主格结构一般是用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的构成 1、名词或代词 + 现在分词 The children playing in the room, I couldn’t get down studying. 孩子们在屋里玩，我没法学习。 Mother being ill, I had to stay at home looking after her. 母亲病了，我只好待在家里照顾她。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 2、名词或代词 + 过去分词 Five years later, he returned home, his character greatly changed. 五年后他返回家乡，性格大变了。 They walked along holding hands, their fingers interlocked. 他们手指交错，携手而行。 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 Everything considered, his plan seems better. 从各方面考虑，他的计划似乎好一些。 That done, he put on his sweater and went out. 做完这事他穿上毛衣出去了。 The question settled, they went back to their respective posts. 问题解决了，他们就各自回到了他们的工作岗位。 This done, we went home. 做完这事，我们就回家了。 3、名词或代词 + 不定式 在“名词/代词 + 动词不定式”这类独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式，如： We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 下个星期他会去参加会议，所有费用归公司出。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 学校种上了许多树、花和草，我们新建的学校看起来越来越漂亮了。 4、名词或代词 + 形容词 He entered the room, his face pale. 他走进屋来脸色苍白。
独立主格用法详解
一、 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1)结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、 英语中，的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成。 1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、 在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1.作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。 2.作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。
高中英语独立主格结构详细讲解
独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
高中英语语法(8)-独立主格结构
第八章独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和to help you 之间存在着主谓关系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost） = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. A．不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 1．动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.） ——will you go to the comcert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ ——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially can't afford any time. 对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。 （＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.） The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.) B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
独立主格with用法小全
独立主格篇 独立主格，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外，另有with或without短语可做独立主格，其中with可省略而without不可以。*注：独立主格结构一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构： 1. 名词/代词+形容词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 靠近岸时，我看见几汪深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。 2. 名词/代词+现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.
The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting. 也可以The question settled, we wound up the meeting. 但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 3. 名词/代词+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. More time given, we should have done the job much better. *当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。 4. 名词/代词+不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.
独立主格结构图表解析
独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点 特点示例 独立主格结构的逻辑主语语主句的主语不一致，她独立存在。 Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon. 树叶到处飘，我一下注意到已是深秋了。(独立主格的主语是leaves,主句是 I Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better. 时间允许的话，回复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是Time,主句是the restoration work 独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时置于句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开 The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly. 计划成功地完成了，一切进展顺利。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的长袍，其他的则给他整理要带等。
英语独立主格结构
独立主格结构 独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。 独立主格结构的功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 1) 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 2）表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 3）表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 4）表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good con ductors, and silver is the best of all.) 常见的独立主格结构有如下几种： 1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know wh at to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如： The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。 3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。（使用较少，仅作参考）如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结构.doc
2019高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结 构 withwithout 引导的独立主格结构 介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 A.with+名词代词+形容词 He doesn誸like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 = He doesn誸like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。 = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. 注意： 在”with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。 With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。 With his father well-known, the boy didn誸want to study. 父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。 B.with+名词代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。 = The boy was walking and his father was ahead. C.with+名词代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth. 文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth. D.with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了，火车开始起动了。 = After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldn誸dare go home without the job finished. 工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
独立主格结构+英语句子结构.docx
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（ Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动 词(不定式、动名词和分词 )或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主 语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing ， 被动用 V-ed 。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。独“ 立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、 条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done , she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
独立主格结构练习题及解析
独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ___ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. __ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing thedanger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of __ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they hadbought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silverpennies, all of ___ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them
D. it 5. The cave __ very dark, he lit some candles ___ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand __ a gun and his face ____ with sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair ___ . A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ___ parents seated together joking.