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大学四级模拟4

大学英语四级考试预测试卷二

Part I Writing

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Will E-mail Replace Hand- written Letter? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

1. 许多人认为电子邮件将会取代传统书信

2. 也有人对此持不同意见

3. 你的观点

Will E-mail Replace Hand-written Letter?

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)

Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Do Clean Smell Encourage Clean Behavior

Years ago, social scientists introduced the broken-windows theory of crime control, which assumed that if a neighborhood looked orderly and cared for—with no broken windows—potential wrongdoers would be dissuaded from committing crimes there. Now psychologists have proposed a similar theory, which suggests that people can be induced to behave morally when their environment smells as clean as it looks.

It's the Macbeth principle of morality, says Katie Liljenquist, professor of organizational leadership at Brigham Young University's Marriott School of Management and lead author of the new study, to be published in Psychological Science. "There is a strong link between moral and physical purity that people associate at a core level. People feel contaminated (受污染的) by immoral choices and try to wash away their sins," says Liljenquist. "To some degree, washing actually is effective in relieving guilt. What we wondered was whether you could regulate ethical behavior through cleanliness. We found that we could. "

In two separate experiments, researchers were able to influence participants' behavior by exposing them to "cleanliness" in the form of a common cleaning agent's smell—in this case, orange-scented Windex (清新剂). It turned out that people who sat in a room sprayed with Windex were more likely to act fairly and charitably than those in unscented air.

The first experiment involved an anonymous game of trust. The 28 study participants were told they would be "receivers," with whom a group of anonymous "senders" had been instructed to invest money. Participants were told that each sender had been given $ 4 and told that any part of it invested with receivers would be tripled. The job

of the receiver, then, was to decide what portion of the dividends to return to the sender.

In reality, there was no sender, and each study participant received $12, making it seem as though the senders had entrusted them with the full $ 4 they had been given. But would the receivers return that trust or exploit their unidentified investors? On average, those in the plain-smelling room returned $2.5 to the sender, pocketing the lion's share of the money. But those bathed in the scent of Windex sent back an average of $ 5.5, returning the senders' blind faith.

The scientists insist they didn't overdo it with the Windex, just a few spritzes(喷)—so we can get. rid of brain-cell death or poisoning-induced generosity as reasons why those receivers gave back so much of the stolen property. Rather, Liljenquist says, "a moral awareness was awakened in a clean-smelling environment. "

In the second experiment, researchers aimed to manipulate

people's tendency toward charity. Ninety-nine participants were assigned to either a Windex-scented room or a neutral-smelling room and given a packet of tasks to complete. Included in the packet was a flyer requesting volunteers and donations to the charity Habitat for Humanity. As expected, people in the Windex-sprayed room were more inclined to volunteer and give money than those in the unscented room—22% of those in the clean group said they wanted to donate money, compared with 6% of the controls.

According to co-author Adam Galinsky, a social psychologist at Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management, society

relies on incentives(刺激，动机), in the form of rewards and punishments, to encourage people to adjust to certain standards of behavior. "Economists and even psychologists haven't been paying much attention to the fact that small changes in our environment can have dramatic effects on behavior. We underemphasize these subtle environmental cues," he says.

Liljenquist says the real-life implications of the study could be as simple as an office investing more in janitorial supplies (清洁用品) than in expensive investigation equipment to keep workers in line. Other researchers suggest, however, that perhaps it wasn't the clean smell that made people more virtuous in the new study, but rather the smell of orange; that is, people may have behaved better because they smelled something they liked, rather than something "clean." "It

could be simply that a positive smell creates a positive mood, which encourages positive behavior. You cannot conclude it is cleanliness

of itself," says Brown University psychologist Rachel Herz, author of The Scent of Desire. To rule out the contradictory factor of good smells, she says, the study's authors could have added a third room

to the experiment scented with recently baked chocolate chip cookies, for example.

Nevertheless, both morality researchers and olfactory(嗅觉的) scientists agree that people do strongly associate physical

cleanliness with purity of conscience. It is the notion at the heart

of proverbs like "cleanliness is next to godliness" and evidenced by the widespread use of cleansing ceremonies to wash away sins in various religions around the world. (Truth be told, that practice is merely a reckoning of an evolutionary strategy to avoid disease.) For their part, Liljenquist and Galinsky say they controlled for the good-mood effect by giving participants in the second experiment

a mood-screening questionnaire. They also say their results are consistent with existing written material on cleanliness and morality. For instance, in one of Liljenquist's earlier studies, she found, among other things, that cleaning hands after writing about a moral violation made people feel less guilty about it. Other researchers have also tackled the issue of morality and smell, but from the opposite end of the scope. A paper published last year in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin revealed that people are more critical and judgmental about certain moral issues when exposed

to the vapors of a smelly-scented spray.

