course outline

Chem 106: Advanced Organic Chemistry

Instructor Dr. Eugene Kwan (Converse 204A, 617-496-4299, ekwan@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/588378519.html,) Undergraduate Work: University of Toronto (Batey/Reynolds)

Graduate Work: Harvard University (Evans)

Current: Harvard College Fellow

Office Hours: Wednesdays (11 am – 12 pm) or by appointment.

Teaching Fellow

Dr. Christian Gampe (gampe@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/588378519.html,)

Undergraduate Work: Julius Maximilians-University Würzburg (Bringmann)

Graduate Work: ETH Zurich (Carreira)

Current: Postdoctoral Fellow with Professor Daniel Kahne, Harvard University

Lectures

Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays (10 – 11 am, Pfizer Lecture Hall)

Sections

One hour per week.

Textbook

Valency and Bonding: A Natural Bond Orbital Donor-Acceptor Perspective

Weinhold, F.; Landis, C. 2005, Cambridge University Press. This book is excellent for understanding bonding; the course notes will be used for the rest of the material.

Problem Sets

Weekly. You are encouraged to discuss your work with others, but the final solutions you submit should be your own work.

Assessment

Grading will be conducted using the following scheme:

1.

problem sets, 10% 2. two midterm exams (two hours each), 20% each 3. writing assignment, 20%

4. final exam (three hours), 30%

Acknowledgments

This course is based on the classic “Chem 206” course that was taught by Professor David A. Evans from the late 1990s until 2006. I am grateful to him for providing me with a substantial amount of material. Many others have helped; please see the slides. All mistakes are my own.

Philosophy

In this iteration, I will take a more computational and mechanistic perspective. I see computations, spectroscopy, kinetics, etc. as modern “power tools” that now complement the traditional tools of arrow pushing, named reactions, and retrosynthesis. Both are important and deserve our attention.

Overview

This is an advanced course about the structure and reactivity of organic molecules. This course is a gateway to more advanced courses in organic synthesis (Chem 115), physical organic chemistry (Chem 205), organometallic chemistry (Chem 153), and chemical biology (Chem 101 or Chem 170). Any can be taken concurrently.

Prerequisites

This is the continuation of the Chem 20/30 sequence for advanced undergraduates and graduate students. Students who performed well in Chem 27 are welcome. Students from MIT are welcome.

Website https://www.wendangku.net/doc/588378519.html,/icb/icb.do?keyword=k82275 (lecture videos available)

Detailed Course Outline

# Date: Topics:

1 Aug. 31 (W) Bonding and Hybridization: the hydrogen atom; multielectron atoms; variational

theorem; linear combination of atomic orbitals; natural atomic orbitals; virial theorem

and the hydrogen molecule; s-p hybridization; shape of lone pairs

2 Sept. 2 (F) Donor-Acceptor Interactions: Koopmans’ Theorem; non-Lewis corrections to Lewis

structures; amide resonance; anomeric effect; spectroscopic evidence; trends in

donor/acceptor ability; gauche effect; rotational barrier in ethane; steric exchange

energy; Coulson’s Theorem; Bent’s Rule

Sept. 5 (M) Labor Day: University Holiday

3 Sept. 7 (W) Hypervalency and Hypovalency: Pimentel-Rundel model; hypervalency in the main

block; bimolecular nucleophilic and electrophilic displacements; hypovalency in the

main block; protonated alkanes; diborane; analysis of the hydroboration TS

4 Sept. 9 (F) Energy and Reactivity: the Mayr nucleophilicity and electrophilicity scale; reactivity-

selectivity; entropy and spontaneity; Curtin-Hammett kinetics; transition state theory;

effective molarity; enthalpic vs. entropic effects in rates of ring closure

5 Sept. 12 (M) Stereoelectronic Effects on Reactivity: endocyclic restriction test; Baldwin’s Rules;

fragmentation reactions; elimination reactions; epoxidation with dioxiranes and

peracids; the Burgi-Dunitz trajectory; the Cram chelate model; the Felkin-Anh model 6 Sept. 14 (W) π-Bonding: π-π* hyperconjugation; aromaticity and antiaromaticity; Hückel

approximation; M?bius vs. Hückel topology

7 Sept. 16 (F) Pericyclic Reactions 1: the Dewar-Zimmerman approach; electrocyclizations;

torquoselectivity; Nazarov reaction; the Diels-Alder reaction; the frontier orbital

