issue写法

注：由于关于claim的问题方式有两次，笔者统一归纳总结成为一种方式，故图中展示的只有五种。仔细关注下statement, recommendation, claim这三个单词，他们在某些方面具有程度递进的关系。

1. Statement: the expression in spoken or written words of something such as a fact, intention, or policy, or an instance of this.意为陈述某一事实，意图，政策。重点在于陈述。

2. Recommendation: a suggestion as to what is a good or sensible thing to do or use in the circumstances意为合理的建议（比陈述事实更近了一步）

3. Claim: maintain something is true: to say, without proof or evidence, that something is true 意为声明，即便在没有证据的情况下仍然坚持声称某事为真实的

从以上的分析中不难看出这三种问法在操作形式上具有程度类比，其中第三种的程度语气更强。

让我们仔细分析一下例子

1. Statement (以下是事实陈述的例子)

i. The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.

ii. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.

iii. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.

iv. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.

v. The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.

vi. In order for any work of art-for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song-to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.

2. Recommendation(以下是建议的例子)

i. Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people.

ii. Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.

iii. All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.

iv. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.

v. Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.

vi. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.

3. Claim（以下是因果声明类的例子）

i. Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.;;; Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.

ii. Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.;;; Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.

iii. Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.;;;Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both.

iv. Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.;;;Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.

v. Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.;;;Reason: College students-like people in general-prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.

vi. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.

除了个别试题中在提问用词中有混淆以外，绝大部分的提问符合此规律。对于那些混淆的试题可以根绝我上面的分类重新编排，他们的分析也符合此规律。

对于事实陈述题我们要分析其是否属实，对于建议题目我们要分析其利弊，对于声明题我们就要分析其内在因果了。有效的，开门见山的开头建议包括一下分析的内容。如图：

让我们来详细分析一道题目吧

As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.

在这道题中很明显有一个时间的关系在里面，也就是条件，遇到了前面提到的有时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，让步，比较和方式的逻辑分析情况时需要考生做拆分式分析。我们不难将这个题目拆成了两部分进行分析。

1. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems我们

首先会看到rely这个单词，这个时候要分析我们是否真的越来越多的依赖科技来解决问题，是否有些领域的某些部分我们并不是依赖科技来解决问题呢。其次，rely是用机器辅助思考呢还是完全依赖科技思考呢。再次我们要关注问题problem 这个单词，解决的是什么问题对于我们的思维习惯影响也会非常大，如果解决的是科技带来的问题呢？我们会继续思考。如果解决的问题是休闲娱乐方面的，则有可能会让我们，比如说沉迷于网络游戏，从时间的角度上影响我们思考学习的精力，但是又会从另外一个角度上增强我们的游戏操作能力。

2. the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. 这里面最值得关注的一个单词就是surly。作者将这个论点绝对化了，任何绝对化的论断都是可以被一定程度上攻击的。

我们可以如下开头：（事实陈述类）

does the author focus on the fact that people are relying more and more on technology to solve problems but also insinuates that the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate, which seems to be irrelevant at first glance but exceedingly associated on second thought. Admittedly, under the condition that we rely extremely on such technologies as calculators, our ability of calculation will deteriorate. However, with the proviso that human beings only take advantage of technology as a tool for assistance, the scenario will not likely take place.The author unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to an irreversible extreme while overlooks certain compelling factors impacting this issue. The purpose of my issue is to stress on the disagreement with the statement. To account for the above-mentioned phenomena, several aspects must be pushed forward to help us gain a deep insight into what has happened.

我们再举一个例子：Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.（声明类）As is intensely described in the thought-provoking statement, not only does the author focus on the fact that scandals are useful but also insinuates that they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could, which seems to be irrelevant at first glance but exceedingly associated on second thought. Admittedly, under the condition that scandals reveal the darkness of our society, point out the corruption in our politics and, to some extent, concentrate our concerns on immortalities, they can surly let us pay the greatest attention on these subjects. However, with the proviso that the scandals prove unsound or forged ones, the scenario will not likely take place.The author unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to an irreversible extreme while overlooks certain compelling factors impacting this issue. The purpose of my issue is to stress on the disagreement with the statement. To account for the above-mentioned phenomena, several aspects must be pushed forward to help us gain a deep insight into what has happened.

最后举一个建议类的例子：A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.

does the author focus on the fact that students should study the same national curriculum but also insinuates that it should be obligatory all over the nation, which seems to be irrelevant at first glance but exceedingly associated on second thought. Admittedly, under the condition that students are allowed to choose their favorite subjects, they will have a chance to develop their abilities according the interests and hobbies However, with the proviso that such fundamental subjects as math are not paid enough attention to, other related field of study will be severely affected. The author unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to an irreversible extreme while overlooks certain compelling factors impacting this issue. The purpose of my issue is to stress on the general agreement with the statement. To account for the above-mentioned phenomena, several aspects must be pushed forward to help us gain a deep insight into what has happened.