Yes, a smelly-scented spray is a commercially available product. By the way, according to a psychologist who has worked with it in experiments, it is nearly impossible to get rid of it.

Orange-scented Windex certainly makes for a nicer lab environment, which perhaps has something to do with Liljenquist's continued

interest in this line of study. "Research on how to stay on the moral high ground and promote virtue," she says, "is something I find refreshing. "

1. The broken-windows theory of crime control assumed that if a neighborhood is well managed, ______.

A) potential wrongdoers would be dissuaded from breaking windows.

B) psychologist would suggest people behave morally.

C) it is less likely that people would commit crime there.

D) it would smei1 as clean as it looks.

2. According to the Macbeth principle of morality, washing is a way to ______.

A) show strong link between moral and physical purity.

B) get rid of things which are contaminated.

C) relieve guilt

D) regulate ethical behavior

3. How much did the people in the plain-smelling room pocket during the experiment?

A) $4. B) $9.5. C) $2.5. D) $5.5.

4. Why did the scientists scent the room with only a few sprays

of Windex in the experiment?

A) Because they wanted to rule out of other explanations for people's behavior.

B) Because they didn't want the subjects to notice the smell.

C) Because Windex are poisonous.

D) Because they would like to keep the room clean.

5. What did Adam Galinsky believe?

A) People should get reward to be encouraged to behave well

B) Our behavior would be greatly influenced by changes in our environment.

C) Economists and psychologists hadn't been paying much attention to the smell changes.

D) People often neglected environment changes.

6. According to Liljenquist, what is the implication of the study?

A) People should buy more janitorial supplies.

B) People should not invest in expensive investigation.

C) People should use more Windex.

D) People should make the environment much cleaner.

7. What's the flaw of the experiment according to Rachel Herz?

A) It should have added a third room with orange smell.

B) It should have used chocolate cookies' smell instead of Windex spray.

C) It didn't exclude the factor of good smell from clean smell.

D) It didn't provide the subjects with chocolate cookies.

8. According to scientists, many people believe that physical cleanliness is trongly linked to ______.

9. One of Liljenquist's study showed that if people clean hands after writing about a moral violation, they would feel ______.

10. A paper published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin revealed that when people are exposed to smelly scent, they will be more ______.

Part III Listening Comprehension

Section A

Directions:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) , and decide which is the best answer.

11. A) He can count on his friends for help. B) His friend will not help him at all.

C) He can ask for help from his friend. D) Everyone in his class can help him.

12. A) Excited B) Embarrassed. C) Worried. D) Relieved.

13. A) Surprise visits are acceptable among close friends.

B) Surprise visits are not welcome even among close friends.

C) People expect even their close friends to call them before their visits.

D) Dropping in on your friends is considered good manners.

14. A) Animals will soon be allowed in Mr. Smith's building.

B) Mr. Smith is allergic to dogs.

C) She also plans to get a pet.

D) Mr. Smith will get a lift to his apartment from a friend.

15. A) The woman doesn't need to join the chess club.

B) The woman needs lots of time to play chess.

C) He's not a very good chess player himself.

D) He's willing to teach the woman how to play chess.

16. A) Because he is wearing jewelry. B) Because he has keys in his pocket.

C) Because he has a mental plate in his bag. D) Because he has a steel plate in his body.

17. A) The man was stuck in a heavy traffic. B) There is something wrong with the man's car.

C) The man always makes excuses for his being late. D) The man got an irritating headache.

18. A) Taking a short break.

B) Helping each other with the assignment.

C) Gathering more information from other students they know.

D) Asking a professor for help.

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

19. A) She hasn't seen her friend for years. B) She worries about her friend's health.

C) She worries her daughter's health. D) She worries about her daughter's study

20. A) She only focuses on fashion and boys. B) She only focuses on her study.

C) She only focuses on her father. D) She only focuses on her mother.

21. A) Taught her English herself. B) Went to talk with her teacher.

C) Signed up for a language training class for her. D) Talked with her friend.

22. A) Talk with her teacher. B) Talk with her friend.

C) Talk with her classmates. D) Talk with her father.

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

23. A) On TV. B) By herself. C) In the directory. D) On the internet.

24. A) 24 hours a day. B) 11:00 p.m. C) 6:30 a.m. D) 9:00 a.m.

25. A) In the hotel. B) In the hairdresser near the hotel.

C) In the hairdresser's in the downtown. D) At the front counter.

Section B

Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) .

Passage One

Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.