approach; regiocontrol; endo selectivity and secondary orbital overlap; synthesis of the

endiandric acids

8 Sept. 19 (M) Pericylic Reactions 2: [2+2] cycloadditions, Cope rearrangement; Doering-Roth

experiments; nature of the Cope transition state; oxy-Cope reaction; the Claisen and its

variants; Bergman cyclization; enediyne antibiotics

9 Sept. 21 (W) Pericylic Reactions 3: [2+3] dipolar cycloadditions; [2,3], [1,5], and [1,7] sigmatropic

shifts; cheletropic reactions; the ene reaction; solving cascade problems

10 Sept. 23 (F) Acyclic Conformational Analysis: simple alkanes; the gauche and syn-pentane

interactions; simple olefins; 1,2- and 1,3-allylic strain; models for the Thorpe-Ingold

effect

11 Sept. 26 (M) Computational Chemistry I: the potential energy surface; optimization algorithms;

molecular mechanics; wavefunction and DFT methods; basis sets and orbitals; single

point energy calculations; accuracy for ground and transition state properties

12 Sept. 28 (W) Computational Chemistry II: kinetic isotope effects and the Bigeleisen-Mayer equation;

transition state geometries: dihydroxylation; solvent effects on the Diels-Alder reaction

13 Sept. 30 (F) Acyclic Stereocontrol (C. Gampe): olefin manipulations; halogenation;

halolactonization; epoxidation; cyclopropanation; dihydroxylation; hydroboration

14 Oct. 3 (M) Small Ring Conformational Analysis: types of strain in cyclic systems; cyclopropane and

role of geminal hyperconjugations; Walsh vs. Coulson-Moffitt models; cyclobutanes;

cyclopentanes; cyclohexanes; A values; cyclohexenes and the Fürst-Plattner rule; fused

ring systems; stereoselective reactions of substituted oxocarbenium ions

15 Oct. 5 (W) Acidity: review of aqueous acidity concepts; measuring p K a; p K a in DMSO; gas vs.

solution phase p K a; hybridization effects; induction vs. resonance effects; solvation

entropy effects; ion-pairing; kinetic vs. thermodynamic acidity

16 Oct. 7 (F) Large Ring Conformational Analysis (J. Wzorek): cyclooctanes; cyclodecanes;

unsaturated analogs; the peripheral attack model; macrocyclic stereocontrol Oct. 10 (M) No Class: Columbus Day

Oct. 12 (W) Midterm Exam #1(Covering Lectures 1-14)

17 Oct. 14 (F) Organolithium Aggregates: aggregates of LiHMDS and LDA; enthalpy and entropy of

aggregation vs. solvation; aggregation and reactivity; role of HMPA and TMEDA;

method of continuous variation and DOSY spectra; solution kinetics and order in

reagents; ortholithiations and Fries rearrangement; variables for optimizing reactions

(first evaluation of writing assignment)

18 Oct. 17 (M) Heteroatom-Stabilized Carbanions: configurationally stable organolithium reagents;

sparteine-mediated enantioselective deprotonations; the Wittig reaction;

oxaphosphetanes vs. betaine intermediates; pseudorotation; stereochemical equilibration;

isotope effects; puckered vs. planar models for stereoselectivity

19 Oct. 19 (W) Enolates: diastereoselective imide and amide alkylation; enolate tautomerism and the

Michael reaction; dicarbonyl enolates; Claisen/Dieckmann condensation; the Mander

reagent; decarboxylation; soft enolization: titanium, boron, and magnesium enolates

20 Oct. 21 (F) Aldol Reaction (J. Beiger): Zimmerman-Traxler transition states; E vs. Z enolates in

aldol reactions; carbonyl -facial selectivity; Cornforth model; double

diastereodifferentiating reactions; transformations of imide aldol products; polyketide

synthesis

21 Oct. 24 (M) Natural Products Biosynthesis (J. Wzorek): polyketides (type I and type II); terpenes;

non-ribosomal peptides; survey of various antibiotics

22 Oct. 26 (W) Radicals(C. Gampe): structure, stability, generation, and reactivity; addition to multiple

bonds; cyclizations, rearrangements, and radical clocks; Barton reaction; Hoffman-

