Dynamics of Vortex Shells in Mesoscopic Superconducting Corbino Disks
a r X i v :c o n d -m a t /0610836v 1 [c o n d -m a t .s u p r -c o n ] 30 O c t 2006
Dynamics of Vortex Shells in Mesoscopic Superconducting Corbino Disks
V.R.Misko and F.M.Peeters
Department of Physics,University of Antwerpen,Groenenborgerlaan 171,B-2020Antwerpen,Belgium
(Dated:February 6,2008)
In mesoscopic superconducting disks vortices form shell structures as recently observed in Nb disks.We study the dynamics of such vortices,driven by an external current I 0,in a Corbino setup.At very low I 0,the system exhibits rigid body rotation while at some critical current I c,i vortex shells rotate separately with angular velocities ωi .This critical current I c,i has a remarkable non-monotonous dependence on the applied magnetic ?eld which is due to a dynamically-induced structural transition with a rearrangement of vortices over the shells similar to the Coster-Kronig transition in hollow atoms.Thermally-activated externally-driven ?ux motion in a disk with pinning centers explains experimentally observed ωi as a function of I 0and T and the dynamically-induced melting transition.
PACS numbers:74.25.Qt,74.25.Sv,74.78.Na
I.INTRODUCTION
A mesoscopic Corbino disk is a unique system to study the dynamics of self-organized vortex matter in small-size superconductors.The interplay between the vortex-vortex and vortex-boundary interactions in meso-scopic superconductors leads to shape-induced giant vor-tex states [1],concentric shells of vortices and symmetry-induced vortex-antivortex “molecules”in mesoscopic squares and triangles [2].In the Corbino geometry [3]an applied current creates a gradient in the current den-sity and thus the Lorentz force,i.e.,introducing a shear driving force between the rings of vortices.This gives us the unique opportunity to study various dynamical ef-fects related to vortex motion,e.g.,the transition from elastic to plastic motion,channeling [4],vortex friction [5],etc.The dynamics of self-organized mortex matter in mesoscopic disks has many common features to,e.g.,atomic matter,charged particles in Coulomb crystals,vortices in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates,magnetic colloids,synthetic nanocrystals,etc.[6,7,8],or even large charged balls di?using in macroscopic Wigner rings [9]and can provide us with a deeper understanding of,e.g.,the microscopic nature of friction,transport,mag-netic,optical and mechanical properties of various phys-ical and biological systems.
In a Corbino disk,the applied current is injected at the center and removed at the perimeter (see Fig.1)to induce a radial current density J that decays as 1/ρalong the radius [3,10].As a result,vortices near the center of the disk experience a stronger Lorentz force F L than those near the disk’s edge.For small J ,the local shear stress is small and the whole vortex pattern moves as a rigid https://www.wendangku.net/doc/518191101.html,rger J result in a strong spatially inhomogeneous stress that breaks up the vortex solid and concentric annular regions move with di?erent angular velocities.The volt-age pro?les measured in experiments [3]re?ect di?erent dynamical phases (elastic motion,shear-induced plastic slip)of vortex motion.The onset of plasticity in large Corbino disks was theoretically analyzed within a con-
tinuous model in [11].Within molecular dynamics (MD)simulations of interacting vortices at T =0,the nucle-ation and motion of dislocations in the vortex lattice was studied in [12].
Recently,using the Bitter decoration technique,the ?rst direct observation of rings of vortices for mesoscopic superconducting Nb disks was reported [13].For vor-ticities L =0to 40,the circular symmetry led to the formation of concentric shells of vortices,similar to elec-tron shells in atoms or in nano-clusters [14].The analy-sis of shell ?lling revealed “magic-number”con?gurations (MNC)[15,16,17]corresponding to a commensurabil-ity between the shells which occurs when the numbers of vortices of each shell have a common divider [15].