26. A) The Latino and black students. B) The black and poor students.

C) The black and Asian students. D) Many who are bored with their classes.

27. A) About 55%. B) About 15%. C) About 50%. D) About 5%.

28. A) Low expectations from educators. B) Teenager pregnancies.

C) The students are bored with their classes. D) They become prisoners.

Passage Two

Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.

29. A) A Swedish company. B) A Russian company.

C) An American company. D) A Chinese company.

30. A) 40. B) 14. C) 3. D) 13.

31. A) In three and a half years. B) In four and a half years.

C) In four years. D) In three years.

Passage Three

Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.

32. A) Gray or white. B) Brown or red. C) Red or yellow. D) Yellow or red.

33. A) From 400 to 600 pounds. B) From 400 to 500 pounds.

C) From 300 to 500 pounds. D) From 600 to 700 pounds.

34. A) Leaves. B) Herbs. C) Fruit. D) Human.

35. A) During mating season. B) Except during the mating season.

C) AII the year round. D) Only in spring.

Section C

Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36

to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered

44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard

or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

The United States government wants to know what the public thinks about its findings on the safety of (36) animals.

The Food and Drug Administration says meat and milk from clones

of adult cattle, pigs and goats are safe to eat. An FDA (37) called them "as safe to eat as the food we eat every day."

And when those clones (38) sexually, the agency says, their (39) are safe to eat as well. But research on cloned sheep is limited. So the FDA (40) that sheep clones not be used for human food.

The United States this year could become the first country to (41) the sale of foods from cloned animals.

First, however, the public will have ninety clays to (42) on

three proposed documents. On December twenty-eighth the FDA released

a long report, called a draft risk (43) , along with two policy documents.

(44) . The FDA seemed ready to act several years ago, but an advisory committee called for more research. (45) . Clones are still rare. They cost a lot and are difficult to produce. (46) Critics question the safety. Animal rights activists also have objections.

Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in depth)

Section A

Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.

Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.

What is the single largest cause of sick leave in the UK? The answer is not the common cold or flu, but back pain. Back pain

affects one in three British adults, costs the country over

￡ 5billion every year and is difficult to treat.

But now Britain's National Health Service (NHS) will be offering

a new (47) : acupuncture. The ancient Chinese needle therapy(疗法)has been around in the UK for many years, but this is the first time it has been (48) endorsed(批准) by the NHS's advisory body, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE).

Traditionally, doctors in the UK have advised back pain sufferers to stay (49) , do stretching exercises and take painkillers when necessary. In more serious cases some people are given X-ray (50) or

injections. NICE, however, say there is evidence that acupuncture may be more (51) than expensive X-rays or injections, so patients who have been suffering for over six weeks should be given a choice.

As an (52) to acupuncture, patients will be able to opt for

either a course of spinal manipulation (脊椎推拿), or a (53) of special exercise sessions. In the UK, acupuncture is classed as a complementary therapy, which is the term given to a medical procedure which hasn't been (54) to the strict trials by which scientists prove some treatments work.

While many experts have (55) the move to make acupuncture available on the NHS, some are still skeptical about its effectiveness. So while some are yet to be (56) , back pain sufferers will be hoping that acupuncture helps get them feeling healthy and mobile again. Employers, on the other hand, will be hoping it gets them back to work.

A) active F) traditionally K) convinced

B) subjected G) officially L) treatment

C) method H) creative M) welcomed

D) solution I) series N) cure

E) effective J) confirmed O) alternative

Section B

Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) .

Passage One

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

A paper published by two researchers at the University of London claims to prove that music affects our responses to visual images. In "Crossmodal Transfer of Emotion by Music," Joydeep Bhattacharya and Nidhya Logeswaran report that people who look at a picture of a human face can be influenced in how they evaluate the emotion shown by that face if they listen to a 15-second snippet(片断) of music before viewing it. If the music is "happy," then the subject is more likely to judge the facial expression shown in the picture as happy—even if the expression is neutral—and vice versa.

Forgive me for rolling my eyes, but I've been down this road a few million times, and I still don't know where it leads. Only the tone-deaf doubt the power of music, though some feel it more strongly than others. Kingsley Amis actually went so far as to claim that "only a world without love strikes me as instantly and decisively more terrible than one without music." Catch me on the right day and I might well go along with Amis—but why? What is it about music that is capable of swaying human emotions?

It won't surprise me if neuroscientists eventually succeed in unlocking the mystery of music. I don't fear that prospect, but I do have a suspicion that part of the charm of music lies in the fact

that we don't know what it means, any more than we can explain the equally mysterious charm of a plotless ballet by George Balanchine or an abstract painting by Piet Mondrian. "We dare to go into the world where there are no names for anything," Balanchine once said to Jerome Robbins.