Loffler-Freytag reaction; applications in synthesis

23 Oct. 28 (F) Nitrogen/Carbenes (C. Gampe): structure, stability, generation, and reactivity; C-H

insertions, cyclopropanations, aziridinations, Wolff rearrangement; Ardt-Eistert

homologation; Hoffmann degradation; Bamford-Stevens and related reactions;

vinylidenes: Corey-Fuchs, Bestmann reagent

24 Oct. 31 (M) First Order Kinetics: first-order kinetics; rate of approach to equilibrium; McKay

equation; equilibrium and steady-state approximations; “1+rate” laws; Chang-Prussoff

corrections; rate-determining steps

25 Nov. 2 (W) Application of Kinetics: Halpern-Landis work on asymmetric hydrogenation; methods

for measuring rates; initial rates vs. reaction progress kinetics (Blackmond); “same

excess” experiments; catalyst deactivation vs. product inhibition; the Heck reaction

26 Nov. 4 (F) Perfection in Catalysis: triosephosphate isomerase; detection of an intermediate; solvent

isotope effects; exchange-conversion isotope effects; deuterium KIEs; efficiency and

perfection; QM/MM modeling; mechanism of the proton transfer in TIM

27 Nov. 7 (M) Dynamic Effects: reactions as trajectories; quasi-classical dynamics; hydroboration;

ozonolysis; SN2 reaction; vinylcyclopropane; cyclopentadiene dimerization;

aryldiazonium sovolysis

28 Nov. 9 (W) Tetrahedral Intermediates: ester and acetal hydrolysis; direct observation of tetrahedral

intermediates; stereoelectronic requirements for cleavage; Weinreb amides; mixed

aggregation effects

Nov. 11 (F) No Class: Veteran’s Day

29 Nov. 14 (M) Lewis Acid Catalysis (C. Gampe): oxazaborolidines: CBS reductions, cycloadditions;

Cu-box catalysts: carbonyl additions, cycloadditions; Zn: aldol, acetylide additions,

autocatalysis; Ti (Sharpless epoxidation, TADDOL); Mn, Cr: Jacobsen reactions; Au:

enyne rearrangements

Nov. 16 (W) Midterm 2 (Covering Lectures 1-27)

30 Nov. 18 (F) Intermolecular Forces and Hydrogen Bonding: classical vs. non-classical forces; donor-

acceptor vs. electrostatic views of hydrogen bonding; prototypical hydrogen bonds;

optimal geometry; charge- and resonance-assisted hydrogen bonds; cooperative effects;

hydrogen bonding as interrupted proton transfer; formyl hydrogen bonding and catalysis 31 Nov. 21 (M) π-π Stacking and Cation-π Interactions: optimal geometries; role of electrostatic and

dispersion effects; double mutant cycles; crystal structures of packed benzenes;

importance in catalysis and synthesis; summary of noncovalent interactions in crystals Nov. 23 (W) Thanksgiving – no class

Nov. 25 (F) Thanksgiving – no class

32 Nov. 28 (M) Nucleophilic Catalysis: 4-dimethylaminopyridines; Baylis-Hillman reaction; N-

heterocyclic carbenes; benzoin condensation; Stetter reaction; acylation agents

33 Nov. 30 (W) Medicinal Chemistry (C. Gampe): Lipinski’s Rules; ligand efficiency; Nexavar

(Sorafenib) story: from benchtop to bedside

34 Dec. 2 (F) Amine Organocatalysis: iminium ion catalysis; enamine catalysis; merged cycles;

SOMO catalysis

outline范本

Outline The statements: This paper is going to discuss the liberalism that rooted in Isabel Archer’s mind—the heroin in the portrait of a lady.But sometimes she seems to go against her liberalism after marriage with Gilbert Osmond. 1. Introduction 2. The Maturity of Isabel Archer 3.Isabel's View of liberty 3.1 Liberty of Mind 3.1.1 Isabel's Attitude toward Life 3.1.2 Isabel's Attitude toward Love and Marriage 3.2 Liberty of Behaviours 3.2.1 Isabel's Refusal to Ideal Suitors—Goodwood and Warburton 3.2.2 Isabel's Choice to Marry Gilbert Osmond 4. Paradoxs in Isabel's View of Liberalism 4.1 Request for Liberty Versus Social Limitation 4.2 Love of Liberty Versus Fear of Liberty 4.3 Preservation of Dignity Versus Acceptance of Mistakes 5. Conclusion

