英语综合课后答案

英语综合课后答案

Unit 1

1. What does "the icy defender" refer to?

It refers to the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.

2. What did Napoleon expect when he assembled his army to attack Russia?

He expected the conquest of Russia in five weeks.

3. What did the Russians do in the face of Napoleon's offensive? What strategy did the Russians adopt?

Instead of fighting, they retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. They let the Russian winter fight the war for them while they bided their time

4. What did Napoleon discover after he occupied Moscow?

Napoleon discovered that the occupation of the city was an empty victory because the Russians fled their capital leaving him almost nothing at all.

5. What happened to Napoleon's army when it was retreating from Moscow?

They suffered heavy losses as a result of the extreme cold and the Russians' hit-and-run attacks.

6. What did Napoleon do when Paris was captured?

Napoleon abdicated and went into exile.

7. When did Hitler begin his invasion of the Soviet Union? What tactics did he use? How long did he expect the campaign to last?

Hitler began his invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 without a declaration of war. He expected the campaign to last no longer than three months by using the so-called "lightning war" tactics。

8. Was Stalin prepared for Hitler's attack? What did he do in the face of the German invasion?

No, he wasn't. He instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders.

9. How did the people of Leningrad respond to the German attack?

The people of Leningrad refused to surrender and put up a heroic, stiff resistance.

10. What slowed down the German advance on Moscow? What made the German offensive come to a halt?

An early, severe, cold winter, to a large extent, slowed down the German advance on Moscow.

11. What was the significance of the battle of Stalingrad?

The loss of the battle for Stalingrad turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over.

12. What conclusion does the author draw from Napoleon's and Hitler's military campaigns?

The author concludes that the elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.

Unit 2

1. How important was the automobile industry in the twentieth century? The automobile industry ranked as among the most lucrative and powerful industries of the twentieth century.

2.What will happen to cars and roads in the twenty-first century?

Cars and roads will be revolutionized in the twenty-first century

3. Why does the author say the key to tomorrow's "smart cars" will be sensors?

Because it is sensors that will enable vehicles and roads to be able to see, hear, feel, smell, talk, and act.

4. How would sensors help reduce traffic fatalities?

Sensors can sense if a driver is drunk and refuse to start up the engine.

5. What is the function of the radars hidden in the bumpers?

The radars hidden in the bumpers can scan for nearby cars. If you make a serious driving mistake the computer will sound an immediate warning.

6. How will a smart car alert a driver who feels drowsy?

If the driver's eyelids close for a certain length of time and his or her driving becomes erratic, a computer in the dashboard could alert the driver.

7. What makes it possible for smart cars to determine their approximate location?

GPS makes it possible for smart cars to determine their location on the earth to within about a hundred feet.

8. What are the prospects for applications of GPS?

With the price of microchips dropping so drastically, future applications of GPS are virtually limitless.

9. What is "telematics" expected to achieve in increasing the efficiency and safety of highway transportation?

It is expected to put smart cars on smart highways.

10. What are traffic engineers doing on Interstate 15 close to San Diego? They are installing an MIT-designed system which will introduce the "automated driver"。

11. What hopes do promoters of the smart highway have for its future? They have great hopes for its future. By 2010, telematics may well be incorporated into one of the major highways in the United States. By 2020, telematics could be adopted in thousands of miles of highways in the United States.

12.What are the advantages of smart highways?

Smart highways could be an environmental boon, saving fuel, reducing traffic jams, decreasing air pollution, and serving as an alternative to highway expansion.

Unit 3

1. What is the writer according to what he says at the beginning of the text?

He runs a manufacturing company.

2. What kind of answers did he get from the college graduate who wanted

a job?

Almost all of them were no.

3. What conclusion did the writer draw from the young applicant's answers?

This applicant was ill prepared for the job he was applying for and therefore ill qualified.

4. What is the first suggestion the writer gives to job applicants? Prepare to win.

5. What changes have taken place with employees since the writer's college days?

They now have to switch jobs frequently.

6. What example does the writer use in support of his second suggestion?

A 90-year-old tennis player who wanted to work on his weakness —backhand court.

7. What is the writer's third suggestion mainly concerned with? Believing in yourself, even when no one else does.

8. Why does the writer talk about the cabs in New York when he gives his fourth suggestion?

Because he will mention a cabdriver who is different.

9. What was it about the cabdriver that particularly impressed the writer? His efforts to make a difference.

10. What made the writer travel with his mentor Curt Carlson in Carlson's jet and what happened on the day of departure?

He was offered a ride in Curt's jet on a day when Minnesota was hit with one of the worst snowstorms in years and the international airport there was closed for the first time in decades.

11. Why was Curt Carlson so happy when they were taxiing down the runway?

Because there were no tracks left in the snow, which means he was the first person to take off from there.

12. What point does the writer want to make by talking about his mentor, Curt Carlson?

Carlson was excited about being first, which is exactly what the writer recommends to job applicants.

Unit 4

1. Why does William Browder say that national identity makes no difference for him?

Because he feels he is completely international.

2. What does William Browder mean by saying "If you have four good friends and you like what you are doing, it doesn't matter where you are"? What he means is that if one has a network of friends and enjoy what

one is doing, one can function well anywhere in the world.

3. Who does Davos Man refer to?

It refers to a member of the international business élite who treks each year to the Swiss Alpine town of Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum.

4. What are the issues discussed at the World Economic Forum?

The issues include everything from post-election Iraq and HIV in Africa to the global supply of oil and the implications of nanotechnology.