Most of us, on the other hand, live in a prosy(单调的), commonsense world where everything has a name and most things have an explanation. That's why it is so refreshing to enter into the presence of great art, and why the greatest works of art always contain an element of ambiguity(含糊). A masterpiece doesn't push you around. It lets you make up your own mind about what it means—and change it as often as you like.

57. What is the finding made by Joydeep Bhattacharya and Nidhya Logeswaran?

A) People who look at a picture of a human face can be affected by the emotion of that face.

B) Music will have influence on people's evaluation of the emotion of a picture of a human face.

C) The facial expression people have looked at will influence the music they listen to later.

D) Even if the music is neutral, people are likely to judge the facial expression shown in the picture as happy.

58. In paragraph 2, the author mentioned Kingsley Amis to illustrate that ______.

A) a world without love will strike people terribly

B) Kingsley Amis feels the power of music more strongly than others

C) music has its own special power

D) only music can change human emotions

59. What is the charm of music according to the author?

A) It can raise people's suspicion.

B) People are not quiet sure of its meaning.

C) It can unlock the mysterious fact neuroscientists do not know.

D) It can be of help to explain the equally mysterious plotless ballet or an abstract painting.

60. According to the last paragraph, what is a masterpiece?

A) It has a great name and good explanation.

B) It has a refreshing explanation.

C) It has different meanings according to different people.

D) It often changes its name so as not to push you around.

61. What do you think the author's attitude toward the commonsense world?

A) Positive. B) Angry. C) Affirmative. D) Bored.

Passage Two

Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.

Many people view retirement as a time to stop working. But new research shows that people who take on full-or part-time jobs after retirement have better health.

The finding is based on data collected from 12,189 men and women over a 6-year period. The participants, who were from ages 51 to 61 at the start of the study, answered questions about their employment history, experiences after retirement and their physical and mental health. Researchers from the University of Maryland found that men and women who kept working after retirement had fewer major diseases or disabilities than those who quit work, according to the study. Retirees benefited whether the work was a full-or-part-time job,

self-employment or temporary.

While working after retirement is good for you, the data also suggest that retirees shouldn't take on just any job. Among those who kept working, the retirees who found work related to their previous careers had the best mental health. The study authors speculated (猜测) that working outside a person's main area of expertness might lead to more stress.

Other studies have also supported the idea that working after retirement is good for you. A long-term study of 1,000 men and women born in 1920 suggested that working after retirement was associated with living longer. The participants joined the study at age 70 and were tracked for 14 years by researchers from the Hadassah Hospital Mount Scopus in Jerusalem.

After controlling for individuals' health at the beginning of the study, the researchers found that whether a person was still alive after 12 years was strongly associated with whether they had been actively working or were fully retired. Among the 1,000 people studied, those who continued to work at age 70 and beyond were 2.5 times as likely to be alive at age 82 as those who had retired and were not working at" the beginning of the study.

Another study showed that losing a job at an older age can be destructive to health. Yale researchers followed 4,220 workers, ages 51 to 61, for 6 years. During the study period, 457 workers lost

their jobs. Being laid off close to retirement increased the risk for stroke by three times, according to the study published in the American Journal of Industrial Medicine.

62. What is true about the research mentioned in the beginning of the passage?

A) The participants were investigated for 6 years between ages 51 to 61.

B) The participants answered questions at the start of the study.

C) The participants who kept working were in better shape than the others.

D) All kinds of jobs would be good for people as long as they kept working.

63. What is the best way to maintain mental health according to the passage?

A) Try any job you can find. B) Stop working.

C) Continue the career. D) Find another challenging job.

64. What is true about the study of 1,000 people born in 1920?

A) It shows working is also good for people's physical health.

B) The participants were tracked over a 14-year period and then investigated at 70.

C) Retirees will live another 12 years if they keep on working.

D) It finds the 70-year-olds would increase by 2.5 times to be alive at age 82 if they kept working.

65. What is the main finding of Yale's research?

A) It is easier to lose jobs before retirement.

B) People who are laid off are 3 times as likely to get stroke as those who are retired.

C) If a person loses his job at an older age, it will do great harm to him.

D) 457 workers, aged from 51 to 61, have increased the risk for stroke by three times.

66. What can be the best title for the passage?

A) Working and Health. B) For a Healthy Retirement, Keep Working.

C) Watch out Your Retirement. D) Three Studies to Remind You of Your Health.

Part V Cloze

Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits

into the passage.

