Population Movements and Genetics

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on “Population movements and genetics”.

Questions 1-6

This reading passage has seven sections, A-G. Choose the correct headings for sections A-F from the list of headings below.

Population movements and genetics

A Study of the origins and distribution of human populations used to be based on archaeological and fossil evidence. A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing. The best information on early population movements is now being obtained from the 'archaeology of the living body', the clues to be found in genetic material.

B Recent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is an example of the value of these new techniques. North-east Asia and Siberia have long been accepted as the launching ground for the first human colonisers of the New World1. But was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several? And when did this event, or events, take place? In recent years, new clues have come from research into genetics, including the distribution of genetic markers in modern Native Americans2.

C An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gmallotypes) of one particular protein immunoglobin G - found in the fluid portion of human blood. All proteins …drift?, or produce variants, over the generations, and members of an interbreeding human population will share a set of such variants. Thus, by comparing the Gmallotypes of two dif ferent populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic 'distance', which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred.

1 New World: the American continent, as opposed to the so-called Old World of Europe, Asia and Africa

2 modern Native American: an American descended from the groups that were native to America

3 Inuit and Aleut: two of the ethnic groups native to the northern regions of North America (i.e. northern Canada and Greenland)

4 DNA: the substance in which genetic information is stored

D Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over 5,000 American Indians in western North America during a twenty-year period. They found that their Gmallotypes could be divided into two groups,

one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of Central and South American Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut3 formed a third group. From this evidence it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-Indian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians. The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600or 700 years ago). The third wave, perhaps 10,000 or 9,000 years ago, saw the migration from North-east Asia of groups ancestral to the modern Eskimo and Aleut.

E How far does other research support these conclusions? Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA4 in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil. As would have been predicted by Robert Williams's work, all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-Indian)population.

F There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages. The biological anthropologist Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth. He argues that tooth crowns and roots5 have a high genetic component, minimally affected by environmental and other factors. Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern, suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor6shoveling (a scooping out on one or both surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted upper first premolars6 and triple-rooted lower first molars6.

According to Turner, this ties in with the idea of a single Paleo-lndian migration out of North Asia, which he sets at before 14,000 years ago by calibrating rates of dental micro-evolution. Tooth analyses also suggest that there were two later migrations of Na-Denes and Eskimo-Aleut.

G The linguist Joseph Greenberg has, since the 1950s, argued that all Native American languages belong to a single 'Amerind' family, except for Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut - a view that gives credence to the idea of three main migrations. Greenberg is in a minority among fellow linguists, most of whom

favourthe notion of a great many waves of migration to account for the more than 1,000 languages spoken at one time by American Indians. But there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg's view. Dates given for the migrations should nevertheless be treated with caution, except where supported by hard archaeological evidence.

5 crown/root: parts of the tooth

6 incisor/premolar/molar: kinds of teeth

Questions 7 and 8

The discussion of Williams's research indicates the periods at which early people are thought to have migrated along certain routes. There are six routes, A-F, marked on the map https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5510831564.html,plete the table below.

Questions 9-12

This passage refers to the three-wave theory of early migration to the Americas. It also suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modern native Americans first reached the continent.

Classify the groups named in the table below as originating from

A the first wave

B the second wave

C the third wave

英语名词用法总结

考点: 1. 掌握可数名词的复数 2. 学会表示不可数名词的量 3. 掌握构词法：名词变形容词 4. 掌握名词所有格的用法 5. 掌握名词做主语、定语的用法 冠词离开名词没有任何意义，因此在学习冠词前，首先要了解名词的分类: '个体名词：人或物所共用的名称 dog, chair 名词可分为：：可数名词v 丄集体名词：集体的名称 class, family, police, 物质名词：物质的名称 p aper, water 抽象名词：抽象的物的名称 happi ness 专有名词：人或物所特有的名称 Tom, China 考点一：可数名词的数 可数名词复数变化规则： (1) 规则变化：a.以-s,-x,-sh, -ch,结尾的名词，在词尾 +es,发音/-Is/ eg : classes, brushes, boxes, watches b. 以辅音字母+ -y 结尾，将y 变i ，再+es ， eg ： parties, stories (注意元音同y 结尾时+s boys ) c. 部分以f 或fe 结尾的词，将变 f/fe 为v+es , eg ： wife-wives 口诀：(妻见小偷加下藏，手拿小刀想杀狼，忽然飘下一片叶，砸在头上一命亡) d. 部分以o 结尾的词，(生物名词，包括动植物，口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿)后加 es , 女口： Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, 以o 结尾的无生命的词，一般直接 +s eg : photos , pianos , kilos , tobaccos (2) 不规则变化： a.名词中所含元音字母发生变化 eg: foot-feet; tooth- teeth; man-men; woma n- wome n; b:名词词尾力口 en/ren : ox-oxen ; child-children ; c. 单复数同行： fish; sheep; deer; means; aircraft; d. 关于国家：中日不变，英法荷变，其他后面加 s two Chin ese; five Japa nese;/ En glishme n; En glishwome n; Dutchme n; /Germa ns; America ns e. 有些集体名词用单数形式表达事物总称 ，如hair, fruit,但在 表示"几根头发”，"若 干水果”时，则用复数形式 a few white hairs; several foreig n fruits f. 有些名词形式上是单数的，但实际上是复数的，这一类名词有：cattle 牛, 家畜；people 人 们；vermin 害虫；police 警察；staff 全体职员；clergy 僧侣，神职人员；youth ; mankind ； bacteria ； crew 等 g. 有些集体名词 表示整体时用单数，表示集体中的各个成员时用做复数 ，能这样用的 集体名词有： audienee , club , class, college , crowd , company , couple , department , enemy , family , firm , flock, generation, government, group, herd, navy, party, public, population, press 新闻界 /记者群, staff, team, university 等 (3) 复合名词的复数 a.由man 或woman 为前缀的复合名词，两者都变成复数 a man teacher/ men teachers ； a woman doctor/ women doctors 名词 I 不可数名词