5. What belief do most Davos men and women share?

They all believe that globalization, the unimpeded flows of capital, labor and technology across national borders, is both welcome and unstoppable. They see the world increasingly as one vast, interconnected marketplace in which corporations search for the most advantageous locations to buy, produce and sell their goods and services.

6. What does Professor Samuel Huntington think of Davos Man?

He describes Davos Man as an emerging global superspecies and a threat.

7. Did global trade exist in the past? What did people doing global trade think of it then?

Yes, global trade has been around for centuries. In the past, the corporations and countries that benefited from global trade were largely content to treat vast parts of the world as places to mine natural resources or sell finished products.

8. What is Goldman Sachs' prediction about the world economy in the future?

It predicted that four economies - Russia, Brazil, India and China - will become a much larger force in the world economy than widely expected, based on projections of demographic and economic growth, with China potentially overtaking Germany this decade. By 2050, these four newcomers will likely have displaced all but the U.S. and Japan from the top six economies in the world.

9. Who does Manila Woman refer to?

It refers to low-paid migrant workers from Asia and elsewhere who are increasingly providing key services around the world.

10. What is the major difference between Davos Man and Manila Woman?

Unlike Davos Man, Manila Woman is strongly patriotic.

11. Why does Patrick Sayer focus on the domestic market?

Because he thinks that there are still too many barriers to cross-border business in Europe, let alone the world.

12. What does the author think Davos Man need to figure out?

Davos Man needs to figure out how to strike a balance on a global scale between being international and being national at the same time.

Unit 5

1. Does the narrator think our first impressions of a person are always right? Why or why not?

No, he doesn't. Because his personal experience tells him this is wrong.

2. What was Edward Burton by profession? How did he look?

He was a merchant and had been in business in Japan for many years. He was a tiny little fellow, not much more than five feet four in height, and very slender, with white hair, a red face much wrinkled, and blue eyes.

3. What struck the narrator most about Edward Burton? Why?

Edward Burton had done something the narrator could never have believed he would, unless he had heard the story from his own lips. Both in appearance and manner he suggested the type of character you would not associate with such an action.

4. Who was Lenny Burton? How did Edward Burton get to know him? Lenny Burton was a bridge player. Edward Burton used to play bridge with him.

5. What was Edward Burton's impression of Lenny?

In his eyes, Lenny was not a bad chap, and he liked him.

6. How did Lenny manage to support himself?

He got, from time to time, a bit of money from his family in London and made a bit more by card-playing.

7. Why did Lenny call at his namesake's office one day?

He called at his namesake's office to ask for a job

8. How did Edward respond to his request?

Edward refused his request and humiliated him.

9. How did the response help to show him up in his true colors?

The response showed that he was a cruel man because he even made fun of Lenny who was down and out instead of giving him help.

10. What idea did Edward think of when Lenny begged again for a job? Edward asked Lenny to swim from the Shioya Club round the beacon and land at the creek of Tarumi. It was over three miles and rather difficult.

11. Why did Lenny hesitate before he agreed to do as he was told to? Because he knew that he was not in good condition and might not make it.

12.When Edward set a condition for offering a job, was he aware Lenny would be drowned? How do you know?

Yes. Because Edward said that he hadn't got a vacancy in his office when he set the condition.

Unit 6

1. What did we use to expect from technology?

We used to think that technology would make our lives easier.

2. In what ways have inventions such as the motorcar and the aircraft brought us benefits? And what about the advent of washing machines? Inventions such as the motorcar and the aircraft have offered us unimaginable levels of personal mobility. Washing machines have freed women from having to toil over the laundry.

3. What new burdens has technology produced apart from cramming work into our leisure time?

According to the author, aside from allowing work to spread into our leisure time, technology has also added the new burden of dealing with faxes, e-mails and voicemails.

4. How fast is information generated today as compared to a couple of centuries ago?

A couple of centuries ago, nearly all the world's accumulated learning

could be contained in the heads of a few philosophers. Today, those heads could not hope to accommodate more than a tiny fraction of the information generated in a single day.

5. What is Edward Wilson's purpose in subscribing to sixty-odd journals and magazines?

His purpose is to keep him up with what is going on in his specialized field - entomology.

6. What gives rise to our discontent with super abundance?

The confusion of endless choice.

7. Is everyone time-starved today? What percentage of the population is suffering under the stresses and strains of life today?

No. About half the population is suffering under the stresses and strains of life today.

8. What is stress envy, as conceived by Paul Edwards?

According to Paul Edwards, lots of people have a sense that if you're not stressed, you're not succeeding. Therefore everyone wants to have a little bit of this stress to show they're an important person.

9. How much free time has the average American gained since the

mid-1960s? How are the gains distributed between the sexes?

The average American has gained five hours a week in free time since the mid-1960s. The gains are unevenly distributed between the sexes. 10. What is meant by "the growth of the work-life debate"?

It is meant that there are more and more debates on how many years people should work and whether long hours or shorter hours working policies should be adopted, etc

11. What does Godbey mean by saying "It's the kid in the candy store"? Here Godbey makes a comparison. The kid in the candy store is more often than not attracted by a wide variety of good candies and doesn't know which to choose. This is true of us, too. There are so many good things to do, but we don't have enough time to do them all.

12. What remedy does the author offer for time stress?

The author points out that a more successful remedy may lie in understanding the problem rather than evading it. We should have "fewer desires" and "set boundaries for ourselves."