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昆明理工大学人工智能八数码难题实验报告

昆明理工大学信息工程与自动化学院学生实验报告

(2013 —2014 学年第 1 学期)

课程名称:人工智能开课实验室:信自楼445 2013 年10月 25日

一、上机目的及内容

1.上机内容

用确定性推理算法求解教材65-66页介绍的八数码难题。

2.上机目的

(1)复习程序设计和数据结构课程的相关知识,实现课程间的平滑过渡;

(2)掌握并实现在小规模状态空间中进行图搜索的方法;

(3)理解并掌握图搜索的技术要点。

二、实验原理及基本技术路线图(方框原理图或程序流程图)

(1)设计并实现程序,求解出正确的解答路径;

(2)对所设计的算法采用大O符号进行时间复杂性和空间复杂性分析;

(3)对一般图搜索的技术要点和技术难点进行评述性分析。

三、所用仪器、材料(设备名称、型号、规格等或使用软件)

1台PC及VISUAL C++6.0软件

四、实验方法、步骤(或:程序代码或操作过程)

1、先创建项目,新建Source File文件:main.cpp。

#include

#include "Node.h"

#include "Queue.h"

#include "Search.h"

#include "Tree.h"

void CreateNode1(std::vector& s) {

s.push_back(2);

s.push_back(8);

s.push_back(3);

s.push_back(1);

s.push_back(0);

s.push_back(4);

s.push_back(7);

s.push_back(6);

s.push_back(5);

}

void CreateNode4(std::vector& d) {

d.push_back(2);

d.push_back(8);

d.push_back(3);

d.push_back(1);

d.push_back(6);

d.push_back(4);

d.push_back(7);

d.push_back(0);

d.push_back(5);

}

void CreateNode8(std::vector& d) {

d.push_back(0);

d.push_back(2);

d.push_back(3);

d.push_back(1);

d.push_back(8);

d.push_back(4);

d.push_back(7);

d.push_back(6);

d.push_back(5);

}

void CreateNode20(std::vector& d) {

d.push_back(2);

d.push_back(0);

d.push_back(8);

d.push_back(1);

d.push_back(4);

d.push_back(3);

d.push_back(7);

d.push_back(6);

d.push_back(5);

}

void CreateNode27(std::vector& d) {

d.push_back(1);

d.push_back(2);

d.push_back(3);

d.push_back(8);

d.push_back(0);

d.push_back(4);

d.push_back(7);

d.push_back(6);

d.push_back(5);

}

void CreateNode_test1(std::vector& d) {

d.push_back(7);

d.push_back(6);

d.push_back(5);

d.push_back(4);

d.push_back(0);

d.push_back(1);

d.push_back(3);

d.push_back(8);

d.push_back(2);

}

void test_expand()

{

std::vector s;

CreateNode1(s);

std::vector d;

CreateNode4(d);

Node source(s);

Node dest(d);

source.Display();

Search search(&source);

std::cout << source.Expand(dest, search); }

void test_search()

{

std::vector s;

CreateNode1(s);

std::vector d;

CreateNode4(d);

Node source(s);

Node dest(d);

source.Display();

dest.Display();

Search search(&source);

search.Find( & dest);

search.DisplayRoute();

}

void test_search2level()

{

std::vector s;

CreateNode1(s);

std::vector d;

CreateNode8(d);

Node source(s);

Node dest(d);

source.Display();

dest.Display();

Search search(&source);

search.Find( & dest);

search.DisplayRoute();

}

void test_search_lab1()

{

std::vector s;

CreateNode1(s);

std::vector d;

CreateNode27(d);

Node source(s);

Node dest(d);

source.Display();

dest.Display();

Search search(&source);

search.Find( & dest);

search.DisplayRoute();

}

int main(int argc, char** argv)

{

// test_expand();

// test_search();

// test_search2level();

// test_search_lab1();

std::vector s;

CreateNode1(s);

std::vector d;

CreateNode27(d);

Node source(s);

Node dest(d);

source.Display();

dest.Display();