以上的例证不是为了让考生死记硬背模板！重要的是让考生们学会分析思路，形散而神不散，反之就违背了笔者本意，也容易被GRE的雷达探测器发现雷同，酿成惨剧。

关于结尾部分，我们需要考生再次点题，告知阅卷人：我们的观点是什么，整体的逻辑和例证有哪些即可。文章不要求文字多么华丽。

和刚才说到开头的部分一样，不要机械的背诵所谓的模板，更重要的是知道答题每一个步骤的思路，创建形散而神不散的写作模式

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Step3如何写分类提纲：先找主体词限定词---再归纳p11 是非两方面 分支观点理由—-限定词 论据善于归纳eg. 技术进步的3大种例子1交通2通讯交流（交流与人类的关系）3自动化 如何展开分析：演绎要展开包装---学术化 ★Issue的写作核心：具体问题具体分析的是非论证★ Step4 综上400-600字文章--→20-30个长句复杂句 Issue 作文的结构 开头段2-3句话提出中心句------结尾段2-3句话得出结尾句 中间展开部分1 TTF 大正小负2TFF大负小正3TF 平衡结构正文第一段都是先写正的先继承再批判（先扬后抑） 6-7句话写每段的主题句---过渡句（并列递进转折） 模板：1逻辑性的目标（迎合软件评分表准）2 写作习惯 模板包括：1 结构固定2 1 开头段的中心句1位置要求---每一个位置用什么句型做什么用End focus开头段末句中心观点 错误一：用问句结束开头（而要有明确的回答） 错误二：做报告式的开头The issue that lies in two points 2用何种句型写中心句：1 正反论证结构或有倾向的（TTF 大正小负TFF大负小正）用让步语气 2 平衡结构也可用平衡让步结果前后同等重要 The issue that calls for balance in which there are both A and B(现在将来感性理性正负两观点均可蓝色部分不可雷同同时使用) 2 开头段的写法╳B+P 背景+立场层层铺垫---铺垫型的罗嗦开头讲义P38 ╳E+P 例子+立场讲义P42

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36 Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear. I agree with the speaker's broad assertion that money spent on research is generally money well invested. However, the speaker unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to embrace research whose results are "controversial," while ignoring certain compelling reasons why some types of research might be unjustifiable. My points of contention with the speaker involves the fundamental objectives and nature of research, as discussed below. I concede that the speaker is on the correct philosophical side of this issue. After all, research is the exploration of the unknown for true answers to our questions, and for lasting solutions to our enduring problems. Research is also the chief means by which we humans attempt to satisfy our insatiable appetite for knowledge, and our craving to understand ourselves and the world around us. Yet, in the very notion of research also lies my first point of contention with the speaker, who illogically presumes that we can know the results of research before we invest in it. To the contrary, if research is to be of any value it must explore uncharted and unpredictable territory. In fact, query whether research whose benefits are immediate and predictable can break any new ground, or whether it can be considered "research" at all. While we must invest in research irrespective of whether the results might be controversial, at the same time we should be circumspect about research whose objectives are too vague and whose potential benefits are too speculative. After all, expensive research always carries significant opportunity costs--in terms of how the money might be spent toward addressing society's more immediate problems that do not require research. One apt illustration of this point involves the so-called "Star Wars" defense initiative, championed by the Reagan administration during the 1980s. In retrospect, this initiative was ill-conceived and largely a waste of taxpayer dollars; and few would dispute that the exorbitant amount of money devoted to the initiative could have gone a long way toward addressing pressing social problems of the day--by establishing after-school programs for delinquent latchkey kids, by enhancing AIDS awareness and education, and so forth. As it turns out, at the end of the Star Wars debacle we were left with rampant gang violence, an AIDS epidemic, and an unprecedented federal budget deficit. The speaker's assertion is troubling in two other aspects as well. First, no amount of research can completely solve the enduring problem of war, poverty, and violence, for the reason that they stem from certain aspects of human nature--such as aggression and greed. Although human genome research might eventually enable us to engineer away those undesirable aspects of our nature, in the meantime it is up to our economists, diplomats, social reformers, and jurists--not our research laboratories--to mitigate these problems. Secondly, for every new research breakthrough that helps reduce human suffering is another that serves primarily to add to that suffering. For example, while some might argue that physics researchers who harnessed the power of the atom have provided us with an alternative source of energy and invaluable "peace-keepers," this argument flies in the face of the hundreds of thousands of innocent people murdered and maimed by atomic blasts, and by nuclear meltdowns. And, in fulfilling the promise of "better living through chemistry" research has given us chemical weapons for human slaughter. In short, so-called "advances" that scientific research has brought about often amount to net losses for humanity. In sum, the speaker's assertion that we should invest in research whose results are 整体评价： 1. 文章整理的论述比较通畅 2. 但是这篇文章的结构存在一些瑕疵，如开头段过长，涵盖了过多的细节，容易和后面的内容雷同 money well invested 用的 很好，很地道这里的论述有些过于细 致，可以放到让步段去详细解释 ing 用词很地道 这段话的精髓就是后面 例子的列举，有效地 证明了盲目投入的 恶果这段话是想说明不要不急后果的投入，中心句可以说的更直白 一点 Ignoring reasonable speculation of research will impede social progress, even bringing more social issues. 这个as well 用的不好，前后内容不是并列的 这段内容说的有些笼统 虽然两个点都有所 涉及，但是没有说 明白第一，这个可以说实验 的结论不完全取决于实验本身 第二，这个可以说下定义，解释说明实验的影 响对不同的人群有不同的影响not 这里少了一个重要的否定词 大家要注意，我们对题目内容的改写一定要准确