SIGG's trendy aluminum water bottles have scored a lot of free advertising in recent years. SIGG has been (67) for more than 100 years. Much of its (68) can be (69) to research publicized in 2007 about BPA's (70) safety. The Swiss brand became the must-have as consumers rushed to find (71) to plastic bottles that (72) bisphenol-A (BPA) , a (73) chemical used to harden plastics, which some studies have linked to diabetes, premature puberty in girls and reduced sperm count in men. SIGG was one of the companies (74) profit from all the

bad (75) over BPA. SIGG's reusable aluminum bottles seemed the

perfect solution both (76) the health and the environment.

But many consumers are feeling (77) now that the company has been disclosed for failing to tell the public that its bottles were not (78) from BPA, at least not the ones that were manufactured before August 2008. While there's no (79) showing the first-generation SIGGs did in fact contain BPA, there's still plenty of complaining at the company's lack of (80) . The news is (81) troubling since the company internally acknowledged the chemical's safety problem as early (82) 2006, when it quietly decided to formulate a new, BPA- free liner.

To placate the masses, SIGG has (83) to exchange those older, BPA-laden bottles (84) new ones through Oct. 31, but people are still feeling betrayed. Like many parents, I know, a couple years ago I tossed all the baby bottles I had-and any (85) sippers(虹吸瓶) too—and invested in SIGGs, which cost about $20 each (86) to find out we were going in the wrong direction.

67. A) trendy B) about

C) fashionable D) around

68. A) popularity B) population

C) publicity D) publication

69. A) dated B) traced

C) originated D) sourced

70. A) questionable B) controllable

C) producing D) doubtful

71. A) access B) advantage

C) alternative D) right

72. A) sustained B) contained

C) maintained D) retained

73. A) controversial B) convertible

C) reversible D) conversational

74. A) which B) what

C) that D) who

75. A) publicity B) popularity

C) influence D) disadvantage

76. A) from B) to

C) out D) into

77. A) relieved B) conceived

C) deceived D) perceived

78. A) made B) free

C) exempted D) deprived

79. A) dividend B) demenstration

C) evidence D) device

80. A) pleasure B) measure

C) treasure D) disclosure

81. A) specifically B) especially

C) surprisingly D) undoubtfully

82. A) to B) from

C) with D) as

83. A) to B) with

C) on D) about

84. A) agreed B) consented

C) negotiated D) initiated

85. A) perspective B) respected

C) suspect D) inspected

86. A) just B) as

C) but D) only

Part VI Translation

Directions:Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.

87. In making such models, wonderful skill is called for,

______(也需要透彻了解植物的结构).

88. It is quite necessary to ______(把我们课堂上学习的东西应用到实践当中).

89. Only when he saw the score in the exam ______(他才意识到他应该奋起直追了).

90. It is imperative that the government ______(吸引更多资金投入汽车业).

91. Since last year, Professor Wang ______(研究取得了重大进展).

大学英语四级考试预测试卷二答案详解

Part I Writing

Sample

Will E-mail Replace Hand-written Letter?

(1) Email is becoming more and more popular as the internet spreads into our everyday lives. With the wide use of internet, Email has(2) an easy access for all. What is more, it is great for speed and convenience so that it saves a lot of time, energy and money. Considering all the benefits of email, people suspect email will replace letter writing.

(3) There are still other people who hold different views. They believe that a hand-written letter has a more lasting and significant effect. The time, love, and care that one puts into a hand-written

1etter make it more valued to the maintenance of a relationship. While an email might end up unread in a full inbox, (4) somehow vanished or just disregarded.

(5) Even though email is a great form of communication, I am certain that letter writing is irreplaceable. (6) In no way can a quick email convey and accomplish as much as a (7) deliberate, well-

worded letter does. In my eyes, there seems to be no better choice than writing a letter to express deep, heartfelt and profound love.

Analysis

(1) 开篇点明电子邮件的好处以及人们支持使用的原因。

(2) access意为“使用权”。

(3) 反对电子邮件者的观点。

(4) 注意vanish及disregard的使用。

(5) 陈述作者观点。

(6) 注意in no way引导的倒装结构的使用。

(7) 注意deliberate，well-worded这些亮点词汇的使用。

Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)

1．C)

[一点即通] 根据题干关键词broken-windows theory，neighborhood，well managed定位到原文第一段第一句：...the broken-windows theory...assumed that if a neighborhood looked orderly and cared for—with no broken windows—potential wrongdoers would be dissuaded from committing crimes there.可知如果一个社区管理得井井有条，没有破窗，那么罪犯就可能不在那儿犯罪，C)项符合文意。

2．C)

