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虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式

虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式
虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式

虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式,用来表示非真实的假设,或者用来表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望。

一、非真实条件中的虚拟语气

非真实条件就是违背事实情况的假设,包括违背现在事实的假设,违背过去事实的假设,以及将来不可能发生或虽有可能发生但说话人主观上不希望发生的假设。最后这一种假设简称为违背将来的假设。在这三种情况下,条件从句和主句中的谓语动词采取下列虚拟形式。

虚拟语气中主句中的第一人称用should,第二、三人称用would。但在美国英语中,第一人称也可用would。此外,主句中也可用情态动词could或might代替should或would。在条件句中,如果动词是be,在违背现在的事实时,各个人称均用were。但在非正式文体中,特别是在口语中,第一、三人称单数用was的时候也不少。在违背将来事实的条件从句中,"should +动词原形"及"were +不定式"两种谓语动词形式适用于所有的人称。

1.违背现在事实的假设

If the earth had no gravity,the moon would fly to the sun.假如地球没有引力,月球就要向太阳飞去。

If I were you ,I would reconsider their proposal.我要是你,就重新考虑他们的建议。

2.违背过去事实的假设

If I had left a little earlier,I would have caught the train.我要是早点动身就赶上火车了。

If she hadn't taken your advice,she would have made a serious mistake.她要不是听了你的劝告,就犯大错误了。

3.可能违背将来事实的假设

这里指的是将来不大可能发生的假设,或者虽有可能发生,但说话人主观上不希望发生的假设。这种假设相当于汉语中常用的"万一","居然","竟然"等含义。例如: If he should fail,we would encourage him to try again.万一他失败,我们就鼓励他再试一次。

If I were to do it ,I would do it in a different way.要是我来做这件事,我会采用另一种做法。

4.介词短语表示的假设条件

有时不用if引导条件从句,而用介词短语表示违背事实的假设条件,这时句中谓语动词仍用虚拟语气形式。例如:

Without air,there would be no wind or clouds.没有空气就不会有风,也不会有云。

In that case,we could have done the work better.如果那样的话,我们本可能把工作做得更好些的。

But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.要是没有碰上暴雨,我们还会早一点到的。

5.连接词if的省略

如果条件从句的谓语包含有had,should或were,有时if可以省略。这时had,should或were要移到主语的前面,形成倒装。这种句型主要见于书面形式。

Had he not been ill,he might have come.要不是生病,他会来的。

Should it rain tomorrow,what could we do?万一明天下雨,我们能做些什么呢?

二、其他从句的虚拟语气

在表示建议、命令、要求以及"重要性"和"紧迫性"等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词常用虚拟语气,由"动词原形"或"should+动词原形"构成。现分述如下:

1.主语从句

在下列结构的主语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气

It is necessary that ...(有必要……;……必须)

It is imperative that...(必须……;……是要紧的)

It is important that...(重要的是……;……是很重要的)

It is essential that...(必须……;……是必要的)

It is advisable that...(最好……;……是理想的)

It is better that...(最好……)

It is ordered that...(根据命令……;人们要求……)

It is proposed that...(人们建议……)

It is desired that...(最好……;需要……)

It is requested that...(人们要求……)

It is suggested that...(有人建议……)

It is recom mended that...(有人推荐……)

It is demanded that...(根据要求……)

It is decided...(已经决定……)

It is arranged that...(业已安排……)

例如:

It was arranged that they leave the following week.根据安排,他们下星期动身。

It is suggested that the meeting(should)be held at some other time.人们建议换一个时间开会。

2.宾语从句

在下列动词的宾语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气:suggest(建议),insist(坚持),recommend(推荐),order(命令),propose(提议),require(要求),request (要求),com- mand(命令),demand(要求)。例如:

He commanded that we(should)attack the enemy at once.他命令我们立即向敌人进攻。

They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult.他们要求给予每个成年人选举权。

3.同位语从句和表语从句

在下列名词的同位语从句和表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气:suggestion(建议),proposal(提议),order(命令),instruction(指示、指令),advice(劝告),motion (提议)。例如:

He gave the order that the results of the experiment(should)be rechecked.他命令对那次实验的结果重新核对。

My suggestion is that we(should)send a trade delegation to Malaysia.我建议派一个贸易代表团去马来西亚。

三、wish,would rather(sooner)后的虚拟语气

动词wish后的宾语从句,表示未实现的主观愿望。这类宾语从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气。例如:

I wish I knew both English and French.我要是既懂英文又懂法文就好了。

I wish I wer e as young as you.我要是像你一样年轻该多好。

动词wish如果是过去时态,后面的宾语从句中虚拟语气形式不变,仍用过去时、过去完成时和过去将来时。例如:

I wished I hadn't made that mistake.我当时多么希望没犯那个错误。

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2018年专四真题虚拟语气和情态动词 章振邦语法书页数标注

Subjunctive mood (P122, p. 129. P 143 动词过去完成体P181-190, 395)条件句 14. “I wondered if I could have a word with you.” The past tense in the sentence refers to a __B___. (p128) 2017 A. past event for exact time reference B. present event for tentativeness C. present event for uncertainty D. past event for politeness V. in specific contexts, the simple past can also denote the present or the future time. There are two uses. One is known as the attitudinal past (属于“表态性过去时” (attitudinal past), 即表示说话人当前的试探性态度, 而非过去时间, 多用于表示意愿或心理状态的动词) , that is , the past tense is associated with the present time in independent clauses expressing a question, request or suggestion. Its effect is to make the question/request/suggestion less direct, implying a polite, somewhat tentative attitude试探性态度,婉转语气on the part of the speaker. A: Did you want me? B.Yes, I wondered if you could give me some help . Want, wonder, think, hope