Here,we study the dynamics of vortex shells in meso-scopic Corbino disks.Our system has the added ?exibil-ity that we have several experimentally accessible tuning parameters as,e.g.,the driving shear force,the sepa-ration between the vortex rings (through the external magnetic ?eld)and the commensurability between the vortex rings (through the relative number of vortices in each ring).In mesoscopic Corbino disks,we reveal a non-monotonous dependence of the critical current I c sep-arating two dynamical regimes,a “rigid body”or sep-arate shell rotation,on the magnetic ?eld h ,and the appearance of dynamical instabilities associated with a jump in I c (h ).We show that this unusual behaviour is related to a “structural transition”,i.e.,an inter-shell vortex transition.For non-zero temperature ,thermally-activated externally-driven ?ux motion is investigated,and we explain the observed two-step melting transition in Corbino disks [3].
II.THEORY AND SIMULATION
We place a Corbino disk which has thickness d and radius R in a perpendicular external magnetic ?eld H 0.The Corbino setup is shown in Fig.1.An external cur-rent ?ows radially from the center to the edge of the disk
2
Lorentz force F L(shown by yellow/light grey arrows)than
those near the disk’s edge.The vortices are shown by red-
to-yellow/grey-to-light grey tubes and by red/grey spots on
the surface.The direction of the external applied magnetic
?eld H0,which is perpendicular to the surface of the disk,is
shown by dark yellow/grey arrow.
and results in the inhomogeneous sheath current density
J(ρ)=I ext/2πρ,which makes vortices closer to the cen-
ter feel a stronger force compared to the ones near the
edge.The Lorentz force(per unit length)acting on vor-
tex i,Φ0j×?z,resulting from the external current is:
f J i=Φ0I ext
ρ2i
=f0I0
r i×?z
|r i?r k|2
?r2k
r2k r i?r k
1?r2i
?h r i,(3)
where h=πR2μ0H0/Φ0=(H0/2H c2)(R/ξ)2,r i is the position of the i th vortex,and L is the number of vor-tices,or the vorticity.Our numerical approach is based on the Langevin dynamics algorithm,where the time in-tergartion of the equations of motion is performed in the presence of a random thermal force.The overdamped equations of motion becomes:
ηv i=f i=f vv i+f vp i+f T i+f d i+f s i.(4)Here f d i=f J i is the driving force
(Eq.(1)),f vp i is the force due to vortex-pin interactions[21],and f T i is the thermal stochastic force,obeying the?uctuation dissipa-tion theorem
III.VORTEX DYNAMICS IN TWO-SHELL
CORBINO DISK
First,we consider the smallest mesoscopic Corbino disk which shows the main physics,and it has L=19 vortices which form the MNC(1,6,12),as shown in the left-hand inset of Fig.3.At weak applied magnetic?eld h=24all the vortices are packed in an almost perfect triangular Abrikosov lattice.(Here we assume a perfect disk with no pinning,and temperature is set to zero after the“annealing”process.)We apply an increasing exter-nal current I0,and we study the average angular velocity ωi of vortices in each shell.For small I0,the shear pro-duced by the gradient of the Lorentz force is insu?cient to break the vortex lattice.It produces only elastic de-formations in the lattice which rotates as a rigid body with angular velocity
ωRB=I/2π
With increasing I0,the Lorentz force gradient reaches a critical value at which the shells start to slide with re-spect to each other and rotate with di?erent velocities ω1>ω2.We call this the“critical current”I c,and for the case shown in Fig.2(a)we found I c≈10.4.Now ω1>ωRB>ω2,and the inner(outer)shell rotates faster (slower)than the rigid body.For higher applied magnetic ?eld,e.g.,h=25,the critical current decreases,I c≈6.5 (Fig.2(b)).This is related to a deformation of the shells, which approach a circular shape,and therefore can more easily slide.At the same time the shells move closer to each other increasing the dynamical friction between them.At h=26.25,the I c further decreases down to I c≈3,and the motion becomes unstable:for I0>3, the inner shell rotates with angular velocityω2>ω1,al-though at some values of I0in the region3 3 Current I 0 A n g u l a r v e l o c i t y w FIG.2:The angular velocities ω1(orange/light grey solid circles)and ω2(blue/dark grey open squares),measured in units of ω0=4πμ0H 2c ξ2 /ηR 2,of vortices in the ?rst and second shells,respectively,as