[一点即通] 根据题干关键词Macbeth principle of morality，washing

定位到原文第二段倒数第三句：To some degree, washing actually is effective in relieving guilt. 可知清洗能有效减轻罪恶感，C)项符合原文。

3．B)

[一点即通] 根据题干关键词experiment，plain-smelling room和选项中的阿拉伯数字定位到原文第五段：... each study participant received$12, making it seem as though the senders had entrusted them with the full $4 they had been given...On average, those in the plain-smelling room returned $2.5 to the sender, pocketing the lion's share of the money.可知实验中发放者给了每个人12美元，但最终实验对象平均送回2.81美元，而把剩余部分自己留下了，即留下了12-2.5=9.5美元。

4．A)

[一点即通] 根据题干关键词why，a few sprays定位到第五段：...they didn't overdo it with the Windex, just a few spritzes—so we can get rid of brain-cell death or poisoning-induced generosity as reasons why...可知实验中科研人员并没有在屋子里喷很多的Windex香水，而是仅仅喷了几下，这样就能排除下面两个因素——(香水过量导致的)大脑细胞死亡、气味中毒导致的慷慨——从而更精确地评估香味对人的举止的影响。A)项符合文意。

5．B)

[一点即通] 根据题干关键词Adam Galinsky believe定位到原文第第八段第二句："Economists and even psychologists haven't been paying much attention to the fact that small changes in our environment can have dramatic effects on behavior. We underemphasize these subtle

environmental cues," he says. 可知Adam说人们往往忽视了细小的环境变化会对人的行为产生极大的影响，即他认为环境对人影响巨大，B)项符合文意。

6．D)

[一点即通] 根据题干关键词Liljenquist，implication of the study定位到原文第九段第一句：Liljenquist says the real-life implications of the study could be as simple as an office investing more in

janitorial supplies...to keep workers in line.可知Liljenquist认为，在规范工人的行为的时候，与其花费大量金钱购买调查设备，不如购置一些清洁工具；此句承接了上一段的论点：环境的改变能对人的行为有非常大的影响。由此推知购置清洁工具的目的是营造一个干净的环境。D)项符合文意。

7．C)

[一点即通] 根据题干关键词Rachel Herz，flaw定位到原文第9段最后一句：To rule out the contradictory factor of good smells, she says, the study's authors could have added a third room to the experiment scented with recently baked chocolate chip cookies, for example. 可知Rachel Herz认为实验并没有把“清洁的气味(clean smell)”与“令人愉悦的气味(good smell)”区分开来，实验中应该再加入一个房间，来排除令人愉悦的气味影响行为的解释。C)项符合文意。

8．purity of conscience

[一点即通] 根据题干关键词scientists，physical cleanliness定位到原文第十段第一句：Nevertheless, both morality researchers and olfactory scientists agree that people do strongly associate physical cleanliness with purity of conscience. 可知人们都会将肉体的清洁与意识的圣洁联系起来。

9．1ess guilty

[一点即通] 根据题干关键词Liljenquist，clean hands，moral

violation定位到原文第十一段：For instance, in one of Liljenquist's earlier studies, she found, among other things, that cleaning hands after writing about a moral violation made people feel less guilty about it. 可知在写完不道德的事情后洗洗手会使人感觉不那么有负疚感。

10．critical and judgmental

[一点即通] 根据题干关键词Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，smelly scent，more定位到原文倒数第二段倒数第三句：A paper published last year in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin revealed that people are more critical and judgmental about certain moral issues when exposed to the vapors of a smelly-scented spray. 可知当人们处于难闻气味时会更加具有批判性。

Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension

Section A

11. M: I hope I can rely on Peterson to lend me reference books for next week's paper. He's been my classmate ever since high school after all.

W: As far as I know, he usually turns his back on anyone who needs a hand from him.

Q: What does the woman imply?

12. W: Thank goodness! You've finally arrived. The conference started thirty minutes ago, and I was just beginning to panic.

M: Sorry for my being late. The traffic was extremely heavy this morning. The Fifth Avenue was totally a mess!

Q: How did the woman feel when she saw the man?

13. W: Harry, It's polite to call friends before a visit, isn't it?

M: You are absolutely right with that! People in the West usually don't like surprise visits. But close friends often drop in on each other whenever they feel like. That's another story!

Q: What does the man mean?

14. M: Mr. Smith is talking about getting a dog from one of his friends.

W: Yeah. I hear his apartment building is about to remove the ban on pets.

Q: What does the woman mean?

15. W: I'd really like to learn how to play the chess, it is good for relaxation, but it looks so complicated and takes ages to learn.