JAVA常见名词解释

JAVA常见名词解释 面向对象: 面向对象程序设计（Object-Oriented Programming）是一种起源于六十年代，发展已经将近三十年的程序设计思想。其自身理论已十分完善，并被多种面向对象程序设计语言（Object-Oriented Programming Language,以下简称OOPL）实现。对象是对现实世界实体的模拟，由现实实体的过程或信息牲来定义。一个对象可被认为是一个把数据（属性）和程序（方法）封装在一起的实体，这个程序产生该对象的动作或对它接受到的外界信号的反应。这些对象操作有时称为方法。区别面向对象的开发和传统过程的开发的要素有：对象识别和抽象、封装、多态性和继承。（参见百度百科：面向对象） 面向对象要素：封装、多态、继承 Java名词解释： Abstract class 抽象类:抽象类是不允许实例化的类，因此一般它需要被进行扩展继承。 Abstract method 抽象方法:抽象方法即不包含任何功能代码的方法。 Access modifier 访问控制修饰符:访问控制修饰符用来修饰Java中类、以及类的方法和变量的访问控制属性。 Anonymous class 匿名类:当你需要创建和使用一个类，而又不需要给出它的名字或者再次使用的使用，就可以利用匿名类。 Anonymous inner classes 匿名内部类:匿名内部类是没有类名的局部内部类。 API 应用程序接口:提供特定功能的一组相关的类和方法的集合。

Array 数组:存储一个或者多个相同数据类型的数据结构，使用下标来访问。在Java中作为对象处理。 Automatic variables 自动变量:也称为方法局部变量method local variables，即声明在方法体中的变量。 AWT抽象窗口工具集:一个独立的API平台提供用户界面功能。 Base class 基类:即被扩展继承的类。 Blocked state 阻塞状态:当一个线程等待资源的时候即处于阻塞状态。阻塞状态不使用处理器资源 Call stack 调用堆栈:调用堆栈是一个方法列表，按调用顺序保存所有在运行期被调用的方法。 Casting 类型转换:即一个类型到另一个类型的转换，可以是基本数据类型的转换，也可以是对象类型的转换。 char 字符:容纳单字符的一种基本数据类型。 Child class 子类:见继承类Derived class Class 类:面向对象中的最基本、最重要的定义类型。 Class members 类成员:定义在类一级的变量，包括实例变量和静态变量。 Class methods 类方法:类方法通常是指的静态方法，即不需要实例化类就可以直接访问使用的方法。 Class variable 类变量:见静态变量Static variable Collection 容器类:容器类可以看作是一种可以储存其他对象的对象，常见的容器类有Hashtables和Vectors。 Collection interface 容器类接口:容器类接口定义了一个对所有容器类的公共接口。

(完整版)不定代词用法讲解

不定代词讲解~详细 一、不定代词some 与any 的用法区别 一般说来，不定代词some 用于肯定句中，any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是，在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中，通常要用some 而不用any： Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗？ Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢？ Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗？ 【说明】不定代词any 有时也用于肯定句中，此时表示“任何”： Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。 二、不定代词many 与much 的用法以及区别 不定代词many 和much 都表示“许多”，但many 修饰或代替可数名词(复数)，与few(少数)相对；而much 用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数)，与little(少量)相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中： Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗? We don’t have much time. 我们没有许多时间。 Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。 You’ve given me too much. 你已给我太多了。 Take as many (much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。 I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。 辨析：too much；much too；too many 1、too much常用作副词或代词,也可以用作形容词修饰不可数名词.如： Is watching TV too much good or bad for your health?电视看得太多对你的健康有益还是有害? You've given me too much.你给我的太多了. We've had too much rain lately.最近我们这里的雨下得太多了. 2、much too常作副词,后接副词或形容词.如： He drove much too fast.他开车开得太快了. It is much too cold.天实在太冷了. 3、too many常用作形容词,修饰可数名词复数.如： They built too many buildings last year.去年他们建了许多楼房. 三、either、neither的用法以及区别 1、用作副词。either也（不），用于否定句中。 如：I don’t like fishing, David doesn’t like fishing, either.我不喜欢钓鱼，大卫也不喜欢。 neither也不；用于肯定句，表示否定含义。如：He can’t swim, and neither / nor can I. 他不会游泳，我也不会。 2、用作代词。范围多限定于两者之间，常用作主语。either of 和neither of +名词/代词的复数，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 either表示“二者之一”；neither 表示“两者都不”，其反义词是both。 如：Either of the knives is useful．两把刀都有用。 Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard．他们两人身体都不好，但都努力地工作。 3、用作连词：either…or…不是……就是……neither…nor…既不……也不……常用来连接两个并列成分，如并列主语、并列谓语等。谓语动词保持就近原则，与离它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。 但应注意以下几点： 1．无论either…or…还是neither…nor…，若连接两个单数数名词/代词作主语，后面动词用单数。 Either Mary or Lucy is coming．不是玛丽来，就是露西来。 2．若连接两个复数名词/代词作主语，后面动词用复数。Neither my parents nor my grandparents are coming． 我的父母不来，我的爷爷奶奶也不来。 3．如果一个单数名词/代词和一个复数名词/代词一起作主语时，动词的单复数形式必须和最靠近的一个主语保持一致。（就近原则）