a function of applied current I 0,measured in units of μ0ΛI ext /Φ0,for L =19and di?erent magnetic ?elds h :(a)h =24,a rigid-body rotation for I 0I c ;(b)h =25,the critical current decreases,I c ≈6.5;(c)h =26.25,the I c further decreases,I c ≈3,and the motion becomes unstable;(d)h =26.5,bistable motion:a second critical current I c 1≈7.1appears;(e)h =30,the motion stabilizes,and ?rst critical current I c disappears,and new critical current I c =I c 1. Magnetic field h C r i t i c a l c u r r e n t I c FIG.3:The critical current I c (in units of μ0ΛI ext /Φ0)versus h (in units of (H 0/2H c 2)(R/ξ)2)near the structural transition between the states (1,6,12)(solid black circles)and (1,7,11)(solid red/grey triangles),insets.Empty symbols correspond to bistable vortex motion,with two critical currents,I c and I c 1.The jump in I c is related to an inter-shell vortex tran-sition from a higher to a lower orbit,similar to the Coster-Kronig transition in hollow atoms. the upper branch (corresponding to higher angular veloc-ity)of the function ω(I 0)for the inner shell (shown by orange/light grey dotted line in Fig.2(d))disappears.Therefore,the ?rst critical current I c also disappears,and the motion stabilizes with the only critical current I c =I c 1(Fig.2(e)).The non-monotonous change of the critical current I c with increasing applied magnetic ?eld h is summarized in Fig.3.First,I c decreases,then insta-bilities develop in the system which in general are indica-tive of,and precede,a phase transition.The transition to a second critical ?eld occurs through a bistable state characterized by two critical currents in the system.This unusual behaviour can be understood by analyzing the critical current together with the structure of the vortex shells in the region of this “phase transition”.The vortex patterns for magnetic ?eld before (low ?elds)and after (high ?elds)the transition are presented in the left-hand side and in the right-hand side insets of Fig.3.The jump in the critical current is correlated to a “structural tran-sition”in the system where the distribution of vortices over the shells is altered,i.e.,there is an inter-shell vor-tex transition from a higher orbit to a lower one,which is similar to the Coster-Kronig transition in hollow atoms (see,e.g.,[23]).This structural transition is accompanied by a local re-distribution of the ?ux inside the disk,or by the appearance of ?ux jump instabilities,which might have an additional triggering mechanism caused by the viscosity. We found that this jump in I c is also observed for other vortex con?gurations and is generic for vortex structures con?ned in Corbino disk.For instance,in a disk with L =22it is related to the transition between the states (1,8,13)and (2,8,12)at h =33.5.Note that a similar behavior (a jump in the mobility)is also found in the Frenkel-Kontorova model for the locked-to-sliding tran- 4 Current I 0 A n g u l a r v e l o c i t y w FIG.4:The angular velocities ωi (in units of ω0= 4πμ0H 2c ξ2 /ηR 2)versus I 0(in units of μ0ΛI ext /Φ0)in ?rst (orange/light grey open circles),second (black solid line)and third (blue/dark grey open squares)shells,for a three-shell vortex con?guration with L =37.The inset shows a triangular-lattice ground-state con?guration (1,6,12,18)for h =37at I 0=0.The critical currents are:I c 12≈9.1,and I c 23≈9.5. sition for chains moving on commensurate potentials [24]. IV.THERMALLY-ACTIV ATED EXTERNALLY-DRIVEN DYNAMICS IN A CORBINO DISK Consider now a Corbino disk containing a larger num-ber of vortex shells,e.g.,L =37where vortices form three shells.Note that the chosen vorticity allows the triangular-lattice MNC (1,6,12,18)shown in the inset of Fig.4.As in the above case of two shells,for small I 0the system displays a rigid-body rotation.However,the distance between the inner and the outer shells is larger,and,thus,the Lorentz force gradient results in a stronger elastic deformation of the vortex con?guration as com-pared to the two-shells case.The shear stress is stronger close to the center of the disk,and as a result,the in-ner shell splits o??rst at I c 12,with increasing I 0,while second and third shells still rotate with the same angular velocity up to some critical current value I c 23>I c 12(see Fig.4). The three-shell system