情态动词和虚拟语气

要点一情态动词的基本用法 ,could 【温馨提示】 can有时也用于肯定句,表示理论上的可能性或一时的情况。常译为“有时会”。 ,might 【温馨提示】 may表示请求许可时,其否定回答一般用mustn’t。may not意为“可能不”,而can’t意为“不可能”。 ,would 【温馨提示】 would表示过去的习惯时仅指动作,而且不与现在作对比;used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,而且与现在作对比,说明现在这种动作或状态已经不存在。

,should,ought to ,have to 【温馨提示】 (1)在回答must的问句时,否定回答通常用needn’t或don’t have to。(2) mustn’t表示“禁止;不许”;而don’t have to表示“不必”。(3) must只有一种形式,而have to有人称、时态的变化。 的用法 的用法

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动词的各种形式变化

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5.must,have to 【温馨提示】 (1)在回答must 的问句时,否定回答通常用 needn ’t 或don ’t have to 。(2) mustn ’t 表示“禁止;不许”;而don ’t have to 表示“不必”。(3) must 只有一种形式,而have to 有人称、时态的变化。 7.dare 的用法 【温馨提示】 (1)dare 用作情态动词有dare,dared 两种形式。 (2)dare 用作实义动词,后接不定式,不定式符号to 可省去,但dare 以动词-ing 形式出现时,不定式符号to 不能省略。 要点二 “情态动词+have done ”的用法 1.must have done 表示对过去已发生的事情进行肯定的推断,只用于肯定句中,意为“一定,必定”,其否定形式为:can ’t/cannot have done 。 It must have rained last night,for the road was quite wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了,因为路面十分潮湿。 I saw Mr Wang just now.He can ’t have gone abroad. 刚刚我还看见王先生了,他不可能已经出国了。 2.could have done 意为“本来可以……,本来能够……”,表示虚拟语气。 You could have made greater progress,but you didn ’t try your best. 你本来可以取得更大的进步,但是你没有努力。 3.may/might have done 表示对过去已发生的事情进行推断,意为“可能/或许已经……”。其否定形式为: may/might not have done 意为“可能没有做……”。 It ’s no use going to his house.He may not have gone home.He may have gone somewhere else. 去他家没用。 他可能没有回家,可能已经去了别的地方。 4.should/ought to have done 表示本应该做某事,却没有做,含有责备或后悔之意。其否定形式为should not/ought not to have done 表示“本不该做某事却做了”。

2019年高考英语真题专题06 情态动词和虚拟语气

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情态动词和虚拟语气

情态动词和虚拟语气 1. --- I haven't got the reference book yet, but I'll have a test on the subject next month. --- Don't worry. You_______ have it by Friday. A. could B. shall C. must D. may 2. --- I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. --- How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone_______ it. A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen 3. --- She looks very happy. She_______ have passed the exam. --- I guess so. It’s not difficult after all. A. should B. could C. must D. might 4. George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he_______ more on its culture. A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused 5. --- I’m sorry. I _______ at you the other day. --- Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself. A. shouldn’t shout B. shouldn’t have shouted C. mustn’t shout D. mustn’t have shouted 6. --- ________the plane have taken off on time? --- I'm afraid not. So many flights were delayed due to the bitterly cold weather. A. Need B. Should C. Can D. Must 7. --- I didn't attend Tom's wedding yesterday. --- I _________, either, if my friend hadn't reminded me. A. wouldn't B. wouldn't have C. didn't D. hadn't 8. We’re still at the airport. If it weren’t for the delayed flight, we ___________ the concert right now. A. can be enjoying B. must have enjoyed C. would be enjoying D. should have enjoyed 9. For environmental reasons, we _____________ as well take these waste products and have them recycled.

动词的各种时态及变化规则

动词的各种时态及变化规则 一、一般现在时 用法:1.现阶段经常性、习惯性动作; 2.目前的状态; 3.客观真理。 构成:主语是第三人称单数时,作谓语的行为动词要在词尾加-s(-es),其他人称和数用动词原形。 否定形式:am/is/are+ not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。 时间状语:always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays 动词的变化规则 (1)一般直接在词尾+s runs likes (2) 以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词在词尾+es goes passes (3) 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,要把y变i+es study ---studies try----tries (4) 以元音字母+y结尾的动词,直接在后+s stays plays 二、现在进行时 用法:a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 b. 表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。 构成:主语+am / is / are + 动词的现在分词(即动词-ing 形式) 否定形式:主语+am / is / are + 动词的现在分词 一般疑问句:把am / is / are放于句首。 时间状语:these days, now, at the moment, look, listen. 现在分词的变化规则 (1).一般直接在动词词尾+ing reading (2).以不发音e结尾的动词要把e去掉+ing live---living (3).以重读闭音节的结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写辅音字母再ing run---running 注:重读闭音节:辅+元+辅并且元音是单元音(4).特殊记忆的动词die---dying 死lie---lying 躺tie---tying 栓系 三、一般过去时 用法:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

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