英文作文的Outline

Outline Thesis statement: like coins have two sides, giving students grades has advantages and disadvantages, say it is useful, imperfect, and harmful. I.Giving students grades is useful A.It can help students work hard. 1.My classmate, Sun didn’t want studying very much, when he was twelve years’old. But after my teacher, Miss Zhang told him that his grade in class is low, Sun began did his best to study. B.It can let students to know their disadvantages. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/588378519.html,st year, my grade in our class was always high, but this year, my grade got lower. After my analysis, I know finally, I don’t have a good way to study. C.It let students who have high grade become more confident. 1.My classmate, King has a high grade in class, so he is very confident to study, and he becomes more and more successful. II.On the other hand, the disadvantages far overweight the advantages, because giving students grade is not perfect. A.It can’t reflect students’ comprehensive abilities.

outline

Name: (中文) Class: 1.5倍行距 Number: Date: Thesis Outline （小三，加粗，居中） Robinson Crusoe: A Middle-Class Hero （题目：四号，加粗，居中） （以下小四，1.5倍行距） Thesis Statement: The leading character in Robinson Crusoe embodied the values of the eighteenth century British middle class: individualism, adventurous spirits, utilitarianism and labor-worship. Outline: 1.Introduction 2.The 18th Century British Society 3.V alues of Middle Class and Robinson’s Heroic Image 3.1Individualism and Self-Reliance 3.1.1Rebellious Spirit 3.1.2Reluctance to Going Home 3.1.3Survival after Shipwreck 3.1.4Communication with God 3.2Exploration of Instinct and Adventurous Spirits 3.2.1Desires for Adventurous Spirits 3.2.2Slavery Adventure 3.2.3Exploring the Outside World 3.2.4Island Adventures 3.3Utilitarianism and Materialism

样例Persuasive Speech Outline带身体语言设计

样例：Persuasive Speech Outline 2011级国贸1班王红交稿时间2012.10.26 Independent travel is the best way of tourism Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that independent travel is the best way of tourism. Central Idea: Independent travel is the best way of tourism because of three merits----more freedom, arranging the travel according to your needs, and experiencing a more authentic life when traveling by yourself. Introduction I. II. ? II.For packaged travel most of you must have experienced a lot, out with your parents. But now, as a college student I could say that independent travel must be the best way of IV. ?It is a self-arranged travel, which means you have to book the tickets and hotel V. So today, I will show you three of the independent travel to explain why it is the best way of tourism. Body I. A. 2.Or if somewhere is attractive enough, you can choose to stay longer to enjoy the beautiful scenery. (Transition: Actually, freedom is just a beginning. The second one is truly the most exciting one.) II. A.Packaged travel often has a which may contain many B.And also you can change your route randomly.

怎样撰写英语的outline

怎样撰写英语的outline 好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。 1.明确文章的主旨。 一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨： ? 比较和对照两个事物。 ? 列出因果 ? 阐明或分析一个特殊方面 ? 列出单个或两者的论证 ? 提供证据并得出结论 ? 列出问题然后提供解决方案 2.收集辅助材料。 这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。 3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。 举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。 4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。 如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。 ? 一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。 5.确定主要类别。 根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。 ? 当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。 6.确定论点。

preparationoutline(文稿提纲)

Introduction to the Course --- Public Speaking Outline Specific purpose: To inform the students about the aspects of the course --- Public Speaking Central idea: The four aspects of this course include five purposes of opening the course, the way the course will be conducted and the teaching schedule, 14 requirements to ensure an effective result; and the evaluation and grading. Introduction I. First let me ask you three questions: A. A. Why do you choose this course B.What is a good speech C.What is the greatest obstacle if one wants to deliver a great speech II. As a veteran teacher of English I find Chinese students are reluctant to make a public speech. A.Chinese students are more likely to have stage fright because they are not or less trained. B.Public speech is a compulsory course in most of the American universities. III. For the next 30 minutes or so I’d like to talk about 4 things: the purposes of this course, the way the course will be conducted, the requirements you should meet and grading scheme. (Transition: Let’s start with the purposes of this course.) Body I. There are five main purposes to open this course.