displays a number of inter-shell vortex transitions when changing the applied magnetic ?eld.Similar to the case of two shells,a structural “phase transition”occurs where vortices from a higher shell tran-sit to a lower shell when the magnetic ?eld increases.This leads to non-monotonic dependences of the critical currents I c 12and I c 23on h and to instabilities in the functions ωi (I 0)at di?erent h . Now we will vary the temperature T and study the thermally-activated externally-driven dynamics of vor-tices in the shells.For this purpose,we introduce pinning centers randomly distributed over the disk (for brevety A n g u l a r v e l o c i t y w Temperature T rotate separately 8281838485 rigid rotation T M FIG.5:The angular velocities of vortices ωi (in units of ω0= 4πμ0H 2c ξ2/ηR 2)versus T (in units of T 0=4πμ0H 2c ξ2 d/k B )in ?rst,second and third shells (using same symbols as in Fig.4),for L =37,I 0=0.4,f p /f 0=2.5.The onset of motion occurs in the form of rigid-body rotation.At T =T ? c 1, the inner shell splits o?,the second shell unlocks at T =T ? c 21,an d shells rotat e independently (angular melting).The radial melting,i.e.,dissolving o f the shells,occurs at T =T M,r .The inset:the experimental T -dependence of ωi obtained from the resistivity measurements at three di?erent distances from the center of a Corbino disk [3]. we assume dense narrow pinning centers with maximum pinning force f p 0)and apply a very low current I 0that results in a Lorentz force which is less than the pinning force f p 0for a vortex in any shell.At low T all the vortices are pinned and the shells do not move.With in-creasing T ,the random-noise force is added to the (weak)Lorentz force.Intuitively one expects that vortices in the inner shell,where the Lorentz force is maximum,will de-pin ?rst and start to rotate while vortices in the other shells are still pinned.However,the vortex-vortex inter-action prevents this scenario,and the inner-shell vortices,if unpinned,become “trapped”by the vortex lattice itself that leads to an elastic deformation.The vortex-vortex interaction locks in the vortex con?guration,and when for further increasing T ,the onset of the motion occurs in the form of a rigid-body rotation (Fig.5).At some tem-perature T ? c 1,the inner shell splits o?an d starts moving with a higher angular velocity,whil e higher shells stay locked up to a “second critical”temperature T ? c 2.The transition from a rigi d body to a separat e rotation o f shells is called angular meltin g (i.e.,the “vortex solid”to “vortex shells”transition).This is a multi-step pro-cess whic h starts when ?rst shell splits o?(i.e.,at T ? c 1in our three-shell model)an d it ?nishes when all the shells rotate independently (T ≥T ? c 2),but they keep their identity an d contain a constant number of vortices with well-de?ned averag e radius r i .The radial melting is associated with a dissolving o f the shells (i.e.,the “vor- 5 tex shells”to“vortex liquid”transition)and occurs at a higher temperature,T M,r(Fig.5). This three-shell model explains qualitatively the ex-perimentally observed thermally-induced“solid-liquid”melting transition in a Corbino disk[3]with three probes (see inset to Fig.4).Also,the behaviour ofωi(I0)(Fig.4) is in agreement with the experimental results.In the experiment,the superconducting disk contained a large number of vortices,and the measurements were done for rings rather than for shells.To model larger systems,we used a disk with,e.g.,123vortices forming six shells,and we calculated average velocities in three rings(each con-taining two shells).We found that the results for larger disks are similar to the above three-shell system,but the radial melting temperature T M,r is lower,in agreement with the experiment. V.CONCLUSIONS We predict an unusual non-monotonous behavior of the critical current for unlocking of the vortex rings with magnetic?eld which originates from a“structural transi-tion”where a vortex jumps from a higher shell to a lower shell similarly to the Coster-Kronig transition in hollow atoms.Pushing the experiments of Ref.3into the meso-scopic regime will allow one to detect experimentally the predicted behaviour.The vortex motion in the presence of pinning centers reveals the onset of a rigid body ro-tation,due to thermally-activated externally-driven?ux motion.With increasing T,the inner shell splits o??rst and subsequently all the shells start moving separately. The present numerical study explains the experiments of Ref.3,in which vortex velocities in adjacent layers in a Corbino disk were studied as a function of I and T. 