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0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）

Question 1-11

the

by

The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures

present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did

(10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After

the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had

the

other

in

in putrefying materials originated

from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly

(20)being deposited on all objects.

Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated to

boiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary for

was

(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.

(d)Pasteur’s argument against the theory of spontaneous generation .

2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(a)full of

(b)developing into

(c)resistant to

(d)hurt by

3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation

(d)grow from

5,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to

(a)trap particles for analysis

(b)slow the process of putrefaction

(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide

(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether

6,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the

8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were

(a)primarily single-celled organisms

(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials

(c)fairly rare

(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether

9.The word “it” in line 22 refers to

(a)a nutrient solution

11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to

(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments

(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution

(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions

(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of air

Questions 12-20

In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement

,the

in

.And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at

(10) all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economic

enterprise.

Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and

both

their

farm

up throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops and

pure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .

They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmers

streamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded

all

to

(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer

13.The word “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(a)improved

(b)relied

(c)demanded

(d)explained

14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an example of

(a)a leader during the Revolution

16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?

(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.

(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.

(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.

(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’s economy.

17.According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of

the

(d)becoming more scientific

19.The word “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(a)predictable

(b)impressive

(c)famous

(d)gradual

20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?

the

soil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioning

into “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches

(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops

(5 )do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) nor

alkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between the

ized

the drier portions

of the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the central

United States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left

by meltwater

(15) and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around the

middle Mississippi Valley.

North

the

is

North America tent to make

a broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, but

these coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the

(25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceeds toward the

Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies or

stepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.

23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) division

(B) modification

(C) opening

(D) circulating

24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with

(A) a high salt content

(A) It redistributed the soil types

(B) It added salt to the soil

(C) It made the soil more neutral in content

(D) It added minerals to the soil

27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the

(A) movements of glacial deposits

(B) patterns of natural vegetation

(C) human modification of the North American environment

prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans

(C) The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation

(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of the Mississippi

Valley

Questions 30-40

Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed if

an object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human

observer reported

(10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room in

dense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses.”

The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of a

metal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’s. In the earliest type, the metal

which

the

light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they contribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger form

of the metal will burn for a longer time.

30 What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The history of the photoflash

(B) Theories about how the eye reacts to light

(C) The technology of modern photography

(B) intensities colors in photographs

(C) is short enough not to bother human eyes

(D) supplements existing lighting

33 The word “ignited” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

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