英语演讲outline

The spice of my life Outline Specificpurpose: To inform my audience about my experience living with my sister Central idea:To tell the story and feeling living with my sister. Introduction Eye contact Recently, China is about to carry out generally two-child policy. People have different views on the policy. Businesspersons discover new opportunities. Young parents are considering if they want a second child. How about you? Most of you are the only child. When you hear d the policy, are you happy your parents won’t want a second at this age? Or do you feel ashamed the policy carrying out so late? Slow down.But for me, as an older sister, my emotion is complex. I think of my experience living with my sister. She is like the spicy of my life.Today,according to my feeling I will divide the experience into four stages to share with you. (preview statement) (transition: let’s get down the first stage, sour) Body I. The first stage is my mother was pregnant, my feeling is sour. In other words, I was jealous of the little life. A.The reason why I hate younger sister 1. Before, I heard that if you had a younger sister or brother, all of your things would be shared. I believe it without doubt. 2.When my mother was pregnant, I was not allowed to be close to my mother, my

Speech Outline演讲提纲

Speech Outline Step One – Preparation A.Topic:environment problems B.Audience:citizen C.Title of speech:What should we do with the environment problems? D.Purpose of speech:To make people ware the global environment problems, and encourage people to protect the environment. Step Two – Introduction Main point:The Paris agreement came into effect on November 4th ,2016. At present, the environment problems are becoming more and more serious. It is necessary to take measures to protect environment. It is the responsibility of citizen. Step Three – Body Main Idea 1 ?Idea: why do we need to pay attention to environmental problems? ?Details/Examples:The signing of the Paris agreement means the global environment is not optimistic. Environment problems will threaten the survival of human. Main Idea 2 ?Idea:What cause the environment pollution? ?Details/Examples: air pollution( haze,industry), water pollution(drainage), soil pollution(used battery) Main Idea 3 ?Idea: What should the government and citizen do? ?Details/Examples: government( make laws, financial support...) citizen(drive green, monitor government...)

English Speech Outline

English Speech Outline Speaker:Sherry Date:Mar.3rd.2016 Speech Topic:Calligraphy Introduction Specific Purpose:To introduce development of calligraphy and let classmates know more about the art treasure. Introduction 1.Attention Getter:Do you know Wang Xizhi?Do you know Orchid Pavilion?Nowdays,more and more foreign universities set up Confucius Institute and the world set off a upsurge in learning Chinese. 2.Main Topic: The history and development of Chinese calligraphy,introduce some famous ancient calligrapher and there works,talk about our calligraphy club. Body 1.The development of Chinese ancient character. a.It's developmemt has coursed four periods---rise,prosperity,decline and rerise. b.Chinese character’s evolution:oracle?Jin character?seal character?clerical script?regular script?Semi-cursive script?cursive script c.Show some representative works of every character.2.Introduce some famous calligraphers in ancient China.Including four calligraphy masters inSong dynasty——Su Shi,Huang Tingjian,Mi Fu,Cai Xiang andfour calligraphy masters of regular script---Ou Yangxun,Yan Zhenqing,Zhao Mengfu and Liu Gongquan, and Wang Xizhi. 3.I have enjoyed the calligraphy club of our school.Also,I learned much knowledge in the club and made many good friends. Conclusion Review: Chinese calligraphy is not only a treasure of the nation's cultural heritages,but also recognized as a brilliant art in the world. Closing: I just want you to know more about Chinese calligraphy, and if possible I hope we can inherit it.

英语outline写作

有些同学11周可能没去上课，或者上课笔记没做完，下面是我在课堂上抄的笔记，希望对各位同学写outline有帮助！ 一、Outline的构成 Introduction –a formal presentation that leads to the main part of the essay. A good introduction gets the reader s’ attention and makes them want to read more. Thesis – a subject for a composition or essay, a statement put forward for consideration that is either proved or discussed against objections. Transition –a statement or two that shows the readers you are now talking about something else. Summary – a technique used usually in the conclusion of an essay that restates the author’s intentions without going into too much detail and highlights the major points the author wants to make in the written work. Conclusion –the end of the essay and often the part that readers remember most. It should be clear and avoid contradicting the points you have raised earlier in the essay. It’s your last chance to have the final say on the object. It should be clear and avoid using the same phrase. P.S. 在Transition中要避免使用first, second, third,………………