M: Well, usually it takes a long time to be good at it. But we can go over the basics this afternoon if you like. I have no classes this afternoon anyway.

Q: What does the man imply?

16. W: Air security checks in the airport always make me nervous. I'm worried that I'll set off the alarm because of my jewelry.

M: No, I know I'll set off security alarm for sure. I have a

steel plate in my arm from a rugby injury.

Q: Why will the man set off the alarm in the airport?

17. M: Mrs. Wilson, I'm sorry to be late. Well, you know it is rush hour so that...

W: Drop it! I've got enough of your stories about the heavy traffic, the car problems, the annoying headaches. Do you have anything new?

Q: What can we learn from the conversation?

18. M: I am having such a hard time with the biology assignment. How about you?

W: I am struggling too, why don't we put our heads together?

Q: What does the woman suggest?

Conversation One

M: Hi, Sally! It's been ages since we met last time. How are you getting along with everything?

W: It's all right! And OK with you?

M: Yeah, but you look a little upset today. Anything wrong?

W: (19) Oh, I've got a problem with my daughter Christina. She's seventeen now. And next year she'll go to college. (20) But all in her mind are only fashions and boys but learning.

M: Sally, it's quite normal for girls of Christina's age to focus on the opposite sex and fashions alike. We used to be young, right?

W: But her grades slipped sharply. Without good grades, you'll never enter a top university. Without college degree, how can you get a job, let alone a good job in the future?

M: Then I think what you need is to sit down and have a talk with her.

W: Talk about what? She knows everything. Her father gets some money to send her abroad after graduation. Christina is surely clear about that!

M: But even if she will go abroad someday, she has to learn English well anyway, right?

W: That's the headache! (21) I've signed up for a language training session for her already. Anyway, she has to work hard by herself.

M: (22) Why not talk everything with her teacher in school? It will help!

W: Great idea! I've never thought about that. I'll take it to her teacher tomorrow. Thank you!

M: My pleasure. I did it for my son last time!

Conversation Two

M: Here's your room, you'll stay here over three nights, madam?

W: Yeah, thank you! What a large room with a bird's eye view over the Sea.

M: All the rooms here in our hotel are quite large with beautiful view. Let me open the drapes(布帘) for you! (23) Madam, you'll find all the information about your room facilities in the directory next to the telephone beside your bed.

W: Oh, I see. Is there any access to the Internet in this room? I need it to deal with my business at night.

M: Of course! Just plug in your laptop as you like.

W: May I know any more information about room services, like the restaurant?

M: Yeah, there are two restaurants, one on the second and the other on the top floor. (24) They are open from 6: 30 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. By the way, there are several shops and boutiques here around the hotel. So it is easy for you to do some shopping.

W: (25) Is there a hairdressing salon here as well?

M: (25) Yeah, there's one off the lobby to the left of the hotel. But I'm afraid it will open until 9:00 a. m. in the morning.

W: That's OK with me!

M: You can call the housekeeper if you have something washed. Just call the front counter whenever you feel need any help. Our room service is available 24 hours every day. We'll be always with you!

W: Thanks again!

Section B

Passage One

Many young people in the United States never finish high school. Exactly how many drop out is another issue. Recent studies of dropout rates have conflicting results. For one thing, schools define and measure their dropout rates differently. Some researchers say about fifteen to twenty percent of public school students do not complete their education. But many other experts and policymakers believe that for the past twenty years, the dropout rate has been around thirty percent.

(26) For Latino and black students, the numbers are even higher. Researchers say almost half of them leave school. (27) At the same time, almost half the states let students leave school before the age of eighteen without informing their parents. Finding a good job without a high school education is more and more difficult. A Northeastern University study in 2002 found that almost half of all dropouts from sixteen to twenty-four did not have a job. The lack of a high school education can also lead to other problems. An estimated two-thirds of prisoners in the United States dropped out of high school.

Recent studies have shown that the majority of students who drop out do not do it because they are failing. (28) Many are bored with their classes or feel disconnected from their school and teachers. Some students feel that educators place low expectations on them. Teenager pregnancies also aggravate the dropout problem.

Passage Two

A $150 million project to replace all of the vertical suspension cables on the 100-year-old Manhattan Bridge will cause occasional weekend disruptions in subway service and require closings of the bikeway and some traffic lanes for parts of the next four years, city transportation officials said this week.

(29) The city's Department of Transportation is preparing to award a contract for the repair work to Skanska, a Swedish company whose American headquarters are in New York. The department notified Skanska last week that its bid, which was just shy of $150 million, was lower than the other four received.