Search search(&source);

search.Find( & dest);

search.DisplayRoute();

return 0;

}

2、新建Source File文件:Node.cpp #ifndef PROGECT_1_NODE

#define PROGECT_1_NODE

#include

#include "Search.h"

enum OP

{

EMPTY,

UP,

DOWN,

LEFT,

RIGHT

};

bool IsOpposite(OP opa, OP opb);

class Node

{

public:

Node(std::vector const& state);

bool Expand(Node const& destNode, Search& search);

void Display() const;

void DisplayRoute() const;

bool operator==(Node const& v) const;

private:

Node* CreateChild(OP op);

int FindEmptySpaceId() const;

std::vector GenerateLegalOperators(int spaceId) const;

int CalIdBasedOP(OP op, int spaceId) const;

bool IsWithinRange(OP op, int spaceId) const;

std::vector m_state;

Node *m_pParent;

std::vector m_children;

OP m_op;

};

#endif // PROGECT_1_NODE

3新建Heard File文件:node.h。

代码:#include

#include

#include "Node.h"

bool IsOpposite(OP opa, OP opb)

{

if (LEFT==opa && RIGHT == opb)

return true;

if (RIGHT==opa && LEFT == opb)

return true;

if (UP==opa && DOWN == opb)

return true;

if (DOWN==opa && UP == opb)

return true;

return false;

}

Node::Node(std::vector const& state) : m_state(state)

, m_pParent(NULL)

, m_children()

, m_op(EMPTY)

{

}

void ShowOP(OP op)

{

switch (op)

{

case EMPTY:

std::cout << "EMPTY";

break;

case UP:

std::cout << "UP";

break;

case DOWN:

std::cout << "DOWN";

break;

case LEFT:

std::cout << "LEFT";

break;

case RIGHT:

std::cout << "RIGHT";

break;

default:

exit(-1);

}

}

void ShowOPs(std::vector const& ops)

{

for (int id=0; id

{

ShowOP(ops[id]);

std::cout << " ";

}

std::cout << std::endl;

}

bool Node::Expand(Node const& destNode, Search& search)

{

int spaceId = FindEmptySpaceId();

std::cout << "space is at " << spaceId << std::endl;

std::vector legalOPs = GenerateLegalOperators(spaceId);

ShowOPs(legalOPs);

while ( legalOPs.size() > 0 )

{

OP op = legalOPs[ legalOPs.size() - 1 ];

legalOPs.pop_back();

Node* pChild = CreateChild(op);

if ( *pChild == destNode )

{

search.SetDestPt(pChild);

return true;

}

search.GetQueue().EnQueue(pChild);

}

return false;

}

void Node::Display() const

{

for(int i=0; i

{

std::cout << m_state[i] << " ";

}

std::cout << std::endl;

std::cout << " pParent: " << m_pParent << std::endl;

std::cout << " op: ";

ShowOP(m_op);

std::cout << std::endl;

std::cout << " ";

for(int j=0; j

{

std::cout << m_children[j] << " ";

}

std::cout << std::endl;

}

void Node::DisplayRoute() const

{

std::vector routeOps;

Node const* pNode = this;

while ( NULL != pNode )

{

routeOps.push_back(pNode->m_op);

pNode = pNode->m_pParent;

}

for(int id=routeOps.size()-2; id>=0 ; --id)

{

ShowOP( routeOps[id] );

std::cout << " ";

}

std::cout << std::endl;

}

bool Node::operator==(Node const& v) const

{

for (int id=0; id

{

if ( m_state[id] != v.m_state[id] )

return false;

}

return true;

}

Node* Node::CreateChild(OP op)

{

std::vector childState = m_state;

int exchangePos1 = FindEmptySpaceId();

int exchangePos2 = CalIdBasedOP(op, exchangePos1);

int temp = childState[exchangePos1];

childState[exchangePos1] = childState[exchangePos2];

childState[exchangePos2] = temp;

Node* child = new Node(childState);

child->m_pParent = this;

child->m_op = op;

m_children.push_back(child);

return child;