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Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中 定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way... “tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法 不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke. 表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法 The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started. way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3； t h e-w a y-的用法 The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。 way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句 t h e_w a y的用法大全 The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课. The way的用法及其含义（三） 三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。 一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle. 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. “the way+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。 The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。 定冠词the的12种用法 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道?快来一起学习吧。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道? 定冠词the用在各种名词前面，目的是对这个名词做个记号，表示它的特指属性。所以在词汇表中，定冠词the 的词义是“这个，那个，这些，那些”，可见，the 即可以放在可数名词前，也可以修饰不可数名词，the 后面的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。 定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示对某人、某物进行特指，所谓的特指就是“不是别的，就是那个!”如： The girl with a red cap is Susan. 戴了个红帽子的女孩是苏珊。 (2) 一旦用到the，表示谈话的俩人都知道说的谁、说的啥。如： The dog is sick. 狗狗病了。(双方都知道是哪一只狗) (3) 前面提到过的，后文又提到。如： There is a cat in the tree.Thecat is black. 树上有一只猫，猫是黑色的。 (4) 表示世界上唯一的事物。如： The Great Wall is a wonder.万里长城是个奇迹。(5) 方位名词前。如： thenorth of the Yangtze River 长江以北地区 (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如： Who is the first?谁第一个? Sam is the tallest.山姆最高。 但是不能认为，最高级前必须加the，如： My best friend. 我最好的朋友。 (7) 在乐器前。如： play the flute 吹笛子 Way用法 A:I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. B:_______. It was her fault. A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all 说明：正确答案是A. No way，意思是“别想！没门！决不！” 我认为你应该打电话给珍妮并向她道歉。 没门！这是她的错。 再看两个关于no way的例句： （1）Give up our tea break? NO way! 让我们放弃喝茶的休息时间？没门儿！ （2）No way will I go on working for that boss. 我决不再给那个老板干了。 way一词含义丰富，由它构成的短语用法也很灵活。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它，现结合实例将其用法归纳如下： 一、way的含义 1. 路线 He asked me the way to London. 他问我去伦敦的路。 We had to pick our way along the muddy track. 我们不得不在泥泞的小道上择路而行。 2. （沿某）方向 Look this way, please. 请往这边看。 Kindly step this way, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们、先生们，请这边走。 Look both ways before crossing the road. 过马路前向两边看一看。 Make sure that the sign is right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 3. 道、路、街，常用以构成复合词 a highway（公路），a waterway（水路），a railway（铁路），wayside（路边） way/time的特殊用法 1、当先行词是way意思为”方式.方法”的时候,引导定语从句的关系词有下列3种形式： Way在从句中做宾语 The way that / which he explained to us is quite simple. Way在从句中做状语 The way t hat /in which he explained the sentence to us is quite simple. 2、当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略; 若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句 1.Is this factory _______ we visited last year? 2.Is this the factory-------we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D which 3. This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 4.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 5.He didn’t understand the wa y ________ I worked out the problem. A which B in which C where D what 6.I could hardly remember how many times----I’ve failed. A that B which C in which D when 7.This is the second time--------the president has visited the country. A which B where C that D in which 8.This was at a time------there were no televisions, no computers or radios. A what B when C which D thatThe way常见用法
The way的用法及其含义(二)
(完整版)the的用法
“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法
way 用法
The way的用法及其含义(一)
way 的用法
the-way-的用法讲解学习
way的用法总结大全
the_way的用法大全教案资料
the way 的用法
The way的用法及其含义(三)
way的用法
the way的用法大全
“the-way+从句”结构的意义及用法知识讲解
定冠词the的12种用法
Way的用法
way与time的特殊用法