英语论文outline规范范例

My outline (080703120 汤煜芳) A Paralysed Wilderness —The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols in Araby Thesis statement:The symbols regarding the setting, religion and characters in Araby are ingeniously adopted, which manifests a stretch of paralysed wilderness typical of Dublin and contributes immensely to the success of the short story. Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Demonstration 2.1 Symbols regarding the setting 2.1.1 Blind alley in North Richmond Street—hopelessness, bleakness, and ignorance 2.1.2 Houses and gardens in the street—decay and gloom 2.1.3 Lamplight 2.1. 3.1 Lamplight in the street—spiritual decadence 2.1. 3.2 Lamplight in Araby fair—darkness and disillusionment 2.1.4 Araby bazaar—boy’s goal and social reality 2.2 Symbols involving religion 2.2.1 Dead priest and his abandoned belongings—collapse of the religious belief 2.2.2 The wild garden—spiritual paralysis 2.2.3 The chalice—boy’s yearning for beautiful love 2.3 Symbols concerning the characters 2.3.1 Mangan’s sister—boy’s pursuit of dream 2.3.2 Aunt and uncle of th e narrator “I”—short-sighted and indifferent people 3. Conclusion 1

Essay Outline 范文

Name: He Yaoxi Student number: 201428010415014 Course code: B-13 WRITING ASSIGNMENT #5 Essay Outline Title: Do all students benefit from studying oversea? Thesis Statement: Not all students benefit from studying oversea, on the contrary, it would bring a lot of problems. We should make a reasonable selection according to our own conditions and pursuits. Outline: Ⅰ. Introduction- Thesis statement: With globalization, more and more educated, talented, passionate young graduate students prefer to study oversea rather than staying home. In such a wave, we need to pose a question: Do all students benefit from studying oversea? My answer is no. Not all students benefit from studying oversea, on the contrary, it would bring a lot of problems. Therefore, we should make a reasonable selection according to our own conditions and pursuits. Ⅱ. Body Paragraph #1 Topic Sentence: Foreign life means students have to make changes for the entirely different environment, such as lifestyle, culture and language, ect.. A. Students may hardly adapted themselves to the new lifestyle; B. Students may hardly adapted themselves to the different culture; C. Students may hardly adapted themselves to the foreign language; Ⅲ. Body Paragraph #2 Topic Sentence: There are not many opportunities for foreign countries after the financial crisis. A. The financial crisis lead to loss of jobs for overseas-students; B. The financial crisis make difficult for overseas-students to apply the fund ; C. The financial crisis create a tumultuous social upheaval for overseas-students; Ⅳ. Body Paragraph #3 Topic Sentence: Oversea studying adds parental burden, and apprehension and homesickness for students. A. Oversea studying adds parental burden for affording the high tuitions; B. Oversea studying may bring mental issue as feeling homesick; C. Oversea studying sometimes may broken your relationship. Ⅴ. Conclusion Not all students benefit from studying oversea, it also may cause a lot of troubles.

写作复习--Outline 写作

Outline写作讲解 一般来说，outline提纲的写作模式如下： Example Outline Title 1. Introduction paragraph A. The background B. The thesis statement 2. Body paragraph(s) A. First major category of support ?supporting detail 1 ?supporting detail 2 …… B. Second major category of support ?supporting detail 1 ?supporting detail 2 …… C. Third major category of support ?supporting detail 1 ?supporting detail 2 …… 3. Conclusion ?review of the major categories of support ?the answer, solution, or final option What is it? An outline is a general plan of the material that is to be presented in a speech or a paper. The outline shows the order of the various topics, the relative importance of each, and the relationship between the various parts. Order in an Outline There are many ways to arrange the different parts of a subject. Sometimes, a chronological arrangement works well. At other times, a spatial arrangement is best suited to the material. The most common order in outlines is to go from the general to the specific. This means you begin with a general idea and then support it with specific examples（often also with a conclusion）.

speech outline英文演讲大纲样例

Euthanasia-the problem of when to die, and how Introduction: I.Introduce the U.S. state of Oregon's Death with Dignity Act in November 8, 1994. 2. II.Introduce the debates of “euthanasia” in 17th century. III.Today, I’ll inform you of some basic knowledge of euthanasia. IV.I’ll first explain what euthanasia is, and then classify it, and eventually move to the practice of it in reality. Body: I.The meaning and history of euthanasia. II.The classification of euthanasia. a)Active euthanasia and PAS i)Definition b)Passive euthanasia i)Definition III.The practice of it in reality. a)Active euthanasia and PAS b)Passive euthanasia Conclusion: 1.Preview. 2.Quotation. 3.What makes euthanasia so important and so contentious.

