剑9阅读真题原文1-William-Henry-Perkin
剑9阅读真题原文1-William-Henry-Perkin
CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9 NOTE
原文真题
Reading Passage 1
William Henry Perkin
The man who invented synthetic dyes
William Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early inte rests in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather’s home that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for chemistry.
As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist’s enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.
At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College of Chemist ry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two years, he became Hofmann’s youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.
At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.
During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his family’s house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, providing the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favours only the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.
Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple coulour extracted from a snail was once so costly that in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to me muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop that Perkin’s discovery was made.
Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world’s first synthetic dye. Real izing the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin’s reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.
Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the coulour remained fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry.
With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was
an almost unlimited byproduct of London’s gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world’s first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost form the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.
Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin’s green. It is important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.
甲简单单词居然不解其中玄机。
1late , his late grandfather’s home . 已故的。
2gift. Perkin’s scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention. 天才
3bark. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. 树皮。
4solution . he finally produced a deep purple solution. 溶液
5fast .the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast and the cost was relatively low. 牢固的，紧紧的。
乙其他生词（逐个查阅的，太多了啊）
1.s ynthetic 合成的，人造的，假的
Synth ,n.综合者，【电】合成器。
Syntheses.n .【化】合成，【语】综合；综合体，结合，【医】接合。【逻辑】综合法，语词的合成，【物】合成，综合；文献。统一体。
Syn, same 大概有统一，同一类的意思；thesis, n .毕业论文，论题，论点，命题之意。同一论题的结合，就有了合成，综合之意。
2.c uriosity n.好奇心，稀奇的人事物。~ shop 古玩店。~drive,好奇驱动力
Curiosity kill the cat.
3.s tumble upon. 偶尔发现。
Stumble : v . 绊倒，犯错误，蹒跚，无意中发现。N.绊倒，错误。
Stumbleblock 绊脚石stumble on 偶然遇到，碰巧找到
Stumble along 东倒西歪地走。Stumble toward 跌跌撞撞地走向
Tumble .v.暴跌，倒塌，跌倒，翻滚。弄乱，明白，突然发现。
Tumbling. n. 摔跤，翻跟头。Adj.斜的。
Tumbler.n . 不倒翁，杂技演员，平底无脚酒杯，锁的制动栓。
Umbl.adj. 脐的，控制用的，n.地面线缆和管道。脱落插头。
Tum 肚子，胃，adj 英国方言空的，中空的。
Tummy 【口语】肚子，【非正式】胃
Tumour.【英】肿瘤。Tumor 【美】肿瘤
Benigh tumour.良性肿瘤
Benigh: adj.温和的，仁慈的，善良的，有利于健康的，【医】良性的
4.e nthusiasm 热情，热心，热衷的事物。
Enthuse .使热心，充满热情地说。
6immerse v.浸没，施浸礼，沉迷……中，陷入。
7chemistry.n.化学。物质的化学组成、性质。化学作用。神秘的变化过程。
Che ,可以看作change. Mistry ,近似于mistery,神秘的。Mist,雾，模糊，神秘。Misty，有雾的，模糊的，朦胧不清的。
8prompt adj.迅速的，敏捷的，立刻的
v．激情，促进，推动，提示，vi，提示，提示的内容n. 付款的期限
9 devotion n.虔诚，献身，奉献，热爱，专心，热心。
Devote .vt.致力于，奉献给，把……专用于。
Vote.n.选举权，投票，选举。
10.perceive .v.注意到，觉察到，认为，理解。
11. eminent .著名的，卓越。
Distinguished prominent
Pro n.能手，行家，正面，职业选手，赞成票，代替，脯氨酸。老手。
Adj. 专业的，赞成的，体育运动。
Adv. 正面地，赞成地。
Prep 赞成，为··的，按的；随，视。Process , processing
12 .enrolment n.登记或者注册，入学，入伍，入会。
13.breakthroug. 突破，突破性进展。
14. quinine. 奎宁，金鸡纳霜，治疗疟疾的药。奎宁，在秘鲁语中是“树皮”的意思。
15.viable.可行的，能生存的。
16.treatment 治疗，对待，处理
17 cinchona n.金鸡纳树(皮)
18.surpass vt.超越，胜过
19.passing comment 信口的评论。
passing n. 通过，逝去adj,经过的，短暂的，及格的，adv.非常。
20.desirability.n.称心如意的人或物，有利条件。
21.substitute. n.代替品，代用品，vt 代替，用……代替，代之以。。
sub 潜艇，替代的。替代，转包合同
21 take up v.拿起，开始，从事，吸收，接纳，占去，继续做，做某事消遣
22 vacation n. 假期，度假，腾出。Vi，度假
23 aniline n 苯胺，adj 苯胺的，阿尼林油（音译好记忆）
24.tar .n. 焦油，柏油。【口】水手，vt 涂以焦油
25.sludge .n 泥泞，淤泥，泥状雪。沉淀物
26. substance 实质，物质，财产，内容，重要性
27.potassium 钾K
28 dichromate. N.重铬酸钾。Chromate .铬酸钾。Di,重，双，两个？？29．Excretion n.排泄物
Excrete .v.排泄，分泌
30 glandular adj,腺（状）的，起腺体功能的
Gland 腺
31.mucus 粘液，黏液
32 snail. 蜗牛，慢吞吞的人物
33 outrageous adj . 过分的，骇人的。
Rage n.狂怒，肆虐，风行。V。大怒，怒斥，激烈进行
34 tend to vt 倾向，易于，导致，有助于。
35.muddy，泥泞的，浑浊的，糊涂的，V使沉烂泥，使迷惑
36. hue 色调，色彩。样子，意味，信仰，喊叫。
37. fade ,v 褪色，凋谢，n淡入，淡出
38 backdrop 背景
39 patent 专利，特许，vt，给予专利权，adj，专利的，显著的。
Patentee ,n.专利权所有人。Patent right，专利权。Patent infringment 专利侵权
40 fascinating 迷人的。
41 reaction 反应，生理反应，反应能力，复旧，反动，化学反应。
42 mauve 淡紫色，木槿姿，苯胺紫
43 violet 紫罗兰，紫色，紫色的。
44 mauveine 木槿紫，苯胺紫
45 mentor 指导者，v，指导【谐音门徒儿】
46 utilsing utilise 利用
47 byproduct 副产品
48 works n 工厂，修建，机器部件，全套物品
49 boost v 提高，增加，鼓励，为……做宣传。N. 增加，推进鼓励。
50 empress 女皇，皇后
51 flatter v . 奉承，恭维，取悦，显得好看。
52 shade n. 阴影，遮蔽，色彩浓淡v渐变
53 被打败的，被胜过的
54 gown 长袍，长外衣
55 bold 大胆的，陡峭的，醒目的，粗体的，无礼的
56 decorative 装饰的，装饰性的
57 draw ing board 绘图板
58 Vital 至关重要的，有活力的，生死攸关的。
59 stain，v 弄脏，玷污，着色。N。污点，瑕疵，着色剂，燃料
60 previous adj 以前的，先的，在。。。之前。
61 microbe 微生物
62 bacilli 杆状菌
63 . tuberculosis 肺结核
64 cholera 霍乱
65 anthrax 炭疽病
66 vaccine 疫苗
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