(30) The contract is one of 14 that make up the final phase of a three-decade effort to rebuild the bridge, which connects Lower Manhattan to Downtown Brooklyn. All told, about $ 830 million has been spent repairing the bridge, which suffered from neglect during

the city's financial crisis in the 1970s, said Brian Gill, the chief engineer of Manhattan Bridge reconstruction for the Transportation Department.

(31) Skanska has said that it will complete the work, which includes replacing the necklaces of lights that illuminate the

bridge's outer cables, in three and a half, years. Mr. Gill said the city could penalize the company if it did not complete the work on schedule.

During that period, subway service across the bridge on the B, D, N and Q lines will be suspended on as many as eight weekends, Mr.

Gill said. The schedule for those suspensions has not yet been determined, said Seth Solomonow, the department's spokesman.

Passage Three

American black bears appear in a variety of colors despite their name. In the eastern part of their range, most of these brown, red,

or even yellow coats. (32) To the north, the black bear is actually gray or white in color. Even in the same litter, both brown and black furred bears may be born.

Black bears are the smallest of all American bears, ranging in length from five to six feet, (33) weighing from three hundred to

five hundred pounds.

Like all bears, the black bear is timid, clumsy, and rarely dangerous, but if attacked, most can climb trees and cover ground at great speeds. When angry or frightened, it is a formidable enemy.

(34) Black bears feed on leaves, herbs, fruit, berries, insects, fish, and even larger animals. One of the most interesting characteristics of bears is their winter sleep. Unlike squirrels, woodchucks, and many other woodland animals, bears do not actually hibernate (冬眠). Although the bear does not during the winter months, sustaining itself from body fat, its temperature remains almost normal.

(35) Most black bears live alone, except during mating season. They prefer to live in caves, hollow logs, or dense thickets. A

little of one to four cubs is born in January or February after a gestation period of six to nine months, and they remain with their mother until they are fully grown or about one and a half years old. Black bears can live as long as thirty years in the wild, and even longer in game preserves set aside for them.

Section C

The United States government wants to know what the public thinks about its findings on the safety of (36) cloned animals.

The Food and Drug Administration says meat and milk from clones

of adult cattle, pigs and goats are safe to eat. An FDA (37) official called them "as safe to eat as the food we eat every day. "

And when those clones (38) reproduce sexually, the agency says, their (39) offsprings are safe to eat as well. But research on cloned sheep is limited. So the FDA (40) proposes that sheep clones not be used for human food.

The United States this year could become the first country to (41) approve the sale of foods from cloned animals.

First, however, the public will have ninety days to (42) comment on three proposed documents. On December twenty-eighth the FDA released a long report, called a draft risk (43) assessment, along

with two policy documents.

(44) The agency says it must receive comments by April second.

The FDA seemed ready to act several years ago, but an advisory committee called for more research. (45) For now, the government will continue to ask producers to honor a request that they not sell foods from cloned animals. Clones are still rare. They cost a lot and are difficult to produce. (46) Some people think farmers might find it difficult to export products from cloned animals. Critics question

the safety. Animal rights activists also have objections.

11．B)His friend will not help him at all.

[一点即通] 从对话中可以听出，虽然男士对Peterson能借给他参考书抱

有希望，但是从女士的回答中可以知道Peterson不是愿意帮忙的人，理解的关键在于turn his back on anyone，故选B)项。

12．D)Relieved.

[一点即通] 理解该问的关键在于女士的第一句话Thank goodness!，结合

语境理解，知道男士较为及时的到来缓解了她的恐慌(panic)，她应该是放松的。故选D)项。

13．A)Surprise visits are acceptable among close friends.

[一点即通] 对话中当女士建议男士在拜访别人之前要先打电话时，这位男士认为亲密的朋友之间并非如此。关键在于转折词but上。drop in意为“顺

路拜访，顺便拜访”。故选A)项。

14．A)Animals will soon be allowed in Mr. Smith's building.

[一点即通] 本题关键在于to remove the ban on pets。在得知了Mr. Smith要养狗之后，女士说她听说Mr. Smith所在的公寓要撤销对养宠物的限

制了。故选A)项。

15．D)He's willing to teach the woman how to play chess.

[一点即通] 在女士提出学下棋很复杂且需要很多时间时，男士告诉她如果只是go over the basics(掌握基本的东西)的话，一个下午的时间就足够了，

而且他今天下午也没有课。言外之意就是愿意教女士下棋。故选D)项。

16．D)Because he has a steel plate in his body.

[一点即通] 对话中男士提到他将会因为胳膊内由于受伤所带的金属固定板而触发安全警报器。steel plate意为(固定)钢板。故选D)项。

17．C)The man always makes excuses for his being late.

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