英文essay outline怎么写(附上范例)

撰写essay之前，好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline 都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。 1.明确文章的主旨。 一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨： ?比较和对照两个事物。 ?列出因果 ?阐明或分析一个特殊方面 ?列出单个或两者的论证 ?提供证据并得出结论 ?列出问题然后提供解决方案 2.收集辅助材料。 这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。 3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。 举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。 4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。 如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。 ?一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。 5.确定主要类别。 根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。 ?当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。 6.确定论点。 每个分类至少想两个论点，根据你文章的主旨和你之前收集的论据材料来选择你的分论点。这些分论点就是你提纲的第二个层级。一般它们是用英文字母标示的。（比如A、B、C 等等） ?让你的第二层级比你的第一层级缩进1.27到2.54厘米 ?还是用飞机发展史历史的例子，每一个分点就可以描写那个时代的发动机型号 7.根据需要确定中心论点的分论点。 如果有必要的话，你可以在中心论点上确定分论点。这么做会最大化你文章的逻辑性。再把这些分论点放在你提纲的第三层，并用阿拉伯数字标示。（1、2、3、4 等等） ?为了方便标识，你可以在下一层用小写罗马字符（i、 ii、 iii、 iv等等），接着用小写英文字母（a、b、 c、d等等），最后可以用回阿拉伯数字（1、2、3、4，等等） ?在写提纲时基本上不需要四个层级。如果出现这类状况，试着合并论点。

英语正式论文thesis outline范例

Class Four Katherine Topic: Abolition of the death penalty Thesis: The Chinese government should take steps to abolish the death penalty. Ⅰ. Introduction A.Definition of the death penalty B.History of the death penalty in China C.Thesis statement Ⅱ. Necessities of abolishing the death penalty in China A.The global trend 1.Consideration of the human rights 2.Quotations from the celebrities 3.Example of abolishing the death penalty abroad B.Defectiveness of the death penalty 1.Racial inequality 2.Economic inequality 3.Erroneous judgment 4.Ineffective deterrence C.Home Requirement 1.Attitudes of the party concerned 2.The need to build a harmonious society Ⅲ. Necessities of taking steps A.The enormous population and the lack of infrastructure construction B.Economic condition C.Public order condition D.Legislative condition E.Judicial condition F.Social psychology Ⅳ. How to take steps A.Revision of the laws B.Reformation of the judicature C.Promote people’s conception of the death penalty D.Promote leaders’ conception of the death penalty Ⅴ. Conclusion A.Summary of above information B.Restate thesis in different words C.Closing remark

如何写论文提纲(Outline)

如何拟定论文大纲 How to write an outline of a term paper? 1. 题目: to be specific and relatively "narrow" 2. 破题: 解释题目中的关键词，并说明选择该题目的原因和意义 3. 论文的目的/拟完成的研究任务: objectives to be achieved in this research/dissertation/paper: e.g., (a) to systemically review the function and performance of SASAC in SOE reform, (b) to..., (c) to..., (d) to.... 4. 论文要探究的具体问题或者要廓清的争议: 分项说明major issues and problems to be addressed 5. 你进行研究的基础（即已有材料、文献和讨论）以及既有研究的缺漏/未尽之处: previous work done by others which you can draw on, as well as the research gaps (i.e., gaps left unaddressed in previous work by others) you expect to fill. This part is essentially a brief literature review of others' work 6.论文的分析框架和组织结构（具体章节）: analytical structure of research: i.e., chapters 7. 论文应用的研究方法(可以不限一种)：methodology of research: how you are going to present your arguments and how you are going to organize material? (to adopt one or more of the following methods: doctrinal, empirical, comparative, case study...) 8. 论文边界的限定：qualifications of research scope (the limits of your research and issues which are not discussed in detail but are worth exploring in you future research)