最新英语非谓语动词用法总结(完整)

最新英语非谓语动词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1．Students surf the internet _______ more information about the university they are dreamt of. A．found B．finding C．having found D．to find 【答案】D 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：学生们上网是为了找到他们理想大学的更多的信息。此处表示目的用不定式，指上网的目的。故选D。 2．Look over there! There is a long, winding path ________ up to the house. A．lead B．leading C．led D．to lead 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：看那边!有一条长长的蜿蜒小路通向那所房子。分析句式可知，这是个there be 句型，因此，此处用非谓语动词，path与lead是主动关系，因此用现在分词，故选B。 3．______ to nuclear radiation, even for a short time, may influence genes in human bodies. A．Having exposed B．Being exposed C．To expose D．Exposed 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查动名词。句意：暴露于核辐射中甚至很短时间都会影响人体的基因。分析句子成分发现even for a short time是插入语，may influence是谓语，前面的部分应该是主语，be exposed to“暴露于”，要用动名词Being exposed to。故B选项正确。 4．The lecture, _______at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A．starting B．being started C．to start D．to be started 【答案】A 【解析】 选A start与逻辑主语the lecture之间为主动关系，故排除B、D两项。不定式作定语时，常表示动作尚未发生，故排除C项，此处用现在分词作后置定语，表示主动。 第四步：根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定时态 非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前用过去分词或v.-ing形式/不定式的

Population

Population population是一个集合名词,它的用法有时较为特殊,很容易用错。 一、population常与定冠词the连用,作主语用时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。例如: The world's population is increasing faster and faster. 全世界的人口增长得越来越快。 At the beginning of the twentieth century, the world's population was about 1,700 million. 在二十世纪初,全世界的人口大约是十七亿。 二、当主语是表示"人口的百分之几、几分之几"时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如: About seventy percent of the population in China are farmers. 中国大约有百分之七十的人口是农民。 三、有时population可用作可数名词,其前可用不定冠词。例如: China has a population of about 1.3 billion. (=There is a population of about 1.3 billion in China.) 中国大约有十三亿人口。

New York is a big city with a population of over 10 million. 纽约是一个有一千多万人口的大城市。 补：在表示多个地区的人口时,population要用复数形式populations。例如: Many parts of the world, which once had large populations and produced plenty of crops, have become deserts. 世界上很多地区一度人口众多,种植大量的农作物;现在,这些地区已经变成了沙漠。 四、表示人口的"多"或"少",不用"much"或"little",而要用"large" "big"或"small"。例如: India has a large population. 印度人口众多。 Singapore has a small population. 新加坡人口少。 五、询问某国、某地有多少人口时,不用"How much...?",而用"How large...?";在问具体人口时用"What...?"。例如: -How large is the population of your hometown? 你们家乡有多少人口?

不定代词用法总结

不定代词总结 一、不定代词 some 与 any 的用法区别 一般说来，不定代词 some 用于肯定句中， any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是，在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中，通常要用 some 而不用 any ： Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗？ Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢？ Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗？ 【说明】不定代词 any 有时也用于肯定句中，此时表示“任何”： Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。 Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。 二、不定代词 many 与 much 的用法以及区别 不定代词 many 和 much 都表示“许多”，但 many 修饰或代替可数名词（复数），与 few（少数）相对；而 much 用来修饰或代替不可数名词（单数），与 little（少量）相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中： Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗 ? We don 't have much time. 我们没有许多时间。 Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。 You 've given me too much. 你已给我太多了。 Take as many （much） as you want. 你要多少拿多少。 I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。 辨析： too much ； much too ； too many 1、too much 常用作副词或代词 ,也可以用作形容词修饰不可数名词 .如： Is watching TV too much good or bad for your health? 电视看得太多对你的健康有益还是有害 ? You've given me too much. 你给我的太多了 .

高考英语非谓语动词用法总结(完整)

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java专业术语

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