}

int Node::FindEmptySpaceId() const

{

for (int id=0; id

{

if ( 0 == m_state[id] )

{

return id;

}

}

return -1;

}

std::vector Node::GenerateLegalOperators(int spaceId) const {

std::vector allPossibleOps;

allPossibleOps.push_back(UP);

allPossibleOps.push_back(DOWN);

allPossibleOps.push_back(LEFT);

allPossibleOps.push_back(RIGHT);

std::vector ops;

for (int id=0; id

{

OP op = allPossibleOps[id];

if( IsOpposite(op, m_op) )

{

continue;

}

if ( IsWithinRange(op, spaceId) )

{

ops.push_back(op);

}

}

return ops;

}

int Node::CalIdBasedOP(OP op, int spaceId) const {

switch (op)

{

case UP:

spaceId -= int( sqrt( m_state.size() ) );

break;

case DOWN:

spaceId += int( sqrt( m_state.size() ) );

break;

case LEFT:

--spaceId;

break;

case RIGHT:

++spaceId;

break;

default:

return -1;

}

return spaceId;

}

bool Node::IsWithinRange(OP op, int spaceId) const {

spaceId = CalIdBasedOP(op, spaceId);

if (spaceId >= 0 && spaceId < m_state.size())

{

return true;

}

return false;

}

4、新建Source File文件:Queue.cpp,

代码:#include "Queue.h"

void Queue::EnQueue(Node* pNode)

{

m_queue.push_back(pNode);

}

Node* Queue::DeQueue()

{

if ( m_queue.size() == 0 )

{

return NULL;

}

Node* pNode = m_queue[0];

m_queue.pop_front();

return pNode;

}

5新建Heard File文件:Queue.h。

代码:

#ifndef PROGECT_1_QUEUE

#define PROGECT_1_QUEUE

#include

class Node;

class Queue

{

public:

void EnQueue(Node* pNode);

Node* DeQueue();

private:

std::deque m_queue;

};

#endif // PROGECT_1_QUEUE

6、新建Source File文件:Search.cpp,代码:

#include "Search.h"

#include "Node.h"

Search::Search(Node* root)

: m_queue()

, m_pDestNode( NULL )

{

m_queue.EnQueue(root);

}

Node* Search::Select()

{

return m_queue.DeQueue();

}

void Search::Find(Node* destNode)

{

bool isFound = false;

while ( !isFound )

{

Node* pNode = Select();

pNode->Display();

isFound = pNode->Expand(*destNode, *this);

}

}

void Search::DisplayRoute() const

{

m_pDestNode->DisplayRoute();

}

7新建Heard File文件:Search.h。

代码:

#ifndef PROGECT_1_SEARCH

#define PROGECT_1_SEARCH

#include "Queue.h"

class Node;

class Search

{

public:

Search(Node* root);

Queue& GetQueue()

{

return m_queue;

}

void Find(Node* destNode);

Node* Select();

void SetDestPt(Node* pDestNode)

{

m_pDestNode = pDestNode;

}

void DisplayRoute() const;

private:

Queue m_queue;

Node* m_pDestNode;

};

#endif // PROGECT_1_SEARCH

8、新建Source File文件:Tree.cpp,

代码:

#include "Tree.h"

9新建Heard File文件:Tree.h。

代码:

#ifndef PROGECT_1_TREE

#define PROGECT_1_TREE

#endif // PROGECT_1_TREE

五、实验过程原始记录( 测试数据、图表、计算等)

六、实验结果、分析和结论(误差分析与数据处理、成果总结等。其中,绘制曲线图时必须用计算纸或程序运行结果、改进、收获)

通过完成这次八数码难题试验报告,我对编程的理解更深刻了,以前做的很多编程仅仅是几十行的一个函数的代码,而这次的工作量明显大了很多,需要构建几个

好多文件才能完成,在试验中虽然遇到很多的困难,但在老师同学的帮助下,还是学到了很多知识,这次的试验使我在以后的编程中,思路更加开阔了

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